i see a sure i see you i love you sure. but how would the world sat with the biggest composer of all time i can't even begin to imagine a world class horn player sam willis musical journey of discovery. and . 2 world without a top start september 16th one w. . for the lawyer. and. a singing for song at the end not appeals but new data about how singers could spread the coronavirus in the air losing. and long hours are also helping coronavirus research. that and more on this edition of the science show on d

w. well come to you tomorrow today. and now back to those llamas. llamas have something that has got viral it just very excited the antibodies vertebrates including humans have antibodies as part of the adaptive immune system. when we're infected with the sars kovi to virus certain cells called antigen presenting cells identify the pathogen and then take in and display some of its proceedings on the surface. that activates t. help of cells which trigger various immune responses. for instance signs or toxic t. cells are deployed to kill infected cells. and being lymphocytes are stimulated to produce antibodies which bind to the virus and prevent them from infecting further cells. and. they appear to have rather special kinds of

antibodies. dark eyes with lashes to die for a crooked pair of ears and spindly legs this is winter she's just 4 years old but she already has plenty of confidence she knows she's got the stuff to save the world. the best the plan have to say she always put yourself forward it's just her character. for me she's a diva an animal that makes it very clear that she's in charge especially when it comes to her food don't mess with me or. 'd 'd the young female llama was born in january 26th team hence the name winter 'd. researchers that get university in belgium took her blood for research they found what they had hoped to find specific

antibodies. secret. in their blood is the underbody that they make they are simple in makeup more simple than antibodies you find in your will and those more simple antibodies yet have powerful. possibilities to be very specific they can also for example block fire is just very efficiently. together with his team of molecular biologists. and successfully managed to create a stable link between antibodies from mamas and humans they're trying to prevent the human body from rejecting the cells the trick lies in the combination. so what the bodies do from the lama is they bind the spike in such a way that the virus can no longer tries to find it to receptive to doc when our cells put it on no longer do that in a way that it's not fiction so we. we prevent the virus from entering this way. for

more than 30 years and has been researching viruses that affect the respiratory tract since the beginning of the cold in 1000 pandemic he's had very little sleep and he spent a lot of time in the lab with his 15 member team. in the difficult part is to from a tiny piece of blood through the llama to take out the cells which can produce the special antibodies and select the ones which are very efficient in blocking the virus. following the lab tests the scientists want to conduct preclinical studies on hamsters before the end of the year there could be a human test as a basis for pharmaceutical what you plan to do with our antibody from reading from the lama is to administer it so injected into people who are diagnosed with go with 19 so to prevent them from becoming sick or for the sick. and also to try. to work protect for

a while in people who are exposed to the virus for example. if the antibodies could be industrially produced in large quantities they could be used to ensure widespread passive immunity in the population. or my collaborators and once my colleagues have been working pretty hard they were driven by of course the pressure and the demands from the society and the curiosity also because this new virus how can we tackle it is our hunter buddy from the lama is it really that good you used some one of some python you dogs who have to prove it to show when they get a mild. the results are promising in a best case scenario the lawman drug could be available next year. that's why winter is an absolute star among coronavirus researchers worldwide along a wondrous animal. goes from a long way to the. most important is that nature all creatures are shown respect.

to learn to understand that nature can give us everything and winter is the best example of us. before. and if the medicine actually works there sure to be an extra portion of grass for winter. the best thing of course would be to avoid contact with the virus in the 1st place . scientists now know that it can be carried by so called air assaults. the corona virus seems to duck onto these miniscule airborne particles it's a danger that's unseen aerosols always smaller than human hair one experiment carried out in germany makes the danger visible. in this broadcasters studio in munich this change is sent for 2 experiments. and stuff on kidneys though this are investigating the droplets of more easter

emitted from the mouth when a person sings they consist of large and small droplets the term parasol is mainly used for the smaller ones both kinds can carry the coronavirus stefan conies lucas is going to take a look at the larger droplets. to make them visible the singers will exhale them into a laser light sheens. let's just use a laser at even the least bit particular everything that passes through the plane of the laser she's every visible particle including droplets from the most scatters the light out of the laser beam high speed come up we could then use the high speed cameras we've set up perpendicular to the plane to capture and track the particles movement even in particular if you can for 40 now it's time to investigate the smaller droplets the aerosols they can be made visible when the person inhales the carrier liquid from an even cigarette and blows it out. the exhaled cloud is

comprised of aerosol particles and is now invisible as much demonstrates himself by singing oh i don't sing speaking even just breathing down. these 2 kinds of droplets when we talk the larger particles fall to the ground after about one and a half meters. but what about when we see. the much tinier particles behave differently there is some light that they turned up in the air stream the researchers want to know if and how they do this when we're singing to. as a boy in one of these particles go how do they spread out if i were infected what risk would i pose to the person next to me or indeed the audience those are the questions we want to answer here now. the preparations for the experiments are now complete. the staying 10 professional

