75 years ago on the 8th of may 1945 europe was liberated when nazi germany surrendered to the allied forces after 6 years world war 2 was over in europe it left more than 30000000 dead here including 6000000 jews killed by the nazis today europe and with it germany remembers a day of liberation but that was not always the case until a few years ago many germans of the war generation remembered a day of defeat and shame europe remembers the end of world war 2 in berlin and this is the day. people fighting the assad family feel liberation of 1945 was imposed from outside

it had to come from outside this country had descended too far into the evil the guilt that it brought upon itself. but we too played a part in the liberation and in our internal liberation this did not take place on a single day rather it was a long and painful process. and long on mats after vick. also on the day new hope in the race to develop a corona virus vaccine can a tried and tested vaccine against tuberculosis also ward off covert 19 researchers and south africa believe yes it could. remember of a spreadsheet. or.

2 of us on p.b.s. in the united states and all around the world well we begin the day with the anniversary of the end of world war 2 in europe 75 years ago today germany surrendered to the allies bringing an end to 6 years of war in europe commemorations took place here in the german capital berlin and across europe as well but they've been on a rather low level due to the coronavirus restrictions in place in many countries germany's most senior politicians gathered at the memorial to the victims of war in dictatorship in central berlin to mark the day they laid to the victims of war and stood in silence as a trumpet player. germany's head of state president frank. urged germans to see maybe eights as

a day of gratitude because it freed germany from the terror of the nazis and brought peace to europe let's listen in for. quite a mystery and said today we need to liberate our souls to liberate from the temptation of a new nationalism some of the fascination of the old thora tyrian from distrust isolation and hostility between nations from hate and education from xenophobia and the contempt of democracy. to all. words of warning and a reminder for continued caution there from germany's president but it was another president who actually changed how germany as a nation remembered the war in 198540 years after the end of the conflict they shot from vite soko was the 1st head of state who called the 8th of may 945 a day of liberation because an angry backlash from war veterans german refugee

organizations and parts of the conservative establishment to talk about that and more i'm now joined by mary fullbrook she's a professor of german history at university college london the author and editor of some $25.00 books including a small town near auschwitz ordinary nazis and the holocaust mrs ford broke when i looked at your profile and saw that book title order ordinary nazis i couldn't help but thinking about my own grandfather gary hart whose 1st and last name i share he was one of those ordinary small town nazis not a big shot in any way but nevertheless a true believer who joined the nazi party early on and was later drafted into the new father as a medic he didn't come back he died as as a prisoner of war in russia but for those like him those who did come back why was it so hard for them to remember and take responsibility. i think there are a number of reasons they went through a lot there was 17 or 18000000 men in the army many of them were involved in

atrocities many of them were involved in fighting a war that was as we know a truly genocidal war of unparalleled proportions and when they came back they were suffering from war wounds from bereavement from grief or loss of calm raids many of them came back to find cities bombed and grew and they had a terrible lot to deal with themselves and yet the cause for which they've been fighting was utterly discredited and and they were told this was all wrong you couldn't easily take responsibility for crimes on that scale critically when you felt you just being used as a very small cog in a very large machine so there were many many whites in which people so if they had to justify their past and if they taking on any sense of real guilt but always puzzles me is how a whole nation of 80000000 people turned into anti semitic war hungry nationalists

in just 12 years what is the onset of that. they didn't that's simply a misapprehension when war started in 1039 a lot of germans were extremely apprehensive they were not war hungry age is true that many germans were deeply nationalistic in the 1930 s. and we have to remember that includes jewish germans german jews who were petraeus who fought in the 1st world war so nationalism wasn't a preserve of the anti semitic minority if you like i think we have to understand is that it was a very complex situation there was a very strong and he semitic nationalist leadership the nazis and the people who went along with that but there were also people who faced incredible arts in trying to oppose this dictatorship the terror the operators of repression was enormous by the summer of 33 alone something like 100000 germans had been incarcerated so that

the having tried to mount an effective opposition so here you have to see the balance if there is a small minority of active opponents there's a very large i think it's silent majority of people who just went along with it and confounded in public because they were too fearful or something should give in to peer group pressure should sit in with others and then a very significant probably it's very difficult to fit is honestly harmed stuart's disagree but it was not everybody who became lancy semitic nationalist in the true nazi sense of mint why coming back to they remember and skull so why did it take the country so much longer than r.t. has actually lost it to philip fully come to terms with it. you have to remember 1st of all there were 2 different german states after 949 east germany under the communist auspices was very different from west germany and public

cultures in the 2 states to fit massively the official ideology of the anti fascist states in east germany allowed a lot of people to just take on the alibi of huntingdale innocently misused by the imperial snottily capitalists and so on and a good alibi for a lot of ordinary instruments in west germany the official public culture of we'll take responsibility for the past moral responsibility did not go along with anything by way of bringing former nazis to account in the cos there was no real reckoning there was not a real turn out for a nothing come in both east and west the main priority was rehabilitation reintegration reform in our cities that meant that there was a whole generation who would compromise tamed by their involvement or not so they were not prepared to face up to so a lot of it is about generational change from the late sixty's 19 seventy's onwards

