singing full song at the end not applause but new data about how singers could spread the coronavirus in the air. and lawn mowers are also helping coronavirus research. that and more on this edition of the science show on d w. well come to you tomorrow today. and now back to those llamas. llamas have something that has got viral it just very excited there antibody vertebrates including humans have antibodies as part of the adaptive immune system. when we're infected with the sars kovi to virus certain cells called antigen presenting cells identify the pathogen and then take in and display some of its proteins on the surface. that activates t.

help of cells which trigger various immune responses. for instance size or toxic t. cells are deployed to kill infected cells. and spear lymphocytes are stimulated to produce antibodies which bind to the virus and prevent them from infecting further cells. and llamas they appear to have rather special kinds of antibodies. dark eyes with lashes to die for a crooked pair of ears and spindly legs this is winter she's just 4 years old but she already has plenty of confidence she knows she's got the stuff to save the world. dr or middle of the best the perhaps to say she always put yourself forward it's just her character. for me she's a diva an audible that makes it very clear that she's in charge. especially when it

comes to her food. mess with mia. 'd the young female was born in january 26th team hence the name winter. researchers i get university in belgium took her blood for research they found what they had hoped to find specific antibodies. secret that. in their blood is the on their bodies that they make they are simple in makeup more simple than antibodies you find in your will and those more simple anti-bodies you'd have powerful. possibilities to can be very specific they can also for example block fire assist very efficiently. together with his team of molecular biologists. and successfully managed to create a stable link between antibodies from llamas and humans they're trying to prevent

the human body from rejecting the cells the trick lies in the combination. so what the bodies do from the lama is they bind the spike in such a way that the virus can no longer. to find it receptive to dock on our cells but it can no longer do that in a way that it's infectious so we prevent the virus from entering this way. for more than 30 years and has been researching viruses that affect the respiratory tract since the beginning of the cold in 1000 pandemic he's had very little sleep and he spent a lot of time in the lab with this 15 member team. the difficult part is to from a tiny piece of blood through the llama to take out the cells which can produce these special antibodies and the ones which are very efficient in blocking the virus. following the lab tests the scientists want to conduct preclinical studies on hamsters before the end of the year there could be a human test as a basis for

a pharmaceutical what do you plan to do with our antibody from origin from the lama is to administer it so injected into people who are diagnosed with go with 19 so to prevent them from becoming sick or for the sick. and also to try. to work protect for a while in people who are exposed to the forest for example. if the antibodies could be industrially produced in large quantities they could be used to ensure widespread passive immunity in the population. or my collaborators and once my colleagues have been working pretty hard they were driven by of course the pressure and the demand from the society and the curiosity also because this new virus can detect his or. her body from that obama is it really that good you just took one of the dogs who have to prove it you have to show when they do extra mile . the results are promising in

a best case scenario the law my drug could be available next year. that's why winter is an absolute star among coronavirus researchers worldwide along a wondrous animal. those from a long it takes the. most important is that nature all creatures are shown respect we need to learn to understand that nature can give us everything and winter is the best example of us that were made before. and if the medicine actually works there short to be an extra portion of grass for winter. the best thing of course would be to avoid contact with the virus in the 1st place . scientists now know that it can be carried by so called air assaults. the corona virus seems to duck onto these miniscule airborne particles it's a danger that's unseen aerosols always smaller than human head one experiments

carried out in germany makes the danger visible. in this broadcasters studio in munich this is dangerous set for 2 experiments. and stefan conies baugus are investigating the droplets of more easter emitted from the mouth when a person sings they consist of large and small droplets the term parasol is mainly used for the smaller ones both kinds can carry the coronavirus stephon can easily or guess is going to take a look at the larger droplets. to make them visible the singers will exhale them into a laser light sheens. let's just use a laser even the least bit particle everything that passes through the plane of the laser she's every visible particle including droplets from the most scatters the light out of the laser beam high speed come up we could then use the high speed

cameras we've set up perpendicular to the plane to capture and track the particles movement. particularly if you can feel for it now it's time to investigate the smaller droplets the aerosols they can be made visible when the person and the carrier liquid from an insecure it and blows it out. the exhaled cloud is comprised of aerosol particles and is now invisible as much he s. and demonstrates himself by singing oh out there singing speaking even just breathing nouns expanding these 2 kinds of droplets when we talk the larger particles fall to the ground after about one and a half meters. but what about when we see. the much tiny particles behave differently there is some light that they turned up in the air stream the researchers want to know if and how they do this when we're singing to.