choir singers are invited to take part in 10 different tests in 2 different test rooms. for. each. i'm amazed by how far these gases that have been inhaled spread across the room tired this is the norm but singing after inhaling the liquid is not without its complications. i can sing an entire phrase with that stuff. after

a couple overheard it's time for the main performance. told. him that just because. each of the black or white markings on the poles corresponds to 10 centimeters enabling the researches to measure the spread of the aerosol cloud after 2 days of huffing and puffing the experiments are over and another 2 weeks later the scientists are busy analyzing the results so how far do aerosols fly when we're singing as if it's the casting you have cast and where we can see the droplets radiating away from her skin tones and what all the space the aerosol cloud spreads to would normally be filmed by their singers doesn't think that's the way you talk about sex. because you know it's something me and i did stuff up to one measure.

and if we now take a look at nikko. 6060 centimeters in a lot of cases the emission was between one and one and a half meters. so for people singing in a choir a distance of one and a half meters is definitely too close quotes. in bavaria choirs are currently require to maintain a distance of 2 meters a time limit on rehearsals and regular airing so what do the 2 scientists recommend . i'm going to be really on the safe side you have to repeatedly remove the aerosols to avoid a buildup of particles every time you sing in the so continuous ventilation would be the best option to continue to get done with that in 2 or 2 and a half meters would be conceivable although that would be difficult for a lot of amateur choirs. they also analyze the side where dispersal of the aerosol cloud. i have

a sense of from that's 50 or 60 centimeters far shorter than in the direction of singing so i don't. mean that singer standing in front of each other need to be further away than those side by side. since the 2nd focus of the tests was to study the behavior of large droplets when singing consonants and vowels this search could. oh he. singers have to stress their consonants heavily in order for the audience to understand the words. 0 if i articulate very clearly as you do on stage like with freud or should i go to. my particles might be flung further than when i'm talking normally the consonants are formed in the mouth often using the tongue or lips in the process the sound carries the moisture from the mouth as large droplets that laser light she tests conducted in darkened rooms are designed to find out how far they fly and quantity.

i find i loath to. test completed thank you. but he has a relatively the character recently. and now the k. . the better because i'm because the valves we could hardly see any droplets flying out here and there for sure but in far lower numbers compared to the consequence. that's what i'm concerned the. masks serve to catch the droplets but is singing with one even feasible for a professional performer. my gut feeling is no because singing is so emotional and if this is how we'll have to sing then i'll look for a new profession. the tests did later confirmed that the masks do catch the

larger droplets expelled during singing some of these in the gulf as you can see in those we did see however that the aerosols escaped through gobs which tend to be on the side of the mask or around the nose and they didn't spread pretty far through the room the wife at heart the researchers still stress that donning a mask helps to increase safety but the main thing is keeping a distance of 2 and a half meters to the singer in front and half a meter to the side the ideal solution is to install plexiglas shields and ensure adequate ventilation. is one place where human beings are probably safe from the coronavirus the international space station. all astronauts have to go into quarantine before

they launch that was the case even before covert 19. and all cargo that goes to the space station is festus infected. but out of the way dave might say i had a totally different question about the i assess. after so long in space why doesn't the i s s fall down to earth. like most satellites the international space station flies on an elliptical orbit 2 forces are in play for centrifugal force pushes it out from the earth and gravity pulls it closer the to cancel each other out and the space station stays on course. the balance of forces accounts for the weightlessness on this island out in space 400 kilometers above the earth's surface. but the balance can. be upset. at this altitude there's still a bit of atmosphere collisions with gas molecules slow the space station down.

when that happens the force of gravity outweighs and the eye assess loses altitude . particles rejected by the sun can all sleep indirectly disturb the equilibrium of forces and pull the i s s off course the more the station is slowed down the quicker it would sink towards the earth eventually breaking apart and burning up in the atmosphere just like the russian space station mir which in 2001 was brought down that way in a controlled procedure. regular orbital corrections prevent that from happening. that's why satellites are equipped with thrusters to regain lost altitude. the i s s gets the necessary boost in part from the supply ships that regularly dock there. they maintain the station's

course by firing their engines for a few minutes at a time. since 2015 there's been a daily altitude loss of around 100 meters. that's been balanced out with the help of the russian progress cargo craft in addition the i assess has its own control systems to keep it on track. and. if outlet is right why abbate latin even. if you have a science question send it in as a video text over israel if we answer it on the show you'll get a little surprise as a thank you. come on just awesome. you'll find us at our web site t w dot com slash science or on twitter. the

blueprint of life they determine so much about us including a physical appearance. does a person's d.n.a. reveal enough information about their skin and hair color to construct an image of an unknown individual. scientists are working on that right now with a view to helping solve crimes. facial composites of criminal suspects are based on eyewitness descriptions but investigators are starting to other kinds of evidence to work out what a suspect looks like traces of blood saliva and hair that are often found at crime scenes. as a professor of molecular genetics he can tell whether a sample of comes from a man or a woman and can often determine the the color of the hair skin and eyes of the

person in question. pigmentation markers mean that certain dyes are stored in the iris or develop in the hair roots or influence the color of the skin. 'd and if your. hair for example you can predict black hair very well ginger hair even better. brown are trickier. what can tiny samples of genetic material reveal about chi and isabelle isn't it unnerving to think about that. it does feel strange that they can find out so much from one little drunk. for me it's not a big deal reveal a lot more about myself on social media. so is a single drop of blood and not. for professor schneider to compose an accurate picture of our 2 guinea pigs. we sent him the samples to analyze.

