we don't. take. our asked moving. and successful beyond belief. let's not do it this is the way we do it. nollywood starts august 7th on t w. how do b.s. know which blossom to land on for the best nectar scientists studying flower to insect communication have an electrifying answer. animal testing is very controversial how viable are the alternatives. researchers are using a fresh method to study organ tissue in

a new light. welcome to tomorrow today our. medical professionals have various ways of looking inside the bodies of their patients an x. ray machine passes radiation through the body to capture an image on film. ultrasound on the other hand worked with sound waves. and magnetic resonance imaging or m.r.i. uses magnetic field. but now there's a new method that allies doctors to see right through. this mouse can help researchers analyze all kinds of bodily functions from hell blood vessels and nerve tracks run to how internal organs are constructed. it's possible because the mouse is tissue has been made transparent up to now this

hadn't been possible with human tissue. but no chemistry from the. university in munich has uncovered chemicals that could render a kidney transparent within 2 weeks. she works with genetic engineering on the outer the team wants to understand how human organs work specifically how blood vessels nerve cells and live channels interact making them visible is the. 1st step . we have to understand how they're coordinating. in normal how to case and dan and we could easily also see when something is wrong when there is lack of coordination if there are some cell supposed to be there are not there we can nor know why some diseases are cured. his aim is to determine the exact location of each individual cell to do this researchers have

developed a microscope that can examine the whole organ the different colors of the laser make the individual structures such as vessels or nerve cells visible. then we got a microscope scan some days of scanning it's millions of imaging data out there is no way hooman being can our lives instead computer scientists have developed algorithms which enable an exact 3 dimensional image of the kidney to be generated from the data researchers can then study the organ cell by cell enabling them to recognize pathological changes detect cancer cells and observe the effects of medication to see if the drug in question is actually binding to the right cell the effects of the method could be far reaching my vision is that we will be able to generate organs on demand if someone needs a heart the kid in it will just take some cells maybe skin cells generate millions and billions of cells from under the same person and then create to construct the

organ and then transplant to the person. first attempts to produce parts of a kidney are already underway but it will take some time before the researchers are able to produce an entire organ. in 2018 german laboratories tested drugs and cosmetics on nearly 1800000 rodents 81 thighs and rabbits and nearly 30000. as and farm animals supporters of animal testing say the 1000 organs of humans and animals function in a similar way but worldwide 95 percent of drugs test of excessively on animals fail in human trials good alternatives that don't involve animal suffering actually be more precise. these are miniature artificial organs parts of the modular construction system that replicates human body parts. blood

lungs and liver or high quality and is using them to test new medication. but this system enables us to trigger a paradigm shift in drug development that is an organ of this organ on a chip system means we're able to determine medication more quickly and cheaply and where it's needed to the patients with the enemy from parts and. in future this could eliminate the need to conduct so much testing on animals on average the development of a single medication currently takes 15 to 20 years that's largely because animal testing is time consuming costly and controversial and often the results can't be applied directly to humans unlike with the organ on a chip. to create these organs the researchers cultivate skin tissue cells they're then infected with a virus that introduces 4 gene sequences into the skin cells and reprogram some of

them these then become i.p.s. or in joost pluri potent stem cells through the addition of growth or differentiation factors they can be transformed into any kind of cell in the human body from the heart and lungs to skin and liver. you have me and these influential this chip can combine 2 organ models you can see the organ compartments here and here they are. by a common circulatory system the 2 little changes here comprise the pump which functions like the human heart. as mentioned here this lets the organs communicate with one another and exchange neurotransmitters and we can observe this interaction . on. their researches don't reproduce the entire organ only the parts all cells which should or could respond to a certain drug. liver cells for example

a cultivated unused in an organ storage container at $37.00 degrees celsius mirroring the temperature of the human body they left to grow and develop in lifelike conditions under the microscope the researches can see them function just like in the human body. unlike with animals or people we can look inside the chips at any time with a microscope and see with the liver does with the medication does it tolerate the drug or is there damage mechanically on sean and then i can also see on the other organ here in the heart liver or pancreas whether these products have an effect whether they can be helpful in healing illness or maybe produce side effects that's off limits. because. the major advantage is that the substances can be tested directly on human cells so in contrast to animal testing the

