and have climbed into the 4th and final champions league spot for now at the bottom bone and fed up bremen stay in the automatic relegation places with months 4 points of who are in the relegation playoff spot you're watching news from berlin coming up next adult film looking at slavery and human trafficking routes throughout history that way more news coming up at the top of the hour with terry nothing for now though i'm anthony howard in berlin thanks for watching. beyond. the stories that. really. whatever it takes. a running.

d.w. made for mines. this is the story of a world whose borders and territories were drawn by the slave trade where violence subjugation and profit imposed their own roots slavery did not begin in the cotton fields of the u.s. it is a far more ancient tragedy that has been going on since the dawn of humanity from the 8th century onwards for over 1000 years africa was the epicenter of a global form of human trafficking. my parents were abused by those with a threat complection. songhai for lani. bantu iqbal. over 20000000 africans were deported

traded and reduced to slavery this criminal system shaped our history and our world so expansive was its reach that for a long time it seemed impossible to fully explain its mechanisms. in this series we will journey back along the roots of the slave trade. the thing about the slave trade to a key thing about the slave trade and i always would have to explain a store merican students who immediately would want to put it into a kind of an ethical human rights card of a contract it would have to look at in economic terms and so if you have a if you're talking about a slave trade if the where is the demand where is there a demand for labor and what is the nature of that demand from white for. 2000 years ago slavery became an integral feature of the roman empire eventually in

476 rome collapsed under the pressure of invasions by so-called barbarians. scattered territories a range of peoples and powers fought over the empires remains this a goddess and austro goddess in the west in the north east berbers in the south the byzantine empire the kingdom of new bia and arab tribes in the east just like rome before them these societies also practiced slavery. and every so far we see slavery and it doesn't matter where they come from but come from everywhere from the steps of some for leisure to to russia to a ball of eastern europe. all through the slavic countries which is where of course the word for them in most of european languages comes from a comes from the words lot of. those were people that. concept from

words foible it is this for a long time most slaves were white the majority of slaves being black is a relatively recent phenomenon in history. so how did a widespread practice evolve into an enormous trade which progressively focused its sights on the african continent. one of the starting points of this story is cairo on the river nile a 23000000 strong megalopolis born from the network of trade routes between the middle east and africa. today it's the continent's most important crossroads for people and goods. south of the modern city are the ruins of the 1st arab city in egypt. these remains are neglected site and yet this is where the destinies of africa the middle east and the mediterranean

converged some 1400 years ago. in $641.00 a game changing event would occur with their vast conquest campaign underway the arab armies established a junction between africa and the middle east their expansion into egypt would change the continent's entire economy and intensify the demand for slaves. slavery was crucial to the concourses self and it was crucial to the systems of these empire and its expansion from the concourses self captives where turned into slaves and those slaves were quoted in da to me that conquered basically the world at that time.

it was 1st and foremost a trade with economic and political stakes. the slaves were the essential source of energy. back then there was no oil. they were in effect the driving force behind these emerging empires. the arab troops pressed ahead as far as the south of egypt all along the nile stretch the christian lands of new. there arabs found provisions laves who they would enlist in their armies to pursue their expansion in $769.00 they signed a pact with the new stipulating that hostilities would cease in exchange for $360.00 slaves per year in a war was considered a. thing to do with prisoners and without doubt warfare was the major

cause of enslavement almost everybody who was and. through violence that was related to either a war or to kidnapping order it's very contra slave raiding which was an extension of war. in the beginning it wasn't a trade it was spoils of war. the conquest was swift in less than a century the arabs had occupied the mediterranean southern shore a border was taking shape separating the muslim world from the land of the so-called infidels. from the valley in niger to mccoury in libya and the desert region the arabs imposed the same conditions they had established in new. they used these agreements to organize the 1st deportations from africa to the middle east entire convoys of captives made their way towards the world's new

center baghdad. illustrated manuscripts short tales taken from arabic literature show how these 1st african slaves intermingled with muslim society. after 2 centuries of military conquest the demand for slaves evolved in the 9th century the embassy dynasty embarked on a monumental project to transform the swamps around basra into lush. instead of soldiers baghdad now needed workers to cultivate the iraqi soil to do so the empire brought in thousands of slaves. on some sides there were between 505000 workers. and there was considerable turnover because in such conditions their working life barely went beyond 10 to 15 years.

