and don't forget you can always get more on these and other stories our web site e.w. dot com you can also go coursework social media feeds us well i'm brian thomas for the entire news team thanks so much for being here there are be with you again at the top of the hour. hi i'm neal i'm good welcome to the 2nd season of on the fence. the planet on the brink of disaster relief is long dead interviews with experts about one question how will he change the longing for.

life in the post factual age. social networks spread fake news perceived truths in just seconds there are no filters or fact checks. the line between truth and lies has become blurred. u.s. president donald trump is one of the most famous and generators of fake news just about every day he posts and lives on the internet. there's one thing that's absolutely fascinating about trump's case citied unequivocally backs what he said just said you know i know that he rejects every bit of expert knowledge or system of extra real verification such as archives facts x. the images and the rest. is enough and he just said. says he knows it because he feels

it is something. i think we have something very very important politics is a liar's game a dishonest business. i do not care sexual relations. of their old. members of the public condemning the lying but they don't behave any better themselves. is an average guy and certainly less than honest. he feels every day. troubling your beautiful.

johnny said my dress oh of course. it's really i know it's tight i know it fits as if it were made for you because. unlike the lies the politicians mueller's dishonest compliments are not intentional deceptions . but it's a tasty wonderful thanks. when they're months old if someone tells you they've been to the hairdresser and they ask you how their new haircut looks and you think oh dear but say your house is great then that's a problem i'd fear not and i would not lie because you're aiming somehow to help maintain the other person's self esteem. health. researchers call those white or socially positive lives social conventions belong to this group inc. morning neighbor how you would want to try and have a nice day. a certain degree of dishonesty promotes harmonious coexistence.

listen i'm stuck in traffic and i just wanted to let you know that i'm going to be light. a boundary is violated when the law is used for deception. when will i get those quarterly figures working on it i don't need to by the end of the week. knowingly failing to tell the boss the truth is driven by self interest miller doesn't want any trouble. he overlooks the fact that he could damage his boss. that didn't just happen by chance the center for processing emotions in miller's brain the limbic system is active especially his a make. triggers twinges of conscience. english researchers carried out an experiment with lies that indicated that

a bad conscience can be overridden the more frequently test subjects lied the less the m a killer reacted. lying is immoral that's the consensus of all the world's cultures. but everyone lies at least 2 times a day. is lying an ancient natural legacy. in coastal rekers rain forests a phenomenon often takes place that could confirm exactly that and humans closest relatives are the ones that are doing it. and warns his group of danger. the primates hide in an instant 6. that was a mistake because a member of their own species tricked them he's the one that ends up with the prey . the threat was just make believe humans apparently aren't the only beings who

resort to trickery. scientists are using new zealand pigs to test whether the animals are conscious of what they're doing. they're raised in the clever pig lab of the messily research institute and have more in common with humans than humans would like. to. give is a quote i think it's from churchill always remember the catholics down on man a dog looks up but if a pig will look him right in the eye. picks genetic material is similar to humans that's only one factor that makes them ideal research subjects. and social animals pigs have a very well developed social network act and they know each other very well they have a very distinct hierarchy. there is the leader and subordinates and they also have

individuals in the group who interact with each other more rather than less so you could call them friends and those they tend to avoid or if they do meet there's a clash you see that with us too. the scientists want to know if the pigs can engage in conscious deception. to do this they set up 3 feeding stations but only one hides a treat. from sally tac i think that social strategy how an animal behaves using the information it has in our case that's the location of a source of food what does it do with that information say if a high ranking animal is present who could take that food source drive it away or if a level ranking animal is there who can take the food. 3 pigs compete

in the test. the leader of the group. who's on the lowest rungs of the pigs ranking. and zeus who is between. the 1st zeus learns where to find the snack. he's the only one who gets to see where the good he is hidden. then comes then she's clueless about where the food is.

will follow the higher ranking animal. zeus immediately heads for the food bowl and gobbles up the snack. on the other hand quickly withdraws and leaves zeus to eat without a fight. banana didn't dead challenge to claim the food for his self she knows it is frank's about her and that gives him the right to take the food fest. marianna von doc has seen this often. while working on her doctoral thesis. 800 runs with 18 animals in cooperation with a behavioral biologist. from the university of veterinarian medicine in vienna.