in the late 1990 s. germany's federal police set up a d.n.a. database it now contains 360000 records and has already helped convict many criminals investigators compare d.n.a. secured from crime scenes with the database. but a new method enables police to track down culprits via their physical appearance it has already helped solve a number of cases in the netherlands. in this case from 992 the perpetrator attacked a young woman walking alone through a park. her body was found the following morning. on dorn was raped and murdered. the police appealed for assistance from local residents but nobody had seen either her or her killer. mother police did secure semen

they otherwise had little to go on the offender was not in any d.n.a. database and there was no other way to identify any suspects the case remained unsolved for 25 years. until molecular geneticist month and kaiser got on the case he's one of the scientists who developed the new method of d.n.a. analysis which predicts certain visible characteristics as well as age and bio geographic ancestry. it looks at genes that are known to code for specific features . the results reveal the probability of a suspect having a particular pair or skin color. the geneticists use. it is to call methods to compile a profile of the individual. they're needed by reference data from partners in other countries and can then look for d.n.a.

markers that repeated to populations in specific regions around the world. as my class you mom is fucked like so basically you compare the d.n.a. data of the unknown individual and use all the reference data for a joint analysis unit and start one show it done and then you can see whether the unknown individual ends up in the data cloud for europe or africa or asia. in the case of milica fund or and the key was to associate predicting visible features of the suspect to a certain geographical region in many different on 5 snitched so what does the. that one of them is if the d.n.a. analysis said it was likely someone with turkish roots to it was an indigo and so on and. what the analysis suggested was that it was somebody with roots in a region that includes turkey. as well as

a number of other countries nearby. all men with turkish roots who had lived in the same neighborhood as the victim at the time were asked to come for a d.n.a. test one of them was a close match for the d.n.a. found at the crime scene so a relative of the perpetrator. 2 men did not submit to a test one of them became a key suspect. which the judge ruled he had to do a test. at 1st he refused but then he did a perfect match to the d.n.a. found at the scene of the crime after a quarter of a century the murder case was solved the new method may be very promising but the analysis of biogeographical ancestry is not permitted in germany. susan assured as a sociologist and also works on ethical issues surrounding genetics d.n.a. analysis and the storage of d.n.a.

data. what kind of one on a forensic genetics could also reveal susceptibility to certain diseases which would be of interest to health insurers and other parties but there is a right to confidentiality listen gives critics also say police d.n.a. databases can be abused to track down relatives of people in it in germany the police d.n.a. database already covers close to one percent of the adult population. back to the d.n.a. samples of our test subjects can and is about. as peter schneider managed to find out what they look like just from their d.n.a. . does wolf yes this subject number 4 as a male about 21 years of age is eye color is definitely blue. as to his hair color it's probably brown whose skin is light which is typical for a central european. us so far so good but with the professor called it right shots

with isabel to. there was. an interesting subject this is a female we believed to be between 32 and 40 years old or she definitely has red hair. the days are very clear on that and she's either lice or very light skinned and it was. wrong but why. is a bell it's not a typical case one of her parents is from norway the other from morocco. groups in different places can lead to false results are with us just not something we need to examine more closely. so the new method is not reliable more work needs to be done. our little experiment suggests that the

potential could be huge but for now d.n.a. tests cannot be used to generate realistic facial composites. that's all for this time from tomorrow today we'll be back next week with a whole new show until then stay safe and help.

me. i'm not proud they will not succeed in dividing us about not succeeding taking the people off the streets because we're tired of this dictatorship. taking the stand global news that matters. made for minds. in the eye

of climate change. summit most of. us. what details do they have for their future. going to dot com africa legacy of the making. sure. they've been robbed of their soul that's what a people experiences when their heritage is taken from them. countless cultural riches were stolen from africa and carted off to europe by colonialists. each artifact has blood on it from the wounds that have yet to heal. what should be done with the stone or from africa. this is being hotly debated on

both continents. slowly slowly start september 7th on g.w. .

this is t w news coming to you live from berlin temperatures are awful president signals he may be open to new elections the recent media are reporting that alexander lukashenko could hand over power after a constitutional referendum that says his disputed election victory continues to fuel tanker and on rest also coming up an unprecedented online pedophile case comes to trial here in germany alongside the defendants more than 150 suspects have been identified.