it required hard labor. in order to get. as well as the gate for this one the native. and they began to import. slaves for the from all over. where do the muslim arabs go to get slaves out of principle they pick non muslim slaves from another culture and outside the empire. color wasn't the basis for slavery culture was the slaves weren't part of the dominant culture. in the 9th century the arabs extended their trade networks from the entire mediterranean to the caucasus turkey the balkans and russia. from the horn of africa entire boat loads of ethiopian and new captives were sailed up the nile.

even further out from the high plateaus of somalia and tanzania successive waves of slaves referred to as sun streamed into mesopotamia via the indian ocean appears to be apportioned ward. and men blech and when slaves began to be brought in large numbers. what is now your rock. there were proportionately so many who are from this part of of course. that. began to be used as a name to mean slaves. little by little the number of slaves grew and became so high that rebellions broke out among the banks of the euphrates and tigris in 1969 the senate took up arms and raised an army numbering tens of

thousands of men. heading the insurrection was ali mohamed a former high dignitary of the of a seed caliphate. what we know about that revolver is that many of the participants perhaps most of them were not actually african or weren't there were some newbie ans the most important leader of the revolt was. someone who is an arab whose mother had been an indian concubine so it's gives you a sense of how complicated the demography was. quite a learned man but he began to be dissatisfied with the regime and when he went to bust he found that there were a lot of slaves there. these farms began to actually do investigation and found that the conditions of the slaves were very very bad there was so much this that affection among them. that they are the most rebellious group

could be. there is kind of a such because it was that slavery which lasted for about over a decade was so disruptive it seems to have been one of the contributing factors to a kind of a shrinking of trading in the western indian ocean. the regimes armies were deployed to brutally put down the rebellion between 500001 1000000 slaves were massacred in mesopotamia this century vault ended in. bloodbath. despite its failure the uprising precipitated the decline of baghdad in favor of another city cairo the empire's new capital. in the 10th century cairo was the mediterraneans greatest trading hub far ahead of venice general and constantinople the empires center of gravity had shifted towards africa. this new geopolitical

situation had far reaching consequences from then on the slavery routes turned toward inner africa customs changed as did the slaves position in society the. slaves in egypt were reflected the wealth of cairo and so we find slaves in all levels of society to find slaves as as concubines to the caleb's right as elite corps dozens and entertainers but probably the largest number of slaves. were in the domestic sphere so these were household slaves. and people were purchased slaves of course to perform labor but also because those slaves had a symbolic value and those slaves reflected an owner's social status and increase their own prestige and in their various communities.

for a long time historians had no information on the slaves who were taken to cairo but the discovery of some extraordinary documents which had been hidden for a 1000 years in the city's oldest synagogue has enabled them to find out more about the captives identities and places of origin. for almost a millennium the jews of this son of god deposited documents worn out manuscripts into a large chamber. authentically with the ultimate intention to bury these documents and in a ritual way because those documents might have the name of god written on them and so they weren't to be disposed of casually. but the community never buried these documents and amongst these documents are hundreds of documents or relate to slavery there are dozens and dozens of bills of sale for slaves.

preserved at the university of cambridge the guineas that documents reveal how moving the empire's capital to cairo altered trade routes the slave from antiquity slavs the caucasian was replaced by the african. i found that roughly 52 percent of slaves especially domestic slaves in egypt or from black africa but between the late 10 and the 13th century. africa was exposed and vulnerable. nubians ethiopians and sudanese would now make up the majority of slave contingents sold in cairo. here at the i'm always street markets most were women black women who were exhibited as trophies. destined to satisfy all of their master's requirements their prices were determined by their age and beauty

. slave women have a variety of names they translated into english as things like success prosperity prodigality these are all means which reflect the way that slavery function as a kind of form of consumption and then we also have have slaves with names like. wild rose musk. names that reflect luxury items very often when you have domestic slaves and possible relationship begins to develop between the slave on us and the slaves and it it can become quite intimate for example when a child is born a girl she would be given a slave servant. who would grow up with her but almost like a friend although the state does it's quite different.