low ranking animals with out information don't seem to use any deceptive maneuvers to gain an advantage. but what happens if the lower ranking animal knows something a more senior animal doesn't. mean. the zeus gets another training session. but this time the treat is hidden behind the feeding place on the far left. his opponent is drawled leader uno. based on ranking should give way. but zeus is clever he sends example in the wrong direction.

the faint gives him some time to get a head start in eating. as he does estimate just mediocre and i saw the video with zeus in some point over the 1st time and i was suddenly shakes off something o'barr sending him in another direction i wouldn't have thought it possible. he shifted to. the informed animal deceives with intent social rank become secondary and decent bitch to write in state and. in this competition a cognitive arms race arises an intelligence challenge because the intelligence of one leads the other to adapt to it and perhaps develops a new strategy. which the 1st needs to understand devising a further strategy as this progresses it can result in animals really developing a special kind of intelligence and

a social or cultural intelligence which isn't something they need in their physical environment but all. that so apparently lying is a natural legacy evolutionary researchers even see lies and deception as important drivers for the formation of human intelligence. human is a persistently disingenuous ape so that we can not only hide behind leaves but that we can tell tall tales has helped us to deceive others to believe in gods and tribunals and to fight together. so the law was certainly a major help in evolution. it did only. researchers at the child development laboratory of the university of borg use playful experiments to investigate at which age people learn to lie. look here comes next he was just playing with his ball.

after playing moxie puts the ball into the red box and leaves. them as well maxis gone his sister. would and she plays a little with the blue. but she puts the ball back in the blue box rather than the red one and moxie isn't on the wiser. and look here comes maxie again. this is to get into a trance a very important intellectual advancement to understand people don't behave in a way that reflects the real world but how they imagine it to be and that perceptions can be manipulated intentionally. went as with these are forced on the board in kong. where all next to look 1st.

the researchers test of the children can put themselves in another person's shoes. they call this ability theory of mind and. you know that. the younger children the 3 year olds. were they say he'll get the ball where it actually is. as if the. kids seem to. that when moxie looks for his ball he just goes to where it is. over there will actually look 1st. in the red one i want to read when you think starting at age 5 children can anticipate the knowledge of others that will actually look 1st. at the red box why would you go to the red box.

because it was in the red box before and now it's in the blue. right in theory of mind of the theory of mind or the false believe is required for children to understand that human behavior is based on mental state in the meaning people behave as they perceive the world to be and that can sometimes deviate from reality . and this can much made up from the relative. look we have lots of different stickers you can choose one also which one would you like the next task tests if the children can deceive strategically. the school to move 1st text and stick you hide the sticker in one of your hands 7 they are to will try to find it. wanted. to be at

the 1st show ask you where you hit it and stick a fish check test and if she finds it you can keep it but if she doesn't it's yours so you have to think carefully about what you can do so we are to doesn't find the sticker. mr mom cans to be attitude stick and so she tried. gathered up there to start searching. where do you hide the stickers. well let's have a look. this is stella tells the truth she's 3 and can't deceive this is she was the wife one. and thinking before they can lie before they have developed the ability to understand that you can manipulate other people's mental states and use information to influence what someone else is thinking how they perceive the world bank so. yes they're still very innocent before that so claims

the incident. before this can. get back to 1st victim lotty is 5 years old the task is the same and lottie also wants that stick or. something now i have one and then let's play again it's not going according to plan for a lot. but at 5 her cognitive abilities are well enough developed the chill figured out. and then that if she finds it she gets to keep it but if she doesn't then it's yours. the stick isn't in their look in their. brain is ready to fit at the age of 5. 6 year old antonia is already

a true diva of deception. on the next try she takes it a step further and changes tactics. ok back to have a look. when tony a way to hide it. she's consciously chosen the other hand because she already knows that the other player can change strategy to. that people are is a fact of life and when you grow up in a society where it's a fact it's very important that you learn to lie and understand lies otherwise you'd be completely helpless and at the mercy of those who do live. outside. the law has 2 faces. it deceives but that knowledge helps to reveal reality.

