gender equality and other social reforms for critics say the poll is a ploy by president. to hold on to power. by experienced a hail storm on saturday an unusual sight for the desert city which often sees temperatures as high as 15 degrees celsius. but back then there was no. real the driving force behind these emerging empires. in the 14th century europe discovered that it was located temptingly close to one of the planet's most important trading regions. we tend to project the riches that were produced back then in africa. the catalan atlas. appetite for conquest. the wins for the benefit of travellers it also provided information on the military strength of different nations and it provided an economic map tracing the trading routes toward africa and its resources. a small kingdom was the 1st in the rush to

seize control of the coasts of africa portugal. a new network of slavery routes was drawn. very big this was a portuguese project. for i didn't do small. arms to this out so. venture to africa. was. better look really secure themselves and also maybe secure advantage or again small groups. list. the largest city in portugal and the only european capital on the atlantic coast at the mouth of the take the discovery monument evokes nostalgia for a time when the portuguese made the world their home carved in stone some 52 meters

above the water the heroes of portugal pioneers of the conquest looked triumphantly towards the ocean that gave them such wealth and prestige. they are headed by prince henry the navigator the architect of a perilous project to open up a new trade route via the atlantic ocean his aim was to bypass the muslim arrivals in the mediterranean and gain access to africa's gold coast in the 14th century the portuguese succeeded in ousting the arabs from their territory the kingdom now had free reign to begin its campaign of conquest promising gold and power henry the navigator convinced the nobility to follow him in this adventure. remember the navigator was the crown prince in a way this mythical figure of this great christian portuguese prince was portrayed as very devout and will be going to try to put the event he started out commanding a band of raiders pirates who took prisoners from the. 2

brave the atlantic and ocean few european sailors had dared to explore prince henry had a new and revolutionary kind of vessel. counterbalance. sailing ships that were capable of battling storms in the open sea. the portuguese established a sea route taking in the coast of west africa. kept behind on the islands of arguin. and caveating each mile covered was a victory over the muslims who were present on the entire northern part of the continent. portugal has traditionally glorified its great explorers forgetting that most of them built their fortunes on the slave trade.

today lisbon is undergoing a facelift after the discovery monument renovation work extended to the us from a district as construction progressed the riches of the 1st world city resurfaced by chance workers uncovered the foundations of the former commercial harbor. in the space of one century lisbon became the richest capital in europe some distance ahead of paris london or amsterdam chinese vases parts from indonesia ornamental class where from a cow and amid the shards of earthenware from all over the world a woman skeleton was also found. the initial d.n.a. tests revealed that she was an african slave buried without a name or gravestone. the archaeology of slavery

a relatively recent field is a long untold history of the fate of the 1000000 africans who were shipped off to europe between the 15th and 18th centuries. with the bardos because this was an extremely brutal predatory economy the portuguese were disembarking and arms in and rushed to capture the inhabitants of these african coffins starting with mauritania and then senegal home to many poor fisherman. were captured with nets on each mission you dozens would be captured and loaded onto these ships to be brought back to your book about this in of your poorly possible don't know a program. in various locations between morocco and more a tiny ah prince henry's mercenaries kidnapped unarmed civilians deported to portugal these 1st captives were unloaded in the 1st port on the way home.

on this coastline one morning in august 144-4215 men women and children who had been captured on the atlantic coast were sold to the highest bidder it was a major event the 1st spoils brought back to the country by the portuguese conquistadores they had set off on a quest for gold but they came back with slaves the event was so highly anticipated that ghomeshi on ish. the chief chronicler of the realm travel to the beach and person to record the event. the following day it was the 8th of august early morning because of paint. crews began to move their boats unloaded a craft to use and take the mitchell as ordered. some of their faces down white with some no doubt the others were rowed in with

grief some low to high heaven fixing their locomotives shouting aloud up to it was asking the father nature file. others be the chiefs with their palms or threw themselves flat on the ground others made lamentation in a sound like manner after the custom of their homeland. on though the words on their language could not be understood by their sorrow was understood indeed. a sorrow. and increased when those in charge of dividing them came and started to split them one from another to make even groups. to do this it became necessary to take children from parents wives from husbands brothers or sisters. or kin and clean grid no rule was kept each captive landed where luck would have it.