but we're often told that in islam but slavery was very pretty and a list with a tight relationship between slave and master and that the slave was always sure they would have benchley be freed and integrated into the master's amalie if you met last quick on them i believe it's misleading to consider slavery in this way as something that had a soft side to sell to discuss one of you can't understand slavery if you don't relate it to the violence at its heart so soft slavery or domestic slavery you know that's nonsense slavery is the negation of being human through the use of violence . of your last pool to fit this bill. as the empire expanded more and more slaves adopted their masters religion. since islam for bade the enslavement of muslims the newly converted thought they could

now escape the violence of these domineer our nations these conversions posed a contradiction for the arabs on the one hand they had to enfranchise these new muslims on the other hand they would not give up their slaves. thinking from the islamic perspective it's only true and belief that you get slaves that's the legal you know principle basically in the frontiers of islam is considering the people they are and believers that's the legitimate area where slaves can be produced. as the number of converts grew the arabs had to find new sources of slaves conversion in turn created demand having become muslims certain groups such as the barbers sided with the arabs and helped them find captives beyond the empires borders. the beggars themselves where in slave

to buy dollars although they convert to islam they were to those inferior and vassals. the role of the better bears in the towns hung trade it's a fundamental the 1st knowledge we have it's from chaotic sources that talk about to beggars having. established. the sahar network with sub-saharan africans. what we know is that the use of the camel helped basically increase the trade. and that marriage was transmitted to the arabs. the better support was of crucial value. they were masters of desert survival techniques beginning with the use of camels the only rideable animals capable of doing without water for weeks. thanks to this means of transportation the arabs

were able to cross the daunting sahara barrier. so here or in some ways is a barrier but so are the oceans and in some ways are you after developer technology on the ability to cross that it was always a barrier of sounds. political issues of movement of people. trade routes formed between the north and south of the sahara to connect both ends of the desert merchants had to follow the caravan route right along babbar territory and pass through the sea. dahmus gun. before arriving in timbuktu the deserts last stop and the gateway to the mali empire.

heading this immense empire was in john takeda king of kings and its founding fathers. victory in the great battle of kareena in 1235 enabled him to unite all of the regions peoples and form a massive commercial network along the banks of the niger. arabs and bevers established a trading post in timbuktu from where they maintain trade relations with this centralized empire. they bartered salt fabric jewelry and mediterranean dates in return for ivory copper slaves and most importantly gold. reorganize trade tried to build up enter. regional relations in order to protect his empires interests. so organizing regional and to regional trade was one of his greatest accomplishment as

a result it may even have provided the foundations for the mali empire because that is quite good enough for the bottom up to the point. of. timbuktu's importance stemmed from its geographical location. on the banks of the niger river its port became a center for transferring luggage and goods to and from the north. this natural crossroads occupied a strategic position in the transept herron trade. the mali empire which the babbar has traded with enjoyed abundant wealth thanks to the bamboo and were a mines it possessed the world's largest gold reserves more than half of the

precious metal circulating in the mediterranean originated from these deposits. throughout the history of. trade between north and south for the. slaves who were. there. and gold was always in the soft one feeds the other middle of a you know adonis was the d.f.t. good gold mining and african societies was mainly done by captives don't because the gold trade and slavery were closely linked. while i believe that gold may have predated slavery up with the chronology is unclear and luckily it's usually said that both grew in significance at the same time. they don't have it slavery was in fact hidden behind the gold trade. d.c. . i think that. some of the sunday caters generals never gave up this lucrative business that effect that but the fact is so they did make

a number of efforts to intervene with them. he reminded his fellow countrymen of the threat that slavery posed to the survival of the malenka country pull us through the back to the money. going to buy the comparisons are questionable but i do remember that charlemagne himself prohibited slavery but that didn't stop it you know that men will be men with the. oral tradition credits and john as the founder of mali an identity and the symbol of the country's prosperity for a century the molly and higher reigned over all of western africa leaving behind the deserts greatest library. in timbuktu history inhabits the homes where over 360000 medieval manuscripts

are preserved. these treasures are owned by wealthy local families they pass them down from generation to generation often hiding them from view in secret places. threatened with destruction tens of thousands of manuscripts are now being restored . this 11th century qur'an reveals how islam spread throughout western africa. thanks to merchant contacts between arab areas and african elites muslim culture gradually spread among inhabitants of the sahara region south of the sahara to the point where syngenta kater declared islam to be the official religion of the mali