you won't believe what happened to me today as i was coming out of the office some idiot nearly ran me over no place i was shocked and shouted stop him stop him. mineralized to justify being late. she doesn't pick up the fip at 1st but still liars send out signals that reveal their fraud. psychologist and body language expert monica much nic reveals deceivers by examining their facial expressions. she uses an experiment to show how she does it. it said yes and in case she stands by you're going to tell me a little story about your last vacation one is true the other is a lie let's start you. say last summer i was in norway alone yes actually just with a backpack and a tent. i just went and picked

a little ruse like the lot how long were you there just 2 weeks west where were you on vacation and when i was with a friend in barcelona the summer of one must have thought were you doing 'd in barcelona we went out drinking and partying at night you know who i am where did you start. in our lives and what was the next station about the times that the little town i didn't remember the name anywhere took the ferry across. at him and i don't know about your friend what's he like and. he's really funny and plays music too. i haven't seen him for 20 years and that was very emotional kens to do you know this person you're talking about yeah. that is that's the truth. and this is your life. but even i can't imagine the you can see the asymmetry is the smile was one sided

and only in the lower face it wasn't honest laughter. but i can't just walk in and the eye contact was choppy and cool to make contact he looked away then it means then away again. the shell. that's the door i did but that doesn't mean liars always do that can so son use extra long eye contact to extend into peek at. what they're doing is trying to hide their immediate genuine emotions. joy anger grief contempt fear and surprise are the 7 basic emotions they present themselves in the same way in the facial expressions of every human being. to do that 26 facial muscles must work in concert. if for example we feel joy the facial muscles react within a fraction of

a 2nd. researchers call the short reaction a micro expression. it momentarily reveals genuine feelings and can't be faked. only after that can liars control their expressions. but the face reveals even more. researchers look at the nose as if their subjects were the puppet pinocchio. they say the nose changes when a person is lying. american researchers used to say that the nose increased in size by millimeters if a person was lying. research. immediately gomez milan from granada spain has been observing this phenomenon for several years. if it is something actually the pinocchio effect is the holy grail of lying.

researchers have always looked for a qualitative key to distinguish lies from the truth you know that i mean about. using a thermal imaging camera researchers film people telling whoppers and find facial and hand temperatures change systematically. bottom so for us the lie has at least 3 components one is the level of physiological activation which increases when you lie this value can be measured at the tip of the nose and the tip of the middle finger. gomez milan tests this with a series of questions the respondent can decide whether to lie or not between. the researcher clearly recognizes falsehoods in one tale. nose and finger temperatures drop as the test subject makes up the lie.

that's just one clue. that went on cognitive effort is the 2nd component of learning the brain must do heavy lifting if you pick it up and set up in such. you know this effort shows in other parts of the face. the forehead and cheeks get warmer seeing here and yellow. since the law is a highly complex conceptual feat the brain works at full speed. increased blood circulation in the frontal lobe raises the temperature of the forehead. become active in the front of the frontal lobe. they pick up the emotional state of the person being lied to.

or wants to make a good impression is he being believed if not you can see it in his cheeks. if you use the other person isn't convinced blush. but other factors influence face and finger temperature intensity as well. the researchers suspect the recipient and gravity of the lie contribute to. been given a special mission. she supposed to live convincingly to someone close to her. the 22 year old tells her mother she's pregnant knowing full well news like that would be a shock to

a parent. this highly emotional live shows up particularly clearly on the imaging camera. the nose and fingers as forehead and cheeks. reveals the truth to the temperature's normal. motional lying it's especially easy to expose the liar. but it also depends on other factors such as personality. still one thing is certain if the full range of evidence for lying shows up we know with a probability of 90 percent that the person. really lying. to me and. for decades the lie detector has been used to identify liars on the basis of physical reactions. secret services still use it to expose double agents or

