dolph who are in the relegation playoff spot you're watching news from berlin coming up next adult film looking at slavery and human trafficking works throughout history please don't forget the website is there for all the lightest at state dot com the way more news coming at the top of the alpha now but i'm anthony howard in berlin thanks watching. beyond. the stories that. really. whatever it takes. to get a running. mate for mines.

this is the story of a world whose borders and territories were drawn by the slave trade where violence subjugation and profit imposed their own roots slavery did not begin in the cotton fields of the us is a far more ancient tragedy that has been going on since the dawn of humanity from the 8th century onwards for over 1000 years africa was the epicenter of a global form of human trafficking the amount i would. my parents were abused by those with a fair complection or. songhai for lani. to pull. over 20000000 africans were deported traded and reduced to slavery this criminal system shaped our history and our world so expansive was its reach that for a long time it seemed impossible to fully explain its mechanisms. in this series we

will journey back along the roots of the slave trade. the thing about the slave trade a key thing about the slave trade and i always would have to explain a store american students who really would want to put it into a kind of an ethical human rights kind of a quarter if you have to look at in economic terms and so if you have if you're talking about a slave trade if the where's the demand where is there a demand for labor and what is the nature of that demand from white for. 2000 years ago slavery became an integral feature of the roman empire eventually in 476 rome collapsed under the pressure of invasions by so-called barbarians.

on scattered territories a range of peoples and powers fought over the empires remains this a goddess and ostrogoths in the west slavs in the north east berbers in the south the byzantine empire the kingdom of new bia and arab tribes in the east just like rome before them these societies also practiced slavery. and get resupplied we see slavery and it doesn't matter where they come from that come from everywhere from a stops. to to russia to a ball of eastern europe all through the slavic countries which is where of course the word for them there most of the european languages comes from the comes from the word swallow. those were people that. concept from. this for a long time most of slaves were white the majority of slaves being black is

a relatively recent phenomenon in history. so how did a widespread practice evolve into an enormous trade which progressively focused its sights on the african continent. one of the starting points of this story is cairo on the river nile a 23000000 strong megalopolis born from the network of trade routes between the middle east and africa. today it's the continent's most important crossroads for people and goods. south of the modern city are the ruins of tot the 1st arab city in egypt. these remains are a neglected site and yet this is where the destinies of africa the middle east and the mediterranean converged some 1400 years ago.

in $641.00 a game changing event would occur with their vast conquest campaign underway the arab armies established a junction between africa and the middle east their expansion into egypt would change the continent's entire economy and intensify the demand for slaves. neighboring who was crucial to the concourses self and it was crucial to the systems of these empire and its expansion from the concourses self captives where turned into slaves and those slaves would accrue didn't daughter made that conquered basically the world at that time. to use them or it was 1st and foremost a trade with economic and political stakes. the slaves were the essential source of

energy. back then there was no oil. they were in effect the driving force behind these emerging empires. the arab troops pressed ahead as far as the south of egypt all along the nile stretch the christian lands of new bia their arabs found provisions and above all slaves who they would enlist in their armies to pursue their expansion in $769.00 they signed a pact with the newbie and stipulating that hostilities would cease in exchange for $360.00 slaves per year in a war of slave what was considered a natural law thing to do with prisoners and without doubt warfare was the major cause of enslavement almost everybody who was in sawyer and slaves through an act of violence that was related to either

a war or to kidnapping orders very contra slave braiding which was an extension of war and. in the beginning it wasn't a trade it was spoils of war. the conquest was swift in less than a century the arabs had occupied the mediterranean southern shore a border was taking shape separating the muslim world from the land of the so-called infidels. from the valley in niger to my korea in libya and the pheasant desert region the arabs imposed the same conditions they had established a newbie on they use these agreements to organize the 1st deportations from africa to the middle east entire convoys of captives made their way towards the world's new center baghdad. the illustrated much come on manuscripts short tales taken from arabic literature show how these 1st african

slaves intermingled with muslim society. after 2 centuries of military conquest the demand for slaves evolved in the 9th century the embassy dynasty embarked on a monumental project to transform the swamps around basra into lush. instead of soldiers baghdad now needed workers to cultivate the iraqi soil to do so the empire brought in thousands of slaves. on some sides there were between 505000 workers. and there was considerable turnover because in such conditions their working life barely went beyond 10 to 15 years. it required hard labor to remove the salt in order to get to the.