empire. so they are now part of the slimy sonic nation and they can benefit from the slum a compiler which is access to that big market that was controlled by the islamic empire and so best business connection benefited both the millions as well as the people in the islamic community at large 6 8. the conversion of people in the silent region prompted merchants and chieftains to seize slaves even further away. the slave trade expanded south of the mali empire

to animist populations to the arab geographer. relegated to the fringes of humanity . almost all arab writers. you see and the others because. it's often dumbed down sometimes. they don't really see them as humans they consider them to be cannibals outside of the civilized world. are the lowest black man and practically not human. if this is the noise. of these descriptions show that reducing them to slavery was not really a problem from a theological or moral point of view. as the need to turn an individual into a slave an important element

a spur to trade them as an other to construct an other nes. and human societies have a broad range of criteria for doing it to remember this a new business. and you can use the difference in complection difference in religion. in the transparent trade both for combined. lead do. the history of timbuktu is intertwined with that of slavery. according to legend the city took its name from an old female slave who had washed over the well where the herds drank. timbuktu supposedly comes from the word to him which means well into iraq and this woman's 1st name book to. today northern mali remains a caste based society in timbuktu ancestry determines rank whether somebody is

free or captive depends on their name and lineage. at the top of the social ladder of the light skinned to our eggs former warriors who have always owned land and weapons at the very bottom of the balance descendants of slaves who have nothing apart from their capacity for physical work to rely on for survival many still cultivate their former masters fields aware of their family's slave origins. who never let me through that hard to get my name is our motto that i belong to the emir did out and tribe my parents were abused by those with a fact complection the feeling about it that put up in the body when my father worked for them but not today was that he was there herdsman with me but those with a fair complection abused them of the new government more than. the government from . what.

i. learned today that may seem to fail. the landowners have an interest in communicating to the workers that they are slaves not because of an old balance of power that can be turned around but because its nature may pass a good but a sudden they are destined to be slaves even if this. it's a mistake to lose. it's a very powerful ideology what that if your blood is considered to be served you pass this nature on to your descendants reluctance maybe i want to and this on both it becomes impossible to escape slavery. and be sentimental this guy was used to. one of the. other. as the slave trade expanded

certain peoples were forever reduced to slave status many internalized their condition and ended up viewing their situation as inevitable by creating entire lineages of slaves the transparent trade continually produced workers without resorting to physical violence. throughout the 13th century more than a 1000 slaves left the mali empire every year. they were joined by contingents from kind of born new. and new beyond. all of the roots from him out period to really are focusing on the islamic world and sold the roots come from or from the periphery and they go into the centers and

very often all along the routes that they're brought slaves and of the islamic world use least slaves going on actually in both directions as well are they they tend to goal in greater numbers toward the center of the islamic world but people are bought and sold everywhere along the way sold up school slavery itself was everywhere. on the by the sheaf of p.c. bus. we don't have precise figures there are no statistics and no systematic studies but it seems that many more people died and disappeared during the crossing of the desert than of the sea. that. according to some hypotheses and some contingency it was 30 percent so one in 3 of those slaves being transported never made it to the other side.

the atar the market in cairo. it was at this fruit and vegetable market on the banks of the nile that ships used to unload their goods. today no one remembers that thousands of captives arrived in egypt at this location after a 4500 kilometer track through the desert. this long period of slavery and its memory are a problem today because they've yet to be addressed by historians so there's widespread misunderstanding and ignorance of history and it seems this black presence is considered. for example the magreb region is called the northern africa

but not africa. i think it's we're told it's a white africa totally white. and that black tunisians algerians and moroccans are strangers then although they've been here for centuries. internees they have dreadful sayings like make god not black and our woman who's. best. in high school i was taught this horrible poem in which black slaves are described as people born from the most appalling of all races and while. on the face the issue there for us live please. let the study lab. in the lab be the edge nessun many men are limitless with mafia. and. us he then hit. this left