one of these particles go how do they spread out if i were infected what risk would i pose to the person next to me or indeed the audience those are the questions we want to answer here. the preparations for the experiments are now complete. but not staying 10 professional choir singers are invited to take part in 10 different tests and 2 different test rooms. for. each.

i'm amazed by how far these gases that have been inhaled spread across the room are tired this is the norm but singing after inhaling the liquid is not without its complications. so. i can sing an entire phrase with that stuff. after a couple of rehearsals it's time for the main performance. maybe it's because for sure each of the black or white markings on the poles corresponds to 10 centimeters enabling the researchers to measure the spread of the aerosol cloud after 2 days of huffing and puffing the experiments are over and another 2 weeks later the scientists are busy analyzing the results so how far do aerosols fly when we're singing as if it's the casting you have cast and where we

can see the droplets radiating away from her skin tones and what all the space the aerosol cloud spreads to would normally be filmed by other singers doesn't think that's going. to be tough. to beat up you know is something me and i did stuff up to one measure. on the phone and if we now take a look at nico. 6060 centimeters in a lot of cases the emission was between one and one and a half meters. so for people singing in a choir a distance of one and a half meters is definitely to close. in bavaria choirs are currently require to maintain a distance of 2 meters a time limit on rehearsals and regular area so what do the 2 scientists recommend. from a gun to his mind to be really on the safe side you have to repeatedly remove the

aerosols just to avoid a buildup of particles every time you sing in the so continuous ventilation would be the best option to continue to get on with that and 2 or 2 and a half leaders would be conceivable although that would be difficult for a lot of amateur choirs. they also analyze the side where dispersal of the aerosol cloud. at dozens of from that's 50 or 60 centimeters far shorter than in the direction of singing i don't. mean this in you're standing in front of each other need to be further away than those side by side. since the 2nd focus of the tests was to study the behavior of large droplets when singing consonants and vowels this search could. be. singers have to stress their consonants heavily in order for the audience to understand the words. 0 if i articulate very clearly as you do on stage like with freud good and my

particles might be flung further than when i'm talking normally the consonants are formed in the mouth often using the tongue or lips in the process the sound carries the moisture from the mouth as large droplets that laser light she tests conducted in darkened rooms are designed to find out how far they fly and quantity. i find i loath. to see. the test completed thank you. mr t. has a relatively good for the character recently. ok. the money because i'm because the valves we could hardly see any droplets flying out here and there for sure but in far lower numbers compared to the consequence.

that's what i'm concerned the. masks serve to catch the droplets but is singing with one even feasible for a professional performer. my gut feeling is no because singing is so emotional and if this is how we'll have to sing then i'll look for a new profession. i'm not of the tests did later confirmed that the masks do catch the larger droplets expelled during singing some of these in the gulf as you can see in the media see however that the aerosols escaped through gobs which tend to be on the side of the mask or around the nose and they didn't spread pretty far through the room by foot hard the researchers still stress that donning a mask helps to increase safety but the main thing is keeping a distance of 2 and a half meters to the singer in front and half a meter to the side the ideal solution is to install plexiglas shields and ensure adequate ventilation.

is one place where human beings are probably safe from the coronavirus the international space station. all astronauts have to go into quarantine before they launch that was the case even before covert 19. and all cargo that goes to the space station is festus infected. with out of the way dave might say i had a totally different question about the i assess. after so long in space why doesn't the i assess fall down to earth. like most satellites the international space station flies on an elliptical orbit 2 forces are in play the centrifugal force pushes it out from the earth and gravity pulls it closer the to cancel each other out and the space station stays on course. the

balance of forces accounts for the weightlessness on this island out in space 400 kilometers above the earth's surface. but the balance can. be upset. at this altitude there's still a bit of atmosphere collisions with gas molecules slow the space station down. when that happens the force of gravity outweighs and the eye assess loses altitude . particles rejected by the sun can all sleep indirectly disturb the equilibrium of forces and pull the i s s off course the more the station is slowed down the quicker it would sink towards the earth eventually breaking apart and burning up in the atmosphere just like the russian space station mir which in 2001 was brought down that way in a controlled procedure. regular

orbital corrections prevent that from happening. that's why satellites are equipped with thrusters to regain lost altitude. the i.s.o.'s gets the necessary boost in part from the supply ships that regularly dock there. they maintain the station's course by firing their engines for a few minutes at a time. since 2015 there's been a daily altitude loss of around 100 meters. that's been balanced out with the help of the russian progress cargo craft in addition the i assess has its own control systems to keep it on track. yeah. if outlet is right why ave but only think of it. if you have a science question send it in as a video text ovoid mail if we answer it on the show you'll get