snooty sought out odd describes an extremely violent scene children taken away from their mothers screaming ripping. clearly what he is witnessing makes them very uncomfortable for the society. things changed after that to go part of what they had to justify. what you did so by pointing to the civilization brought to the savages citizens from critical to us with a mere disability. in the early 15th century human trafficking was common throughout the mediterranean in portugal but also in the south of france spain italy and sicily most of the slaves came from the balkans in southeastern europe traded via the ports of cyprus

constantinople and aleppo. back then africans constituted a minority within the slave trade. in list that these proportions would soon be inverted the 1st african captives deported to portugal would be followed by countless thousands more in the street of the negroes well one of a few alleys that are the only reminders of when this neighborhood the biodome combo included a ghetto reserved for africans. 1453 the holy war between christendom and islam resulted in the latter's victory. constantinople the last remnant of the byzantine empire fell into the hands of the

ottoman empire the christian side of the mediterranean was now separated from lands further east with the movement of slaves from the balkans also blocked for christian europe in the conquest of the atlantic was now vine. christendome trash had reached their maid. and the whole area where they'd been acquiring slabs for slaves. was now christianized to islamicize. there was only one region to head for africa becomes associated with slavery as a result of these developments. officially muslim leaders and the catholic church condemned the enslavement of free people but in practice the demand for slaves did not diminish and justified continued rates.

in these societies people were driven by religion but they weren't fanatics that term is probably too modern. but religious motivations conquering islamic areas to convert them to christianity were very important since the papacy supported portuguese expansion by granting rights to colonize. the wad couldn't easy. to take revenge on the muslims pope nicholas the 5th gave the portuguese his moral endorsement thanks to the vatican support they could continue raiding africa with complete impunity. portugal's national archives in lisbon are home to the romanos pontifex issued by the pope that gave the portuguese carte blanche and established a legal framework for the enslavement of africa.

we had formally by other letters of ours granted among other things free and ample faculty to the aforesaid king of france or to invade surcharged capture vanquished . and other enemies of christ and reduce their person to perpetual slavery. perpetual slavery to words decreed by the highest catholic authority that amounted to a sentencing of innocent africans to words that would justify everything in the name of god. with the pope's blessing the portuguese ventured further and further south along the coasts of africa there caravels and strategies were copied by other european nations eager to take control of african gold and slaves flemish german english generally nice and venetian merchants from across europe invested in the atlantic adventure.

it's not as if africans were passive towards european merchants entering villages to collect individuals and put them in captivity. african societies had their own power structures. i.v. they had a capacity for initiative and they negotiated discussed the terms of relations with european merchants have to do that but i think leave it up in their best to secretly but to give you the tipping point was when the portuguese entered the south atlantic beyond the equator and the us entered a new economic space economic it will not or they came into contact with the kingdom of congo which would play a big role. $1471.00 the portuguese took possession of an island off the african coast uninhabited a virgin and fertile soil to me also provided

a secure harbor 150 nautical miles from the mainland it enabled them to keep an eye on the region's most powerful state the kingdom of congo. kong dollars an interesting case of african history very different from. everywhere else when the portuguese got there they discovered that there was a king there was a what they called a kingdom and not only that it was an area where there was no islamic influence at all portuguese entered into relations with the the king of kong on virtually an equal basis and so so were muslims there was not they work was no hostility on the basis of religion. and them for reasons i don't think we fully understand the the king of kong of congo. decided that he was going to convert to

christianity. became all forms all the 1st and he welcomed the missionaries from portugal. the portuguese were the only ones to supply products from the mediterranean to king of funds. for the 1st time they had established a monopoly on an african territory lip of the gear lever doesn't suit the yosh easy the more the gays arrived in a hierarchical society where the nobles in short ate more and better than the others dressed more elegantly than the others and consumed luxury items these all the people didn't use it don't go live with people to get so when the portuguese arrived with all these new items how should i put it on the congo or aristocracy when completely crazy it's not the should they became infatuated with all of us you can sense that the customs and behavior were changing and they did indeed change.

the drawings of the 1st missionaries who arrived in congo illustrate this new bartering system. but gold fever encouraged the portuguese to continue their conquest. they learned that the a kind people as gold mines were in elmina for the invaders the only way to get their hands on the precious war was to offer the icons what they needed most slaves to descend into the mines. as such they became the empires slave traders. gold production which had been going on in west africa for centuries including the area of guinea my. an apostle of senegal but i do move more commodore fields and gonna. die because gold you know. was booming out and.