a lifelong mark on me. in the years 1324 months and moosa the new molly an emperor and sunjata kate has grand nephew undertook a pilgrimage to mecca by egypt. he followed the caravan routes all the way up to cairo. this journey marked the completion of a long process the establishment of a massive commercial trading zone between timbuktu and cairo. for the 1st time a leader from the south met those in power in the north. the egyptian historian and that crazy reported a spectacular arrival in cairo on the night of sunday 50 instrument the 1st the moon rose completely eclipsed. then came and some. after cool to make the pilgrimage. they made for 3

days at the feet of the pyramids as a gas. he entered cairo on thursday 26 russia ascended the citadel but the climb to kiss the ground and wasn't forced to do so. however he was not allowed to sit in the presence of the sultan. the sultan commanded that he be equipped for the pilgrimage. minus the moose i was accommodated and spend so much gold for what he desired slave girls garbos at the rate of the dean outsell by 60 rounds. and nobody has actually before or after done any trip like that on that scale and this and with that kind of visibility and that amount of gold and wealth document that they say that he took with him about 12000 slaves just for his personal service and 80 loads of gold and

a very load ways like a creek in tops which is was a lot of coffee. voyage marked a turning point in history word of the mercantile power of the mali empire traveled back to the europeans through the mediterranean the council an atlas from 1375 is the 1st representation of the known world in its entirety it shows the seas the rivers and the deserts of africa. we see a camel written by a barber and another one being driven on by a black man following him on foot. in the east near the nile and the red sea is the sultan of cairo at the bottom of the parchment sits months holding all of the gold in the world in his hands. so that. this outlaws brings us back to the great african empires of the medieval era we tend to forget the riches that were produced back then in africa so the council on

atlas maps this commercial power of which i had also become known to the europeans ships in the fall the news of it is a. ringback ringback ringback ringback ringback towards the end of the middle ages 6 great slave trade routes crossed the sub-saharan african desert all the way up to the mediterranean each was connected to a major port algiers tunis tripoli cairo all were departure points for shipments to the markets of southern europe venice general marsay and grenada.

some captives were even deported as far as china and japan in all 3 and a half. 1000000 african captives were traded on the slavery routes between the 7th and the 14th century. the impact of the transfer her and slave trade has left a deeply rooted legacy mali more a tiny niger and libya are today home to $2000000.00 of slave descent. the war raging in isa hell region has enabled the light skin to our rags to reassert their authority over the balance. many had to flee to the capital of mali bamako among them in tom and his wife a shuttle who have tried to free themselves from slavery today they hide in the suburbs. a father told us his children had been abducted by

a trois reg named. similar started. now i've been through terrible things i had to leave because i couldn't bear it anymore my younger brothers and a few relatives are still there. i lived there as a servant that was my job. i couldn't live with my family. i did everything they wanted. and you got money or animals in return. i didn't get anything on the suffering. nothing but suffering. their freedom remains fragile without the protection of their former masters they

often live an absolute poverty even living in anonymity and a large southern cities a mere surname can betray an individual's ancestry. this difficulty to free themselves from their caste perpetuates a 1000 year old social order. memes a given and even if you are a member of government did still be a captive even if you're a fast skinned minister and they'll still call you a slave that's what you are you got. your dignity you have no dignity. in the. lord's. name. that. illinois. time has redrawn the frontiers of states yet thousands of mali and eritreans sudanese and

libyans continue to crisscross the great trance the hound routes every year flame poverty persecution or armed conflict nearly $200000.00 sub-saharan head towards the mediterranean. once in cairo these people become easy prey for traffickers. the war in the sun hell region has reawakened the slave trade legacy and with it practices that ought to have been banished to the past. it was. shot at that. campus at harvard at. harvard so at 70. 7.

the history of slavery is a tragedy that keeps on repeating itself in the 14th century a new perpetrator entered the stage europe's thirst for conquest would plunge africa into a new era the slave trade would now assume unprecedented dimensions. robotics . deep learning merged reality wait a 2nd for you want the whole picture our facts instead of make ideas shift deliver us. from a measure to reality to cryptocurrency your topics for live in an ever changing

digital world let's start with to devise a short. term 30 minutes on w a. y subscribe to do w. books you meet your favorite writer sometimes the studio. calls me and you have to respond to every book's 100. times my story. of the people who pound me. dead against mines to me. i am not too dumb to carry. on my secrets. i have monta my city's days for centuries and accompanied my country through its finest hour. until the day i mean. not time

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