a younger generation coming to challenge the older generation and a lot of debates in the public sphere particular in west germany not so much in east germany focus lee the difference is that the system says of iraq when we look back now the war was over we're back to 45 years after with the war was over there was a great drive to never let it happen again they when was founded later the e.u. there was a great optimism that international cooperation was key is there another lesson we can learn today. i think it's not just international cooperation i think it's ensuring that people take the right measure it's very early on when you see right wing extremism when you see the rise of right wing populism and onto some it isn't xenophobia as we see across europe not just in germany not just the. right wing stream is as we see in the usa indeed with white supremacists you have to take effective action very very quickly early on and you

have to make sure that the institutions of the democracy and the capacity for democratic and open debate are sustained that is really volatile. president thank you very much for joining us and give russia is also marking the anniversary of the victory over nazi germany but a day later than the rest of europe on the 9th of may as because when the articles of surrender were signed late in the evening of may the 8th in berlin it was already past midnight in moscow the annual parade on red square in moscow has been canceled along with all events across russia did obvious moscow correspondent emily sherwin looks now at how russians are marking the end of what they call the great patriotic war. think i'm. a people's war a sacred before they sing for 70 years now students and alumni from the moscow

state institute of music have gotten together on victory day to sing patriotic wartime songs to passers by outside the bolshoi theatre despite has always been an unofficial meeting place for victory day celebrations which play a key part in russia's national identity. one of the singers in the choir is heartbroken that this year the square will remain empty because of the pandemic the singing teacher has been coming here for victory day since she was a child she says the choir is tradition lets them be part of something bigger scene with a lot of people stop to same with us whether it's families or veterans who can still come to the square is not really makes us happy and we also asked people to join in everyone knows these songs as a musician i believe it's impossible to have good times or enjoy bad times in life

or that music for me the 9th of may doesn't exist without the music it's just. all over moscow there are posters commemorating the 75th anniversary of the end of the war known as the great patriotic war here the decision to postpone the victory day parade was one the author already has left till the last moment. thousands of troops were preparing for a bombastic military parade on red square here behind me until just a month ago and these yellow lines that serve as lanes for tanks or even freshly repainted despite the pandemic for people here the decision to postpone the official celebrations is emotional. my happy they postponed it no but they have to but they're so. people will remember anyway by learning more poems with kids are doing crafts.

meanwhile maria and the choir aren't letting the pandemic stop them from singing for victory day they're rehearsing online and have recorded the song cuts to post on social media. 300 on. over a 1000 kilometers away near the urals their music is helping some members of the origin aeration find solace to this old age home is currently in lockdown including for victory day. it's a hugely significant holiday but people won the war and we must remember and celebrate the us and there can be no celebration without music. this choir is keeping the music and memory going in the hope that next year russians will be able to celebrate offline.

the race to find a vaccine against corona virus is continuing to pick up pace in south africa hundreds of health workers are being given a century old vaccine against tuberculosis in a trial to see if it comforts them against coronavirus trials also underway in other possible worlds like the netherlands and australia if proven effective vaccine could be an important weapon in the fight against the virus. it's just a small puncture but it could make a huge impact on tackling the cove and 19 pandemic that at least is the hope of researches this week began a vaccination trial in cape town. the team around dot to carry an op ton wants to investigate whether the tuberculosis vaccine b c g can reduce the severity of corona virus related symptoms the reason behind

it researches have experienced positive so-called nonspecific effects of b c g in the past they be as adolescents the elderly there have been a reduction in the number of respiratory tract infections in individuals who receive the b.c.g. vaccine versus the ones who do not receive it so that's a very interesting nonspecific effect. in order to investigate this further a minimum of $500.00 health care workers will receive a shot in the coming weeks hof will be given the actual vaccine and the other half a placebo through follow up phone calls the researches will determine the health condition of the participants and so the effect of the vaccine the trial is conducted and funded by tosk a clinical research center based in cape town c.e.o.

andrus daya khan says the speed of the results depends on several factors through the period on this beautiful epidemic for more cases where you have to follow through to proof the protection and if you also depend on the number of cases are coming through for more people we can improve. trunks through pharmacy. the next big challenge for the researches is to secure additional funding but andrus daya khan is optimistic and excited to start this crowd basically because i expect a certain result. positive energy and also through a lot of positive energy for health care workers that we want to vaccinate just due to the fact that we're trying to do something that might actually work if it was a lot of people could profit from b c g i joe says for 10 people only costs

