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the fjord you goof. it's not just cats and dogs that. a surprising number of other animals too to when you start to consider weird sorts of behavior exhibited by lots of kinds of animals you suddenly realize that things like play. occur all over the animal kingdom and animals for playing with someone likely friends. including us there is something in our deeply rooted nature that is able to communicate with a whole range of life on this on his part slate is deeply embedded in our nature as the most adept use this news in the world with learning and we play more than any other species is real it turns out play has huge benefits for our brains. and if it's risky play even better.

it happened almost without anybody noticing. over the past 30 years outdoor play began to disappear from the lives of children in north america and europe. today kids in the u.k. spend as much time outside as their parents did. technology seems to be everyone's new playmate. and it's a trend that has many experts where especially as evidence from the animal world shows that physical play has the potential to make a smarter braver maybe even connor. ring could he be ready. stuart

brown is the grandfather of slaves research he's been promoting its benefits for more than 50 years if you look at the overall place of play in the world of animal play you begin to see that it is as present as tweets and dreams. brown says the instinct to play is an important part of animal evolution so important is a thigh limbs language that coast with. when 2 dogs want to play what you see is dog dog play language if it was aggressive and they were fighting they have an entirely different body language. and that's boss slap paws slap which is typical play activity from a dog. part of an animal play and part of the reason it is so compelling is that it's pure and everybody gets a look at it. you know it's instinctive and we're wired the same way in the

same same part of our brain. brown has gathered overwhelming evidence that there's a lot more to play than exercise for the body it's also exercise for the mind one of the things that keeps play going that they know how to do instinctively they will keep the play going without one dominating the other and that is one of the essences of play it's infectious here we're got 4 of now here we go. we may recognize something in our pants but what exactly is. it took gordon burkhardt to figure that out 'd he studies animal behavior from an evolutionary perspective i learned primarily a reptile if ologist reptile behavior person and god always like snakes and lizards

and turtles and years ago articles came out about playing and i thought well i'm the reason so on if you don't consider playing well scientists have known for a long time that mammals and birds play recognizing play in an animal that moves slowly is a lot trickier. it's a dog's waiting its tail or monkeys or chips responded to tickling in so long that sort some we can easily identify hey that's it's playful pleasurable fun for the animal it's hard to do that was a turtle. so we need more objective criteria. and i came up with 5 different groups i said 5 criteria of play. to qualify as playing a behavior must be done for no apparent reason 2. it has to be done over

and over again. sometimes in an exaggerated way. it's spontaneous. and the animal has to be doing it when it's not stressed. burghardt came up with these criteria after discovering reptiles are capable of playing. a girl. out is going to go back and maybe grab something in my pocket that they like to do . she identified play behavior in the largest lizard in the world that deadly komodo dragon. that bring out a water buffalo. well

sometimes players are confused of exploration. one of the. ways of telling the difference is that admiration you just checking out something what you do with it now play. if you go reptiles operate a little slower pace than we do but she has all the elements this is behavior that is part of their normal repertoire she'll do this over and over again. it's

behavior in an animal that we consider enough for lax the it's a behavior that is voluntary. another confusion maybe well maybe animals this stupid enough to think it's food and it's acting as if it's prey that is clearly not the case either because try to eat the. following birds are to be scientists have learned of all kinds of creatures play. even the fish it seems to enjoy an occasional game of golf but. scientists continue to be surprised not just by which animals play but who they play with for instance the giant pacific octopus. it's generally a loner. a year ago seattle became this one. and

the place where would meet unexpected for. just watching an octopus move is so graceful and so beautiful you can spend so much time just sitting there and watching them and just being mesmerized by the way that they move and they interact with their environment. we're here to make sure they're . clean we take care of. kind of the day to day cleaning and feeding. them one day a bit of housekeeping turned into something. it began with a simple task of cleaning the windows so we get water droplets on the top of our there and we have to clean those off so that we can provide a good viewing experience for the public and i was up there spraying it off with

a hose. and the animal started to reach out of the water and kind of grab for the fresh water that was written down and what's unusual have never seen that before and so i actually just went ahead and sprayed the animal with the hose. and the animal completely when upside down and just started to come out of the water kind of move around and hung around for a couple minutes. i mean there's a lot of animals that have no interest in humans whatsoever and actively swim away from you but these animals come to us. each time the spray. the octopus squid scored. so good.