criminals. the idea of using physical clues to identify criminals is a very old one. at the end of the 19th century chess at a lumber also a physician from tour and try to determine the external characteristics of born criminals he measured suspects blood pressure during questioning. this way psychiatry. later used a galvanometer to measure skin conductivity during sweating. at the university of grotz vittorio been to see developed the polygraph it measures respiration and pulse lucy's theory was that if a person is lying excitement would cause heart and respiration rates to change. but lie detector results still aren't considered irrefutable evidence a conventional polygraph wouldn't have unveiled this thief. the measurements are

too inaccurate because nervousness can happen in many situations not just during life. the woman isn't a real fifi she's a research subject. from the university of birth board has set up some items at a fake crime scene he wants them to be stolen. he aims to use what's known as the guilty knowledge test to show that breathing pulse heart rate and skin connectivity can be significant. the talk isn't as opposed to e.d.s. the guilty knowledge test is based on the idea that you don't detect the lie itself and so you don't ask a question like did you kill so and so or did you steal the cash box instead you

ask about certain details of the crime details that only the perpetrator can know can come. shows these details to the test subject. a recorded interrogator asks if she recognizes the objects on the screen she supposed to deny it all or cloth back. no. gum or can read her reactions on the monitor. or document folder. no whenever she recognizes something the reading changes. no mobile phone. this becomes particularly clear with the picture of the stolen mobile phone. the test person begins perspiring more.

media if you recognize things you've seen before or experienced in the context of a criminal offense for example then you're more receptive to these details. you show a stronger skin conductivity which means that the skin is more stor you sweat a bit more and the reaction has nothing to do with the wired self. this is a reaction that depends on its importance because certain details are more important so the perpetrator reacts more strongly to these details as it did ties the i.q. to a teacher to signal starker. everyone wants to win even if they have to lie to do it. that was the case with lance armstrong. allegations of doping plagued his career but one thing is clear today he cheated his way to his triumphs in the tour de france and other races. have not. even then he was sending out

signals that could have supported the medical findings. and so. it's about us learning to cluster. what does that mean we have served people from head to toe and try to find as many clues as we can i know he has it. only then do we have a shot at getting it right i know. that we can never get over how clear is that. monica much nick can find many giveaways in a 2005 interview with lawyers of armstrong sponsors. and the. scene was when he said no and kept on saying that one of the sort of 100 percent. he would have nodded if it were really true had to make and denied

it all and it's exactly the same if someone would say great idea and great argument i have been yes yes i'm open to anything and there you can see the body language doesn't harmonize with the words nor does it seem credible. well . even experienced liars give themselves away especially if they're stressed. but junior budget minister in france. implicated himself in a web of lies about secret foreign accounts in 2013. but also. went to him you only see non-verbal signals indicating struggle but where there is. a rigid focused gaze for tooting

chin and his variant phatic language on. the tone. that someone who is fighting even when they lie often i think. even bill clinton couldn't conceal his world famous lie. i did not have sexual relations with that. these allegations are false. i had so i knew. of his negation was so vehement and so strong. is eyes were blinking faster. and he distanced himself from this woman mention that when people lie they don't use names he said that woman that. sooner or later the truth will out in the end nevertheless politicians lie and lie and lie and donald trump is a premier league liar who tops all the standings. it's

the largest tax cut in the history of our country and the reform but tax cuts. newspapers like the washington post record trumps whoppers thousands and thousands of them. in their country. no u.s. president has lied more than. i you have there is actually a relationship between lies and power and everyone lies every day in politics the lies are more common there are many studies on power and from them we can conclude that the more powerful someone is the easier it is to lie and the more they feel right about it. the. deception helps to disguise

that strategy has a long tradition politics were already being conducted in secret during the renaissance. the less people knew about what happened in the chambers of power the better. political philosopher machiavelli openly condemned lying as immoral. yet indirectly he called on those in power to do it. really doesn't advise the prince to lie because the law it cannot lead to anything positive. song in his political tract the prince machiavelli tries to advise the prince on how best to maintain his power. as or next to none will new he advised him to hide part of the truth because for him the secret is required for the success of a political act for me it was so clear then just. simply

saying nothing is an alternative to lying with unpredictable consequences as history shows. europe's climate worsened in the 18th century causing crops to fail and famine everywhere. in france people starved needed someone to blame and found. even though the royals were also plagued by low supplies the king lived it up the people smelled a rat. rumor spread that the king the monopolists and the ministers were deliberately trying to starve the people. when rumors like this came up when grain prices got too high long i mean going. of course there and that's when the peasants took up arms his. own.