researches can gather reliable evidence about the effects on people. that's because tests on rats and mice can only predict whether substances a toxic to humans just 43 percent of the time so most medications that were tested successfully on animals fail when drug studies have been conducted on humans up to 95 percent of all drugs trialed. these 2 neuroscientists have developed another alternative to animal testing they can simulate on the computer how a medication or substance affects the conduction of stimuli in the brain. the nerve cells in the brain structures that we study are also affected by alzheimer's disease and epilepsy which is why it's important to better understand the mechanisms of such diseases in these regions of the brain and computer models

are quite helpful in this case the cells of fly larvae form the basis of their work biologist hamman could 6 am in the structure very closely well paid to get rich focused on the electrical characteristics then they compared them with the cells of other animals. here we have a worm cell that's a couple hundreds of a millimeter in length all the way to motor neurons to cut the motor and i want to be who not to familiar meter lungs and wondrous which is one of us and what was really unexpected was that although the cells are extremely difference in size and in terms of complexity and shape they all behave the same way complexity to the aunt on foreman for height and lies the cells they analyze come from animal tests conducted and published by all the scientists. forgiven for for each of these little dots here i'd have had to do animal tests and

that would have been impossible because we have $6000.00 cells here extols and. instead with the help of this data the scientists have been able to create a computer simulation of the brain with all its nerve cells and neural pathways. of human genome computers either computer delivers a nice reproduction of the details of the astronaut about the cells or so well replicated expect sports can no longer tell the difference between the real cells and the artificial wondrously which melt into shine. as a result the opportunities for testing a virtually endless diminish the con man on the computer you can run through all kinds of combinations which you could never do in an experiment. to research as a noun developing computer models for human cells as well in future that could eliminate nocioni the need for animal testing but clinical studies on people tune.

back in berlin research is can already replicate 11 organs on a scale of 12100000 now they're testing how they can be networked and their supply systems fully automated using a prototype. i was talking about. muscles which. can do everything that happens during studies at. the foot on the chips and you can take samples from of these chips and administer the medication winter kind of to the. boys few under-sized so i can tell it to apply the drug via the skin or administer it as a tablet via the bloodstream through the intestinal barrier. and we can also try to inhale it all the different means of application you're familiar with from the pharmacy and from sprays through to shots and creams can be simulated here so my claim coming into question has ammonia. the research is estimate the system will be

ready for use in one to 2 years. it won't be possible to completely replace testing on humans and animals in full seeable future due to factors such as pain and emotion simulation but the chances are good that it could replace up to 60 percent of all animal testing. if outlet is right why are there but only if you. do you have a science question you'd like us to answer send it to us in a video text or voice mail if we answer it on the show we'll send you a little surprise as a thank you come on just ask if. you can also check it out online dot com slash science or on twitter ask d. w. underscore science. boubacar dan from ghana asks just how closely related

we humans and chimpanzees. are very closely some 98.5 percent of our d.n.a. base pairs are identical based on average findings from a range of analytical methods. and our genetic match with gorillas. it's just one quarter of a percentage point less than that. around the turns branched off from our common family tree other to earlier but they still share 97 percent of their d.n.a. with us so how do we explain the huge difference between humans and apes. some primates can scale trees in the rain forests. while another species exploits other planets. the human genome contains some 3000000000 base pairs of which just 40000000 differ from those of chimpanzees but this vital difference means that

certain proteins in apes have other structures and possibly other functions in the body. but for all the differences there are also many similarities using tools to eat food with for example. chimpanzees use twigs to provide delicious ants from their nests. and chimps are emotional creatures researchers have even found similarities in the sound of their laughter and the hours. they understand symbols can learn for example which one beats the other in a game of rock paper scissors. but chimpanzees will probably never be able to build computers although then again neither can most of us the famous primatologist jane goodall urges us to use our supposedly superior intelligence to start protecting the habitats of our primate cousins and the planet

as a whole. the dental a thing that humans share more than 98 percent of their d.n.a. with gorillas and chemin thieves' might sound like a loss but when you consider that the human genome is made up of billions of d.n.a. base pairs that. 2 percent difference still accounts for a lot of variation is. another example of human centipede share 90 percent of the same genes. are most popular 4 legged friend shares 84 percent of our d.n.a. . and even the rand worm has a 75 percent similarity. stranger still 50 percent of human genes also have kind of 2 part in.

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