what is the power play that it has the power to bridge the divide between a solitary sea creature and human beings. type questions that we really don't have answers to yet and show that there is something in our deeply rooted nature that. is able to communicate in some level with a whole range of life on us on this planet. thanks to cell phone cameras and social media we're seeing a lot more evidence of interspecies play. and sometimes it's between the most surprising playmates. the impulse to have fun seems to cross all kinds of boundaries in the animal kingdom. but.

at a zoo in germany there's a whole community of animals renowned for playing together. but no bows. and it isn't just the young ones who monkey around during. the italian primatologist elisabet apology has come here to take a close look at this endangered species are our closest living relatives and they can give us a lot of information about the evolution of our behavior she's intrigued because these animals aren't just playful they're peaceful unlike other primates they've never been known to kill each other went to different communities of chimpanzees meet together they normally fight one of us late. 2

2 2 2 play is a 3rd day see if in doubt in the bonobo society it is a very call to explore toward. 2 2 2 play create a stronger bond it and if we share strong bonded with the our group they do have much more chance to survive to get the rest are sunni. it is important for development of social skills and youngsters because they acquire social competence 2 2 2. if you want to believe in a social group which is important to this crucial that you perceive their motion of the other. our. pledges team is trying to figure out just how. can read one another's feelings and whether it could be the secret to how well they play together they use

avatars to get the. yawning off you see someone else yawn is a telltale sign of empathy humans start doing this at around the age of 4. scientists call it emotional contagion if you are in fact that i mean making another action for fun by base you can't recreate the same an ocean so it is an emotional linkage between subjects. 'd so in that you only video you can find avatar joining a lot in different position in front of the latter season bag no position and animal responds. no it can take a while but there were no booze mimic the young many times during the study.

could it be their ability to read faces that enables them to get along so well. it's difficult to understand if empathy is at the basis of play or play is that the basis of empathy even now a bit of empathy back that we can say yes we we we have a 1st date that suggests that this behavior called a reality. it's a common theory that young animals play to prepare for other life but a possible connection between play and compassion is one of many hidden benefits science has started to uncover. it's no wonder scientists used to think play was nothing more than practice consider how much fun children have playing with grown up tools. but a recent study shows kittens who play at home. necessarily catch more mice if the.

cubs romp in the den with their siblings yet generally they live once they mature. clearly. meets the eye. jonathan pruitt has had his eye on a particular kind of spider the social spider since he was a graduate student in tennessee i'm interested in social spiders because of these tiny little predators that no one knows anything about real at least normal people don't know that they're even a thing. there are spiders that work in concert to make giant webs together capture prey to gather and vary from his offspring and there are only about 20 species of social spider on earth out of the maybe $50000.00 species of spider that have been described so far so the sort of an evolutionary novelty item.

pruitt and his colleagues were especially interested in the kind of dating game the social spiders play. mature males well recruit to the labs of immaturity females who aren't mature yet they can't mate and these males will do their part just a little more chip dances for the female. but then the females respond to this courtship dance by approaching the male assuming a posture of receptivity the male just puts his genitals on the outside of the female genitals and then just sits there and over and over there they are just attempting this copula tori posture and they could be off spending their time doing other things like getting through or playing down more soap to protect to protect them from predators. and so i thought oh it's sort of like gaining experience for