it was a measure a way out of the mine and they were after the gold over what they called the gold coast because a lot of gold come from the interior right there. the 1st triangular trading system in history was launched between. the icon mines and the congo. european goods for slaves in congo slaves for gold in elmina. portuguese used this bartering system to create an autonomous trading network. to get. the portuguese brought about major changes including cuz they made the direct connection between the coast of congo insult all made over the of the. it was an interesting triangulation because the system that would thrive in the

americas that was 1st tested out of that region. did not. enjoy. this portuguese crucifix commemorates the annexation of south tell me which would open a new chapter in the history of slavery. it was here that the portuguese would create the 1st platform for the mass deportation of captives and it is here that is straight forward slave trading system what evolved into a massively profitable production system the sugar plantation. with thousands of slaves disembarking on its beaches so to me became an island

exclusively dedicated to sugar production. say i need this autonomy and rossi are a laboratory because that's where we witness the marriage of black man and sugarcane. in the column the size to function well together i must say i will marry the black man with sugar came over in my heels so . the idea was simple the auden was transformed into a plantation west slaves within easy reach were imported the stuff you saw. each year for thousands of slaves arrived and filled this very limited space so that means big concentrations. and so this was the 1st example of a black colony and the slave society that's the model became a global system. and global unsound to me

time seems to stand still sugarcane was replaced by coffee then coffee by cocoa. when they landed on the island the 1st slaves to brought with them their knowledge of working the soil in the tropics but to this day remains one of the poorest countries in the world and farm workers continue to live in this slave's cuts. you don't really need a survival population to grow for her. but to grow it on the scale they were doing you know. you needed slaves because what you did during the harvest period was you made him work 14 hours a day. you know right into the night one or any night there were there was a moon you know that you just kept cutting all night long and again with fatigue the risk of injury presumes so it was very risky and it was extremely hard work.

something amazing last in various ways it is the 1st big experiment with sugar cane and tropics and that's what the louse later on the transfer of the sugarcane protection into brazil and later into the caribbean. after christopher columbus his journey to the americas pedro opened a new sea route to the west the portuguese were still obsessed with the search for gold but now they knew that if they failed sugarcane could potentially replace this precious metal on april 23rd $1500.00 pounds ship docked in unknown territory after out of project from the island as your majesty knows we reached the canary islands and then the cape verde we followed a sail heading west across the sea. that same day on the hour vespers we sighted land that is to say 1st

a very ragged mountain and other low ranges of hills to the south of it on a plain covered with large tree. had just reached brazil only to find no gold to be profitable this immense newly discovered land would have to be cultivated. this in turn meant that a new trade route for slaves from africa to brazil would be set up. i was sent a man said to look for slaves on the coasts of african kingdoms and bring them to south pole may do i am afraid. and starting in 1516 they would start bringing them to brazil they were intermediaries the very untimely santa millions have the monopoly on the supply of slaves to brazil. 1516 from south till may contingents of captives were now being shipped to brazil and the caribbean the 1st transatlantic slave trade routes were established ringback

between the kingdom of congo. brazil and portugal. meanwhile in europe itself hundreds of captives arrived each year via portuguese ships. in lisbon black and white noblemen a stance a plea lived on an equal footing they shared a common language and the same interests all grew rich from the slave sugar and gold trades among them german merchant and banker. when all you need. to be involved in the political and trade elites from both european and african societies local sovereigns collaborated with the portuguese some converted to christianity took portuguese names and sent their children to portugal to be latinized and study in the university of people these elites became the predatory ones that had put a piece. on the west african coast the riches that portugal devoured

seemed inexhaustible. in the bellingham district of less than the building of the monastery was financed by the slave sugar and spice trades . the splendor of its architecture are testimony to an era when less than dominated the world and fled. it other european capitals with its goods. being. let put you have to emphasize that this was a black slave trade that as this economy was based on african slaves would this trade was the main income for the crown and for part of the portuguese elites the state was being built upon overseas income so a new phase started busk the minute profiles that. with the arrival of europeans in africa be history of slavery assumed

a whole new dimension. for the 1st time the trade focused exclusively on equitorial africa and the number of deportations reached an unparalleled scope and scale. whole. it's not comparable in terms of scale because for the islamic trade we're talking about you know roughly a 1000 a year period a much bigger impact in a shorter period of times in the americas. we . have. her.