gate for this one they needed lots. and they began to import. slaves for all from all over. where do the muslim arabs go to get slaves out of principle they pick non muslim slaves from another culture and outside the empire. color wasn't the basis for slavery culture was the slaves were part of the dominant culture. in the 9th century the arabs extended their trade networks from the entire mediterranean to the caucasus turkey the balkans and russia. from the horn of africa entire boatloads of ethiopian and new 1000000000 captives were sailed up the nile. even further out from the high plateaus of somalia and tanzania successive waves of slaves referred to as sunday streamed into mesopotamia via the

indian ocean appears to be apportioned ward. blech and when slaves begin to be brought in large numbers. of what is now your rock. there were proportionately so many. of course. that. began to be used as a name to mean slaves and. little by little the number of slaves grew and became so high that rebellions broke out among the banks of the euphrates and tigris in 1969 the stange took up arms and raised an army numbering tens of thousands of men. heading the insurrection was. a former high dignitary of the caliphate. what we know about that revolt is that

many of the participants perhaps most of them were not actually african or weren't there were some newbie ans the most important leader of the revolt was. someone who is an arab whose mother had been an indian concubine so it's gives you a sense of how complicated the demography was. was quite a learned man but he began to be dissatisfied with the regime and when he went to bust he found that there were a lot of slaves there walking on these farms began to actually do investigation and found that the conditions of the slaves were very very bad there was so much this that among them that that there are the most rebellious group the ones who could. have revolution there is kind of

a suck down because it was that slavery which lasted for about over a decade was so disruptive it seems to have been one of the contributing factors to a kind of a shrinking of trading in the india western indian ocean. the regimes armies were deployed to brutally put down the rebellion between 500001 1000000 slaves were massacred in mesopotamia descents revolt ended in. bloodbath. despite its failure the uprising precipitated the decline of baghdad in favor of another city cairo the empire's new capital. in the 10th century cairo was the mediterraneans greatest trading hub far ahead of venice general and constantinople the empires center of gravity had shifted towards africa. this new geopolitical situation had far reaching consequences from then on the slavery routes turned toward inner africa customs changed as did the slaves position in society.

slaves in egypt were reflected the wealth of cairo and so we find slaves in all levels of society to find slaves as as concubines to the caleb's . elite corps dozens and entertainers but probably the largest number of slaves. were in the domestic sphere so these were household slaves. and people were purchased slaves of course to perform labor but also because those slaves had a symbolic value right and those slaves reflected an owner's social status and increase their own prestige and in their various communities. for a long time historians had no information on the slaves who were taken to cairo but

the discovery of some extraordinary documents which had been hidden for a 1000 years in the city's oldest synagogue has enabled them to find out more about the captives identities and places of origin. for almost a millennium the jews of this son of god deposited documents one out manuscripts into a large chamber. authentically with the ultimate intention to bury these documents and in a ritual way because those documents might have been name of god written on them and so they weren't to be disposed of casually. but the community never buried these documents and amongst these documents are hundreds of documents that relate to slavery there are dozens and dozens of bills of sale for slaves. preserved at the university of cambridge the guineas that documents reveal how

moving the empire's capital to cairo altered trade routes this late from antiquity islam of the car commission was replaced by the african. i found it roughly 52 percent of slaves especially domestic slaves in egypt or from black africa but between the late and the 13th century. africa was exposed and vulnerable. nubians ethiopians and sudanese would now make up in majority of slave contingents sold in cairo. here at the i'm always street markets most were women black women who were exhibited as trophies. destined to satisfy all of their master's requirements their prices were determined by their age and beauty . slave women have a variety of names they translate it into english as things like success prosperity

prodigality so these are all means which reflect the way that slavery function as a kind of form of consumption and then we also have have slaves with names like. wild rose musk. names that reflect luxury items very often when you have domestic slaves and relationship begins to develop between the slave on us and the slaves and it can become quite intimate for example when a child is born a guard she would be given a slave servant. who would grow up with her almost like a friend although the state does it's quite different. to what we're often told that in islam but slavery was very paternalistic with a tight relationship between slave and master and that the slave was always sure