a little mole then $2.00 u.s. dollars well will it work to find out joined by dr sparrow she's associate professor of global health at the icann school of medicine at mount sinai in new york city and special advisor to the director general of the world health organization dr sparrow how much hope is there that the route via a vaccine is a good way forward i think that the real now. just beginning to those trials and the enormous confidence receiving a $10000000.00 donation from the boom and the gates foundation is like that's just the beginning of hope and i feel tremendously excited as i as our colleagues because with the with the indorsement dr ted russell with the support of people like gates we are now are going to be up to it to actually study the subject which is always been apparent this is it the vaccine for our oldest disease winstein is

presenting now but it takes a pandemic to actually have to look at it so if we have a vaccine which actually makes our whole system and the immediate since matter prions us so that it is not going to completely protect us and against these other . diseases but we wouldn't expect it to but what we're trying to scenes will these that scenes offer some protection so that they were distant from being these lethal terrible scary things in is that more manageable because this is not you know good is not the last pandemic this is not the pandemic of the century this is just probably the pandemic of the decade and what we do next year the year after that when it'll be the next pathogen and so we can't just we can't afford to have to find a new vaccine every time we have a new path again. let me interrupt you there what. are research scientists pinning their hopes on right. well i mean we see that only we see all

these it's going to find the needs trials where there are things like kirkland ducted kirkland for martin dean and you know all these land based on reasonable sounds like disappear which we looked at in boulder. just real quick there is no better than snake oil and so now what we're doing is having 2 very smart investment in an epic that we know because we know that basically that scene in which it is the mortality in babies in how does confirm is up to 50 percent we know that it works in adolescents in the elderly to regain mortality from was pretty by 70 this and that's amazing so what we. you know what is and wilson of course the thing that the c.g.i. used to ready to treat things that now they can't and then also because what about getting that cancer caused by viruses so maybe there's you know we can actually get really smart and really focus usually see that we are spending hundreds of millions

of dollars or even billions into these trials and it's to find diagnostics and therapeutics in new ways what if we just have to spend 10000000 from games to find out amazing ways were written using an old in a jeep in a same sex scene. that's actually quite interesting that the money that you're talking about the united states has decided to pull their part of funding for the show. vaccines for example how much do you think that. well it's today not a very good time is it to put find funding at the time when we need to have collective action to fight this it's like you can prove funding the debt only. you know you can't even be sure that there's a smart thing to do this market of course is to fund the temperature of this these trials are happening because of the confidence to talk to ted doesn't sell pegs in this effect and that's

a very important thing to look at right now because what we're thinking about is we're just with this pandemic but if we now can completely miss this investigation is randomized controlled trials to give us the evidence we could change world health by changing the vaccine schedule we could do an aging thing for a very smart and much smarter than these arguments about cutting funding. just tonight u.s. president are trying to set the coronavirus will go away without a vaccine what what what do you say to that. well let me know how that works out as it's like that's not going to happen is a bit much more like it becoming demick in ways that you know sees them losing demick and it will go from being this in our business in a highly lethal and very transmissible pathogen into something that is less deadly than as we acquire the norm unity and death and national and global level but it's

you know we've lost the chance to contain it so it's now going to be people going around the world from the north and to the southern hemisphere and this is a thing that. you know we have we can how do faith in b.c.g. vaccine because we it's a very all that's seen as a race a exene and we even when they need that seem to come out we will be faced with the same issues that we are everywhere where. people you know one sure about and trust it how long will it last what about we have to do this again every year so you know this is there's no way that dimming and you question is no way this is corona will go away in and of itself that is not how mars has behaved and what we need to do is think about not just this one but the next one and then one after that and one out of that because this is just a bit you know that there's to a series of many and we need to get super about an interim. dr of this for thank you very much. thank you.

and also georgia in the united states where authorities have arrested 2 white men over the killing of a black man running down a suburban street the charges came more than 2 months after the fatal shooting of. outrage swelled after a cell phone video of the incident was released this week. some viewers may find the footage in this report disturbing. the road to justice is long for some this cellphone video appears to capture the last steps of a more allbery before he was shot. despite holding this video from early on all fours he's in georgia took $74.00 days

to bring charges against the 2 men who allegedly pursued in their truck then shot him at close range. the charges came on the day or more allbery would have turned 26 years old. his accused murderess former police officer gregory mcmichael and his son travis told investigators they believed he was a burglar his mother says the former footballer was exercising i do believe that a man was just out for his daily jog. i have to believe that since they weren't. doing this for 3 years. i run with mord demonstrators chanted as they march to the scene of the shooting after the video was leaked online this week state authorities launched a new investigation. earlier this week i watch the video depicting missed all his

last moments a lot of i can tell you it's absolutely horrific and georgians deserve answers my heart goes out to the parents and to the loved ones of. the young gentlemen it's a very sad thing. the president's democratic rival joe biden went further calling it a murder in cold blood. after a long wait for charges and arrests family will have to wait even longer to see if anyone is convicted. this was the day remember the conversation continues online you'll find us on twitter i asked d.-w. news don't forget to use our house stack the day i'm gather many thoughts watch.

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