later on in life that might be pertinent like motor skills or or are social skills social intelligence and then later on as i conducted morris that he just became more and more comfortable with thinking yeah actually this thing is kind of behavior we're seeing in a spider might just be play. pruitt's team studied hundreds of spiders to find out why they would behave in this particular way so i figure out the consequences of his behavior by manipulating these individuals ability to engage in the behavior allowed some individuals to engage in almost sex in these little plastic cups and then others that were prevented from ever having those experiences . and one of the interesting things that i found is that females that had had experience in gauging in place x. early on in life produced heavier egg cases later on and that that affects scaled to how much experience they had the more experience in play these females had the larger edge cases not only do playful females have more young

they live longer and they're less aggressive they're much less likely to kill their partners after mating something that's common in the extraordinary world that spiders. when you start to consider weird sorts of behavior exhibited by lots of kinds of animals you suddenly realize that things like play occur all over the animal kingdom and that it might not be such a sophisticated thing that's in demick or unique to people or for mammals that it might be something that has very deep evolutionary roots. it was in western canada where researchers made one of the biggest discoveries about the purpose of play. they took a close look at the behavior of young domesticated rats. australian neuroscientist serge pallas explains what these animals are up to while most of us

are sleeping there tracing off the one on one animal tries to get up to the other ones. and they roll over to be offended souls and you see that they both take turns at doing this behavior. researchers wanted to see what would happen if the young rats were raised with no one to play with in an alternative rearing condition we have a juvenile growing up with an adult and adult rats don't like playing with juveniles so i will hang around together the groom when i sleep next to one another but i want to gauge in rough and tumble play that the juveniles day i and i know. the play deprived rats fail to develop social skills including the ability to play

normally with one another. at the end if the experiment the brains from the play deprived rats were closely examined. the part responsible for decision making and impulse control was underdeveloped. so he was the set of experiments where we actually shot it is play changing the prefrontal cortex and then old these changes we've seen much to play deprived is because of this trying to in the prefrontal cortex. not only was the prefrontal cortex different summer the actual nerd cells they appeared disorganized compared to regular cells this was the biggest discovery that surge palace's career but it left them with a nagging worry i grew up in a suburb in melbourne the strike and about a mile straight down from my straight was a river valley lots of greenery lots of slopes to tumble down lots of places to

hide create games with your friends it was fantastic and one of the shocking things that i found as soon as my wife and i came to let's bridge is we sold to the coolest of the river valley looked fantastic and the thing that shocked us both was were all the kids. my concern is that denying young children the opportunity through i can play has led to them not dating the cons of experiences that actually prepare them to be able to deal effectively in an unpredictable world that. there are several studies that track things like how frequent is depression in childhood african is like a pathology and that's been going like this so you have the plight coming down of this and all these mental health things going up what is at the university of tennessee researchers are taking pelisse is work

a step further they're looking into the connection between play and the ability to deal with life's hard knocks. these are syrian hamsters they're about a month old and about a month old is their peak time social play and their social play is rough and tumble walk aggression where they well roll around penny each other and rustle. along at them. and one way to initiate a play is one that animal approaches and rolls over on his back and roll into place but i think now there's a push. you can see that one animal initially and then it ran away and he came back and he attacked the other and this was roles. really as play fighting.

play it has several functions but one is to allow for development of the prefrontal cortex and so we were interested in is their ability to cope with stress and it all have because we know the brain cortex is important for stress. one normal adult has been placed into the home of another adult don't play at fighting they actually fight these animals usually live alone so the battle can get vicious. the home caged animal will defend its territory against the intruder and attack. so you can see they time from the side just like a play fight but in adults it's not playful and they continue to try to a seriously attack each other. the loser suffers what's called a social defeat. the normal hamster will get over it and go on to fight another day