they would have benchley be friedan's and integrated into the master's family if you met last quick on them i believe it's misleading to consider slavery in this way as something that had a soft side. when you put back on paul that you can't understand slavery if you don't relate it to the violence at its heart so soft slavery or domestic slavery you know that's nonsense slavery is the negation of being human through the use of violence. of your last pool fitness goals. as the empire expanded more and more slaves adopted their masters religion. since islam for bade the enslavement of muslims the newly converted thought they could now escape the violence of these domineering nations these conversions posed a contradiction for the arabs on the one hand they had to enfranchise these new

muslims on the other hand they would not give up their slaves. thinking from the islamic perspective it's only through an belief that you get a place that's the legal you know principle basically in the frontiers of islam is considering the people and believers that's the legitimate area where slaves can be produced. as the number of converts grew the arabs had to find new sources of slaves conversion in turn created demand having become muslims certain groups such as the berbers sided with the arabs and helped them find captives beyond the empires borders. the beggars themselves wherein slave to buy dollars although they convert to islam they were to the dow's inferior and vassals . the whole of the better verse in the times ahead on trade

and serve fundamental the 1st knowledge we have it's from doubt a big source is that talk about the bubbles have been. established. at the sahar network with sub-saharan africans. what we know is that the use of the camel helped basically increase the trade. and that knowledge was transmitted to the arabs. the better support was of crucial value. they were masters of desert survival techniques beginning with the use of camels the only rideable animals capable of doing without water for weeks. thanks to this means of transportation the arabs were able to cross the daunting sahara barrier.

so heroin in some ways is a barrier but so are the oceans and in some ways are you after developer technology on ability to cross that it was always a barrier. a political issues of movement of people. trade routes formed between the north and south of the sahara to connect both ends of the desert merchants had to follow the caravan route right along babbar territory and pass through the sea. down this. siege of massa before arriving in timbuktu the deserts last stop and the gateway to the mali empire. heading this immense empire was in john talk asia king of kings and its founding fathers. victory in the great battle of 2 rina in 1235 enabled him to unite all

of the regions peoples and form a massive commercial network along the banks of the niger. martin. arabs and barbarous established a trading post in timbuktu from where they maintain trade relations with this centralized empire. they bartered salt fabric jewelry and mediterranean dates in return for ivory copper slaves and most importantly gold. reorganize trade tried to build up into regional relations in order to protect his empires interests. and so organizing regional and to regional trade was one of his greatest accomplishments a result. even have provided the foundations for the mali empire fall because of. the number for the modem up to the one.

timbuktu's importance stems from its geographical location. on the banks of the niger river its port became a center for transferring luggage and goods to and from the north. this natural crossroads occupied a strategic position in the transparent trade. the money empire which the baggers traded with enjoyed abundant wealth thanks to the bomb book and were a mines it possessed the world's largest gold reserves more than half of the precious metal circulating in the mediterranean originated from these deposits. are throughout the history of the trade between north and south for

the. slaves who are. there. and gold was always in the soft one feeds the other made with love i do know of no necessity of the good gold mining an african societies was mainly done by captives the gold trade and slavery were closely linked. while i believe that gold may have predated slavery up with the chronology is unclear it's usually said that both grew in significance of the same time don't they don't have it slavery was in fact hidden behind the gold trade. if it didn't. dig through. some of sunday kate as generals never gave up this lucrative business that you felt that but the fact is it did make a number of efforts to intervene for them. he reminded his fellow countrymen of the threat that slavery posed to the survival of the malenka country pull us through

the bed the money. is going to buy the comparisons are questionable but i do remember that charlemagne himself prohibited slavery but that didn't stop it you know that men will be men the. oral tradition credits and john as the founder of mali an identity and the symbol of the country's prosperity for a century the molly and higher reigned over all of western africa leaving behind the deserts greatest library. in timbuktu history inhabits the homes where over 360000 medieval manuscripts are preserved. these treasures are owned by wealthy local families they pass them

down from generation to generation often hiding them from view in secret places. threatened with destruction tens of thousands of manuscripts are now being restored . this 11th century qur'an reveals how islam spread throughout western africa. thanks to merchant contacts between arab areas and african elites muslim culture gradually spread among inhabitants of the sahara region south of the sahara to the point where sunjata kater declared islam to be the official religion of the mali empire.