a little surprise as a thank you. but come on just awesome. you'll find us at our web site t w dot com slash science or on twitter. the blueprint of life that determines so much about us including our physical appearance. does a person's d.n.a. reveal enough information about their skin and hair color to construct an image of an unknown individual. scientists working on that right now with a view to helping solve crimes. facial composites of criminal suspects are based on eyewitness descriptions but investigators are starting to other kinds of evidence to work out what

a suspect looks like traces of blood saliva and hair that are often found at crime scenes. as a professor of molecular genetics he can tell whether a sample of d.n.a. comes from a man or a woman and can often determine the age and the color of the hair skin and eyes of the person in question. markers mean that certain dyes are stored in the iris or develop in their hair roots or influence the color of the skin. and if you order your life by the hot air for example you could predict black hair very well ginger hair even better but brown are trickier in the us what can tiny samples of genetic material reveal about chi and isabelle isn't it unnerving to think about that it. really does feel strange that they can find out so much from one little drop of blood looking

through his wrist for me it's not a big deal when i reveal a lot more about myself on social media this place so is a single drop of blood enough for professor schneider to compose an accurate picture of our 2 guinea pigs. we sent him the samples to analyze. in the late 1990 s. germany's federal police set up a d.n.a. database it now contains 360000 records and has already helped convict many criminals investigators compare d.n.a. secured from crime scenes with the database. but a new method enables police to track down culprits via their physical appearance it has already humps solve a number of cases in the netherlands. in this case from 1900 to the perpetrator attacked a young woman walking home alone through

a park. her body was found the following morning. fun dorn was raped and murdered. the police appealed for assistance from local residents but nobody had seen either her or her killer. mother police did secure semen they otherwise had little to go on the offender was not in any d.n.a. database and there was no other way to identify any suspect. the case remained unsolved for 25 years. until molecular geneticist month and kinds and got on the case he's one of the scientists who developed a new method of d.n.a. analysis which predicts certain visible characteristics as well as age and bio geographic ancestry. it looks at genes that are known to code for specific features. the results reveal the probability of the suspect having

a particular hair or skin color. the geneticists use statistical methods to compile a profile of the individual. they're in aided by reference data from partners and other countries and can then look for d.n.a. markers that tributed to populations and specific regions around the world. as my father you must is fact like so basically you compare the d.n.a. data of the unknown individual and use all the reference data for a joint analysis idea that a fit and start one shotgun and then you can see whether the unknown individual ends up in the data cloud for europe or africa or asia. in the case of milly durrant the key was to associate predicting visible features of the suspect to

a certain geographical region it might if i don't find it vas snitched or does the . then one of them is if the d.n.a. analysis said it was likely someone with turkish roots to question the call and so i don't use up his art what the analysis suggested was that it was somebody with roots in a region that includes turkey. as well as a number of other countries nearby. all men with turkish roots who had lived in the same neighborhood as the victim at the time were asked to come for a d.n.a. test one of them was a close match for the d.n.a. found at the crime scene a relative of the perpetrator. 2 men did not submit to a test one of them became a key suspect. the judge ruled he had to do a test. at 1st he refused but then he did a perfect match to the d.n.a. found at the scene of the crime after a quarter of

a century the murder case was solved the new method may be very promising but the analysis of biogeographical ancestry is not permitted in germany. as a sociologist and also works on ethical issues surrounding genetics d.n.a. analysis and the storage of d.n.a. data. on a forensic genetics could also reveal susceptibility to certain diseases which would be of interest to health insurers and other parties but there is a right to confidentiality listen gives critics also say police d.n.a. databases can be abused to track down relatives of people in it in germany the police d.n.a. database already covers close to one percent of the adult population. back to the d.n.a. samples of our test subjects khan and isabel. has managed to find out what they look like just from their d.n.a. . does wolf yes. subject number 4 as i'm

a oh about 21 years of age is eye color is definitely blue. as to his hair color it's probably brown his skin is life which is typical for a central european. so far so good but will the professor call the right shots with isabelle to. visit was. an interesting subject this is a female we believed to be between 32 and 40 years old or she definitely has red hair. the days are very clear on that and she's either lice or very light skinned and it was. wrong but why. isabel is not a typical case one of her parents is from norway the other from the loco.

routes in different places can lead to false results are we just as friends or not something we need to examine more closely. so the new method is not reliable more work needs to be done. our little experiment suggests that the potential could be huge but for now d.n.a. tests cannot be used to generate realistic facial composites. the but that's all for this time from tomorrow today we'll be back next week with the home. until then stay safe and healthy.

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