. ok there you go ok a play deprived hamster that loses is less resilient the next time it's in a fight it will be submissive. and what we have here is a play deprived animal in his home cage and we put in a smaller non-threatening animal into the cage we allow for social interaction. and a play deprived animals respond with a great deal of anxiety and fear they might go and sniff the other animal and then run away and that's our index of social anxiety. whether it's unique animal world or in the schoolyard slate helps us prepare to cope with lights ups and downs but the way children play has changed dramatically. a generation ago it didn't take much to have fun

a piece of rope. a few tweaks. children in the united states now spends less time outdoors than any previous generation that means for 7 minutes a day a free play outside vs 7 that a half hours in front of a screen. and they're missing out on a lot more than just fresh air and exercise. stuart brown recognized the vital role of play long before it was a respected area of science. back then play was considered trivial an extravagance that kids didn't really have to have and slowly the science and the understanding of play behavior itself has burgeoned over the years

we've begun to see play as a whole very differently brown went on to review the played backgrounds of more than 6000 people. they confirmed what he 1st thought that having fun is actually a very serious matter. what you find is that it's necessary for a sense of optimism fulfillment for a sense of competency for sentiment authentic self these are all components the play produces and many more for the well being of individuals. i'm very concerned. we have a real crisis. while play deprivation may be only one factor the world health organization says the mental health of young people is declining in europe for example one in 5

kids is dealing with developmental emotional or behavioral problems. one in 8 is mentally ill. you want to know. already. one of the leading advocates of outdoor play is canada's very. and they depict that hardly then she started out as an injury prevention researcher focusing on sure what is made up again but she came to realize safety experts were overlooking something crucial part of it was having my own kids i think that that influences everybody to such a large extent. i actually started to read the literature as a developmental psychologist what is the role of risk in children's lives and what

i read blew my mind you had very different disciplines all coming to the same conclusion that engaging in risk was actually a very important aspect of preventing injuries it's a lot of history if you think about kids taking risks and engaging in risky play they're learning how their body works they're learning what they're comfortable with they're learning how the world works they're learning very fundamental risk management skills. it used to be common for children to muck about unsupervised doing things that might make their parents gasp. but in the 1980 s. children discovered the thrill of video games. around the same time adults began to see the outside world as a more honest place. playing indoors.

we have smartphones in our hands all the time and we're getting bombarded by these catastrophic and cataclysmic events all the time so you feel like risk is everywhere. 2 years ago persone began a national study into how different neighborhoods affect how much children go outside. this particular study deals with adult environment right so how can we clear the kids in the community make sure that they're comfortable playing outside where ever it is that they want to go and there's very specific things that we can do to design a community to to make kids want to play outside and to make parents feel comfortable letting them play outside. need kelly an 11 year old participant is fitted with a g.p.s. watch and then accelerometer. what you see here is the data from news watch from one of the instances where she would have been playing outside in the little point

that's running around it's her activity over that time span so we've got her here she's probably at home and she's just leaving her house and then she's going off to another bit of green screens over here where she's hanging out and she's exploring quite a bit of that area she's actually covering a good chunk of her neighborhood and spending time in lots of different types of renesmee i think that i like to play more and turn back the centuries like a century years like 1020 years ago i think i'd fit in more. but i like like i was like. the best. it seems the freedom to be active outdoors also frees the imagination. that every really really really careful and so that's where it becomes important to point out ok so these are the kinds of limitations that your are putting on your

child in order to avoid them you know being out on their own i like playing in bushes or us trees kind of. way it's between a very very very unlikely event versus something that could fundamentally influence your child's health and. your. persona as early days of the show children especially girls play outside much more when they're unsupervised the fact that we found an activity where girls are more physically active is an incredibly important finding and so what is it that we can do to promote girls getting outside playing unsupervised rather than seeing that level off once they hit early adolescence and so all of this is suggesting that to

be able to be independent and get out there and determine what they want to do is having important influences on this generation whose feelings of self competence of resilience of anxiety of depression you know all of those really important markers of well being. norway is a land of dramatic beauty where people have a deep connection from nature. but even here traditional play has started to decline. ellen sand said her plans to change that one playground at a time well. i'm fine how are you my and she's collaborating with mariana persone in canada i wanted to tell you about our projects and that

we have now. all our child care centers both indoor and outdoor environments so on all 8 of them yeah. wow you know. persone and fans that are are remodelling playgrounds in 8 child care centers with the goal of making them more thrilling playgrounds here started. changed everything was kind of shrunk in a way because they were supposed to be. more safe the new designs will be based on sand setters pioneering research she was the one who pinpointed the features of what's called risky play.