in lisbon the history of african slaves who arrived in europe has largely been forgotten most traces of their presence were destroyed during the 755 earthquake and any lasting pieces of that memory were scattered when the city was rebuilt. in this hunting lodge a few miles from the capital a painting by a flood. which artist depicts lisbon in 5080. the king's fountain portrays a neighborhood that no longer exists where people of different skin colors danced together. here a black man in shoes embraces a white woman with bare feet musicians play for a pair of lovers. a night of the order of christ in chains or in ceremonial dress africans present their wealth to europe's smallest kingdom in image of an era when this connection between africa and portugal made

lisbon the most important economic capital of europe. on histon can dois enemies us all as early as the 15 hundreds 10 percent of lisbon population was black that it is not counting december this but it's a bit of a similar barcelona and mahler to. today in southern europe in portugal italy spain and southern france an estimated 50 to 60 percent of the population could have african ancestry. seen a case for long elected it's a question which all scholars of slavery of wondered about we think of what happened to those black people in europe and all your little needs and say the figures aren't that big you thought they melted into the population disappeared on their own the poll numbers will do but it's hardly tenable to argue that thousands

tens of thousands of people are hundreds of thousands disappeared without a trace without passing anything on to next generations which you know us was fueled by a new story out for us historians who work on archives it's fairly easy to find an african ancestor but for people's family history it's not something that they forgot or have suppressed. it with metal novel. the. merchants went to round up slaves in the border regions of the congo kingdom everywhere the raids multiplied. and became one of the crossroads at the original

transatlantic slave trade in congo the relationship of equality between africans and portuguese collapsed. from then on from 50 ninety's on became the most important single port the single place in africa from where africans left for the americas 23 percent something like that out of all africans a lot from. going heavily to brazil which of course is the biggest area where africans go in the americas by far almost half of all africans and often brazil. lawanda was of those it was really an outpost of brazil many ways and it does mean a. down muscle devoutly they determined that a merchant should import $20000.00 slaves per year that these slaves became contractual objects they stopped bartering with if you did it then became something

highly speculative. so figures then amounted to thousands of slaves were counted by lots and no more one by one and even the language changed they spoke of pieces please define the slave in terms of stature and age as calculations were made in terms of profitability that he to. his glove the you see you have to use the expression slave production because within central african states and especially the congo kingdom in small states that had separated from italy because there wasn't a slave trade strictly speaking about a joy you can go. yup i do. comment so the system and conditions they had to be created this music on this or is on is not like that here it was people from the outside who fed antagonisms that might allow people let's say free people citizens to end up in the slavery networks today yeah this is over basically done it is over the discover.

amidst all the traffic between the african coasts and brazil a slave ship ran aground off the coast of south tell me. the aguilar ish are the descendants of those castaways their ancestors found refuge on this beach for nearly 500 years the engelaar ish lived here far from the plantations and the portuguese poor and secluded but still free. they've made this story the bedrock of their identity and of their spirit of resistance to wards. and a ship came from angola. with people on board and. until. people started to swim to save themselves by the end of the 4 of them sprang to

celeste the beach or young to the ship's daybreak. once they got to the beach they stayed there for a long time and. they eventually found a family and had children. i think so the maze also a laboratory for a new forms of social relations and for a new society because you have a society mainly based on slave labor which has fast majority of the population enslaved and where social relations between in slaved and masses will be very dense.

and so tell me the jewel of the empire the sugar plantation system gradually began to crack the island was impossible to control. in the heart of the forest groups of fugitive slaves set up cumbers places of sanctuary where they organized themselves into armed groups. the distance between lisbon and sell to may prove troublesome for the portuguese crown the kingdom of congo was reluctant to intervene in the islands affairs while the portuguese lacked armed men on the ground to defend their interests so to solve the problem they decided to manufacture them. in times of. one of the fundamental elements of the society. as a laboratory was the creation of mestizos as they were called to us part of a concerted plan devised by the portuguese. corps nearest the portuguese such

across white men with black women now to create a mixed race population was proper stage for 2 years the population where according to the texts of the time the white fathers would transfer portuguese values to their mixed race children me try the law of the 3 as a yes the aim was to create a group within society who could defend white portuguese interests on south tom a losing 3 ss. to for 2 years something. we often completely forget that interbreeding stemmed from violence very often these children were the product of rape or relations between master and slave. in a letter addressed to the king salah to amaze administrator ben out of state good explained how he intended to use these mixed race children the empire's bastards. many settlers have children with their slaves and if your highness granted freedom