back then fake news led to uprisings in 775. people chanted down with the king we want bread down with the king. as supplies became scarce the poor took to the streets of paris. in search of food they looted shops and markets. the result is known as the flour war in french history. these are special moments of crisis when power is weak. a power vacuum is created because it's such times we have a sequence of difficulties that cause instability and unrest.

revolt triggered by rumors that led to the french revolution and later ended the monarchy in france. this is so close in a long case that we have served the emergence of false information fake news in propaganda precisely at moments of historical crisis. this is very striking in the case of the revolution there were waves of bogus news fake news that circulated through all camps more or less being exploited to support the interests of someone or other but they're also a sign of fear of. then as now truth clearly tends to lose its meaning in a crisis. experts say a similar system is in operation among the yellow vest movement in france. it

started as a protest against rising gas prices and continue to be stoked by more fake news online. example of don't see many rumors circulating on social networks with respect to the yellow vest on rest. for example there's the rumor of a belgian lady who was killed during a demonstration one day. why are there such rumors. because people inform each other and communicate among people like themselves and above all because they don't believe a word of what the mainstream media says yet they see the so-called official media mass media etc mass media. mistrust. among the population is growing. fertile ground for more lives. through a fake you have my phone and it will force you now there are also social networks

where the lower classes create somewhere's are everywhere as they say in england me all along it there that's their own reality kiddo their own interpretation of reality and it merges an ideological phenomena we no longer believe in the elites with the technological one we can say something and circulated on the internet. yes that's an explosive mix certainly for the elites. many experts agree lions and bogus news poses a serious threat to political systems. it doesn't matter who spreads deception those in power or the people. they primarily so mistrust and destabilize democracies. yet there's no magic bullet to counter this trend. only we can enact

a whole range of laws to monitor and prevent fake news but it's not going to go away. because there are plenty of laws all very old. by the 13th century we were already talking about sins of language which are condemned just as they are now and so it's not the law that will prevent the spread of lies. i exist today the question is whether individuals and citizens in particular are able to identify them and refrain from giving them recognition they don't deserve. experts say the number of lies online will merely multiply as the inhibition threshold continues to fall. meanwhile the rate of daily fibbing will remain constant with most people lying between 2 to 80 times a day still awareness and observation can reveal falsehoods.

research has led to making lies a visible and measurable in part technology that may develop for later use at airports and by the police and justice authorities. and the powerful they'll continue telling whoppers they're lying is a part of the political system and firmly rooted in power seekers d.n.a. . meanwhile in private the means will go on justifying the ends. i tell me have you ever thought about surgery . somehow you crazy. research has yet to prove if liars have long noses. horse nouns. in any case a lie is half life is manageable. dissembling is hard wired into the brains of living beams. yet the cognitive ability to lie goes hand in hand with the

capability to expose liars. dreaming of a future plotting a career nothing of the. young people in the n.h.s. covert 19 faced unprecedented uncertainty. what can they look forward to when everything is changing so fast. generation move knocked down player. made in germany. in

90 minutes on d w. i'm not laughing at the germans well i guess sometimes i am but mostly i'm nothing with the me but i have been thinking deep into the german culture of. new jersey who take those grammar day out to you because it's all about who they know i'm rachel to join me to meet the japanese of course. beethoven is for me. beethoven is for you. it's for help. is for. beethoven is for. his 4. 1202250th anniversary year.

this is the news live from. will not and the colts dismisses 13000000000 euros in back taxes taxes that the e.u. set up all must pay. it's a blow to european regulators trying to block profit shifting by multinationals island money in the 1st place and sees it as a victory.