sunset or was one of the 1st researchers to talk to children about their favorite kinds of play. preschoolers like the ones at this outdoor childcare center offer a perspective that's often forgotten usually if you ask people where did you live to play and what did you play when you were young most of the time they mention

being in the outdoors in the chair. so it's kind of interesting and a lot of parents don't let own children do the same thing we've had this kind of preschool 'd for many many years but it's lost their kids it's been growing in number and i think that's what we're kind of a reaction to as a society where a lot of our life is. i wish that spending more time indoors or. you know all of our digital devices and t.v. and things like that. play is the most important thing for children. playing is children's most important way of being of age and also social skills being together with other

children problem solving. is where they learn. what makes risky play different from other kinds of play is that it is a chance for getting injured that is probably the thing that we are afraid of truth . it's includes uncertainty maybe something that you are a little bit scared about doing but still it's testing else their environment and themselves. we were the last. thing you can look at whiskey play as a as a way to have be true 8 your fear so true play were children naturally engaging climbing in gauging testing their ability to manage hearts they are actually learning how to handle it then it's nothing to fear and more and then you are not

afraid. research suggests that risky play might actually help prevent. we see that it's the ones that never got the chance to experience climbing those are the ones that were presented in the population with a phobia for hearts. i don't know when i started doing this research i read a lot about risky play and it was also always from the adults perspective. and i wanted to talk to the children it's really something that they are experts in . and when they're. going to write. the striking thing was that

all of them talked about bodily feelings they usually said it tickles in my tummy my heart goes like. and all of it was very. but still they talked about the fear being there are the anxiety of being there because they did something that was scary. their word of it you know which was. a day and directed. to english that is scary for me. is part of a growing network of experts i think eating for every child right to take part in risky play. i'm very happy for having parents allowed me to explore and to climb trees and to jump down from high. build things and crawl under things most things that children want to.

but time may be running out many children are growing up today with parents who have few memories of the pleasures of the outdoors. if they don't have that frame of reference it's much harder for them to realise what's missing. because this started in the late eighty's those people are now parents and we could have a collective intergenerational kind of memory fog that wipes out that idea as kind of a normal part of childhood. traditionally kids were let free. strictly elementary school age kids whereas now there isn't a sense of that sense of freedom and i think with that there's a huge loss. a return to more outdoor play would reconnect us to one of the most

significant aspects of our animal nature. it also promises to restore the emotional benefits that we've only begun to record as if they're slipping away we have an industrial revolution background where productivity and i'm being honored and loved for your personal productivity is more important than your happiness or your fulfillment. so i think we've got an uphill fight to get play into the consciousness of the called what i mean gauging a play or watch trying to engage in a player i watch our kitten engaging in play i think to myself now this is this is not just fluff this is something that this animal has evolved to do that serves some purpose that is rather significant have pointed out this thing's life. when you are target children from every possible danger they're not going to be

very resilient or very able to cope. just like animals half appeared to deal with uncertainties so to people. all mammals have basically the same brain structure. we've now made the connection that the lack of peer play translates into a not more merely developed prefrontal cortex so man our lives when you look at the kids in iran you go well it's a strong rants maybe those correlations in children are in fact total. and my concern has always been is this a good thing to prevent young children from freely choosing to engage in whatever kind apply they want with their peers. the most important thing we can do is just get out of the way and let them play let them play how they choose and provide an environment they feel comfortable playing with and then just get out of. the

muck and figure it out for themselves. because i. saw me. yeah some yeah yes a muse it's a kind of culture thing was the media send me a phenomena i. i i left family on a level i had to minutes i.

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player legislate. a state of the news live from the world's biggest coronavirus walk down extended for 3 more weeks in his prime minister narendra modi tells the nation the economic price of a lockdown has been high but he say's people's health is far more important also coming up. on the defensive after coming under fire over his handling of the current crisis and he said press conference.