so they are now part of the slimy slimy nation and they can benefit from the slum a compiler which is access to that big market that was controlled by islamic empire and so best business connection benefited both the millions as well as the people in the islamic community at large. the conversion of people in the silent region prompted merchants and chieftains to seize slaves even further away. the slave trade expanded south of the mali empire to animist populations to the arab geographer. relegated to the fringes of humanity .

almost all arab writers and korean you see and the others. it's often sometimes. they don't really see them as humans they consider them to be cannibals outside of the civilised world. are the lowest black man and practically not human. this is that. these descriptions show that reducing them to slavery was not really a problem from a theological or moral point of view. as the need to turn an individual into a slave an important element a spitter a them as an other to construct an other nes. and human societies have a broad range of criteria for doing with you to remember this. and

you can use the difference in skin complection difference in religion. in the transparent trade both were combined. do. the history of timbuktu is intertwined with that a slavery. according to legend the city took its name from an old female slave who had washed over the well where the herds drank. timbuktu supposedly comes from the word to him which means well into iraq and this woman's 1st name book to. today northern mali remains a caste based society in timbuktu ancestry determines rank whether somebody is free or captive depends on their name and lineage. at the top of the social ladder

of the light skinned to our eggs former warriors who have always owned land and weapons at the very bottom of the balance descendants of slaves who have nothing apart from their capacity for physical work to rely on for survival many still cultivate their former masters fields aware of their families slave origins. who never let me through the heart of good will my name is i had a motto that i belong to the emir did out and. my parents were abused by those with a fact complection of the the feel about it that got up in the body and in my father worked for them but not today while he was there herdsman but those with a fair complection abused them of them more than welcome to the moment on. a.

limb to admit. the landowners have an interest in communicating to the workers that they are slaves not because of an old balance of power that can be turned around but because its nature may pass the good but a sudden they are destined to be slaves. in this. it's going to start to lose their muscle it's a very powerful ideology is seeing what the if your blood is considered to be served you pass this nature on to your descendants reluctance maybe i want to invest on guns it becomes impossible to escape slavery. the fundamental risk i was used to cut. and the. other other such. as the slave trade expanded certain peoples were forever reduced to slave status many internalized their condition and ended up viewing their situation as

inevitable. by creating entire lineages of slaves the transparent trade continually produced workers without resorting to physical violence. throughout the 13th century more than a 1000 slaves left the mali empire every year. they were joined by contingents from kind. and. all of the roots from your mouth period to really are focusing on the islamic world and so the roots come from or from the periphery and they go into the center of and very often or along these routes that that brought slaves into the islamic world

use least slaves going both directions as well they tend to bowl in greater numbers toward the center of the islamic world but people are bought and sold everywhere along the way soledad slavery itself was everywhere. but we don't have precise figures there are no statistics and no systematic studies but it seems that many more people died and disappeared during the crossing of the desert than of the sea. according to some hypotheses and some contingents it was 30 percent so one in 3 of those slaves being transported never made it to the other side. the atar on abbey market in cairo. it was at this fruit and vegetable market on the

banks of the nile that ships used to unload their goods. today no one remembers that thousands of captives arrived in egypt at this location after a 4500 kilometer track through the desert. this long period of slavery and its memory are a problem today because they've yet to be addressed by historians so there's widespread misunderstanding and ignorance of history and it seems this black presence is considered awkward. for example the magreb region is called the northern africa but not africa. i think it's we're told it's a white africa totally white. and that black tunisians algerians and moroccans are

strangers then although they've been here for centuries at the. internees they have dreadful sayings like make god not black in our world whose. piece. work best. in high school i was taught this horrible poem in which black slaves are described as people born from the most appalling of all races and while. they face the suit their us live please. let us study lab 11. in the. men i swear the massiah. and. then. this left a lifelong mark on me. in the years