to a few them they would be allowed to live as free citizens. as they are no other free children they would remain free of the service of god and of your highness. crossing white men with black women unsubtle me the mixed race individuals fathered by portuguese men were a separate group called the sons of the land by defending the crowns interests they became crucial figures in the slave system. to be. the future doctor. of the land he had no secure position in the country and would therefore live off this trade network which brought them well and give them authority like that of the portuguese invisibility. but they too were children

of the country mrs welcome. if. you mustn't see this just as a black and white issue. in the 16th century maybe later but not at that it wasn't about race it was about the economy money. with my grandfather also had slaves they were black slaves they were slaves letters too. and they had that enslaves themselves. isn't there i live this story it's in my blood i know. a lot of the. city. as demand mushroom and the sons of the land started kidnapping citizens of congo despite the religious diplomatic and cultural links between portugal and the kingdom. in a letter to his counterpart in portugal king of funds of the 1st told of his dismay and desperation.

afonso i think was far more intelligent than alleged. when he's presented as a very christian king likely he appears as some sort of byproduct of fortune. but he tried to modernize the kingdom by integrating the resources that came from portugal so you know why you on school so they knew but he soon realized that his country was losing its soul. every year sent to mainz reenact his 1st merger between africa and europe to exercise its violence incarnate all the roles where appropriate costumes a dance in which victims and persecutors live side by side the sons of one in the same family. from the procession is called shiva. and said to originate from the

word tragedy. is this is the slavery leads to societies that are constantly searching for themselves due to a lack of identity perhaps it's a vineyard life a symptom of memories of africa are so vague even for a subtle man's who live about 200 to 250 kilometers from the coast in the pooper or closer to the african coast on the antilles or re-union. even here memory is a problem and that's what a memory strong i have of africa. and yet i'm black co. in

5095 tensions boiling over on salad tell me. i'm a daughter a slave born on the island headed an uprising one of the sons of the land were unable to contain militias factories and harvests were destroyed. the central main experiment had revealed its limits. but the union between african slaves and sugarcane had been consecrated the portuguese knew that they could export the

system everywhere one by one they disassembled the mills the ovens and the sugar factories and rebuild in brazil. the key which changes the direction of the slave trade is the transfer of sugar as you mentioned earlier from one side of the atlantic to the other. and that then makes the hop to the part of the americas closest to europe which is garbage. a year after the uprising a mother or the leader of the rebellion was executed in public. the result of a large scale experiment between portugal and africa south despite the violence it was born in has shaped its own history a history founded on the her roic struggle of the 1st slaves.

to ensure the survival of their economic model the portuguese took their slaves with their agricultural insights to brazil. by demonstrating that the model could be exported to the americas they inspired other europeans to do the same sound to my words or nurture maybe or each stage of the spread of sugar. in him in some ways it was. the 1st caribbean island although it was in the caribbean. in $1620.00 the portuguese were the uncontested masters of the slave trade 25 years after the revolt headed by amador they had already deported 300000 captives to brazil and central america and soon it would be the other european powers turn to embark on conquests of the new world with them to slave trade tentacles spread all

across the atlantic and reached a new target the caribbean. play . africa. in the morning she's a student in the afternoon a reporter you learn to tara is taking a camera workshop. in her free time she goes out and reports on ecological issues in her mom country south africa it makes many people aware and it makes them and wants to take initiative and join us on eco africa. 30 minutes on d w. c

j any one of surprises gonna call out. to them simpson one day in the footsteps of the great britain. in her. town the fleet street. train times wanted. to marry a much alive. challenge guy to specialise in germany. recognizing where exactly. was fun and learning a lot of our sculpture history in. detail travel extremely worth a visit the

a. plane . this is g.w. news live from berlin another terrible record in italy as the coronavirus claims hundreds more lives exactly a month after its 1st test the virus kills nearly $800.00 people in just 24 hours it's the deadliest day ever for the world's worst country also coming up to health care workers in spain rush to complete temporary hospitals most of the country sees a 30 percent increase in covert 19 cases in a single day the country is on lockdown as pie.