1324 months and moosa the new mommy an emperor and son joshua key test grandnephew undertook a pilgrimage to mecca by egypt. he followed the caravan routes all the way up to cairo. this journey marked the completion of a long process the establishment of a massive commercial trading zone between timbuktu and cairo. for the 1st time a leader from the south met those in power in the north. the egyptian historian and the crazy reported a man some spectacular arrival in cairo on the night of sunday 50 instrument the 1st the moon rose completely eclipse. then came and some. king after cool to make the pilgrimage. he. they made for 3 days at the feet of the pyramids as a guest. he entered cairo on thursday 26 right around ascended the citadel but that

line to kiss the ground and was in force to do so. however he was not allowed to sit in the presence of the sort of. the sultan commanded that he be equipped for the pilgrimage. commands of muesli was accommodated and spent so much going for what he desired slave girls garments that the rate of the dean out fell by 60 rounds. and nobody has actually before or after done any trip like that on that scale and this and with that kind of visibility and that amount of gold you have document that they say that he took with him about $12000.00 slaves just for his personal service and 80 loads of gold and a very load ways like a creek in tops which is basically lot of coffee. month voyage marked a turning point in history word of the mercantile power of the mali empire traveled

back to the europeans through the mediterranean the cattle an atlas from 1375 is the 1st representation of the known world in its entirety it shows the seas the rivers and the deserts of africa. we see a camel written by a barber and another one being driven on by a black man following him on foot. in the east near the nile and the red sea is the sultan of cairo at the bottom of the parchment sits month holding all of the gold in the world in his hands. like this outlaws brings us back to the great african empires of the medieval era we tend to forget the riches that were produced back then in africa so that continent atlas maps of this commercial power of which i had also become known to the europeans if the new is always appropriate.

ringback ringback towards the end of the middle ages 6 great slave trade routes crossed the sub-saharan african desert all the way up to the mediterranean each was connected to a major port algiers tunis tripoli cairo all were departure points for shipments to the markets of southern europe venice genoa marsay and granada. some captives were even deported as far as china and japan in all. 3 and a half 1000000 african captives were traded on the slavery routes between the 7th

and the 14th century. the impact of the transair and slave trade has left a deeply rooted legacy molly moore a tiny niger and libya are today home to $2000000.00 of slave descent. the war raging in isa hell region has enabled the light skin to our ranks to reassert their authority over developers. and many had to flee to the capital of mali bamako among them in tom and his wife a shuttle who have tried to free themselves from slavery today they hide in the suburbs. her father told us his children had been abducted by name saadoun. now i've been through terrible things i had to leave because i couldn't bear it

anymore my younger brothers and a few relatives are still there. i lived there as a servant that was my job. i couldn't live with my family. i did everything they wanted. and you got money or animals in return. i didn't get anything only suffering. nothing but suffering. their freedom remains fragile without the protection of their former masters they often live in absolute poverty even living in anonymity in the large southern cities a mere surname can betray an individual's ancestry. this difficulty to free

themselves from their caste perpetuates a 1000 year old social order. even if you are a member of government you'd still be a captive even if you're a fast skinned minister they'll still call you a slave that's what you offer the gut. why your dignity you have no dignity. none of them. in the areas. that. numinous. time has redrawn the frontiers of states yet thousands of mali and eritreans sudanese and libyans continue to crisscross the great trance a heroin roots every year flame poverty persecution or armed conflicts nearly

$200000.00 sub-saharan head towards the mediterranean. once in cairo these people become easy prey for traffickers. the war in the silent region has reawakened the slave trade legacy and with it practices that ought to have been banished to the past. was. quite. happy. healthy happy happy. after. so happy sad. sad as. the history of slavery is a tragedy that keeps on repeating itself in the 14th century a new perpetrator entered the stage europe's thirst for conquest would plunge

africa into a new era the slave trade would now assume unprecedented dimensions. paddock . paddock. coal india. where is the toilet a daily struggle for india's women. entrepreneurs lucas a golf cart has turned the whole city buses into mobile sanitation facilities for. all half of the rides the ice is still includes toilets this way life is now a little easier. to keep. next d.w. . in good shape. kids love sweets.

and the food industry is happy to sell them what they want. the big companies make good money off these young customers. the problem is that a lot of fields around the world are becoming saturday. we'll talk to nutrition experts about how to deal with this problem good should. be 30 minutes on d w. is the human race destroying itself. we are ruining the basic elements of our existence. we're using too much water and polluting. the water using life.

we may think our water supplies will last forever. but they won't. when the rain stops flowing stars march 20th on to w. . this is they double the news and top stories. one for sure of italy's population is in lockdown as the country battles to contain the corona virus outbreak the quarantine affects much of northern italy including one body and the cities of milan and venice the country's death toll has climbed to lead the 300 and see.