but all of this comes straight from the heart to its former c.e.o. david hawkins is no more delusional marsh will enjoy. from a few of the logs to their final resting place the russians w. documentary. what makes a volcano erupt. how does too much food affect the balance of our gut flora. and which enables have the most successful relationships answers to those questions and more coming up. welcome to tomorrow today the science show on t.w. . in the past half century the human diet has undergone

huge changes not just in industrialized countries many developing countries are also seeing big changes in the amount of food available to people. at the same time the free city and intestinal disorders are on the wrong hands scientists in germany are studying the effects of the calorie rich guys in a surprising place. with the lentils it is one of the biggest lakes in northern germany. here to biologists are investigating a revolutionary idea. that getting help from tiny creatures in these plastic test tubes the hydras all freshwater polyps they turn out to be a good model for understanding how the micro biome of the human gut works like our intestines. the skin of the polyps is covered in bacteria the researchers want to

know whether the amounts and kinds of nutrients in the lake influence the organisms health ones of this year. we're interested in knowing about the balance between an organism and its bacteria how they interact and if there is an imbalance whether it triggers disease. when we put hydras or freshwater polyps which other bacteria on the outside into a more nutrient rich environment like this you trophic lake we see that the creatures become ill. tim lashing out from key to university and his colleague peter dinah's have another hunch that this might be similar for people could excessive food intake flow the bacterial colonies and got out of balance. over the past 50 years food availability has grown enormously in industrialised countries at the same time there's been a dramatic increase in gastrointestinal diseases such as crohn's disease.

to better understand the relationship between crack terry and their hosts the researchers have started a feeding experiment with the freshwater polyps in their lab. one group of bacteria is that a more protein rich diet for humans this would be the equivalent of eating a lot of dairy products and other animal proteins. the other group receives a rich and complex mixture of carbohydrates fats and proteins similar to an unhealthy diet with lots of meat and sugar. how did the polyps bacterial colonies in the 2nd group change into their excessive diet. it was amazing how quickly the entire system reacted within 24 hours we observed a drastic change in the composition of the bacterial colonies a strong increase in bacteria. and initial signs of illness in the hydras

themselves is. one of the signs of disease can be seen here in fast motion the hydra polyp cell material breaks down that tentacles get shorter within a single day. to learn more about the different types of bacteria that were fed the researchers cultured them for 24 hours in a nutrient medium. what changes did they see. as a good quality was it really was the control group looks like usual probably a lot of corby backed or doesn't it as always if you're crying when you eat. it while nothing unusual was detected in the 1st group of bacteria the overfed bacteria reproduced extremely quickly. to identify the micro biota exactly the researchers come to the bacteria and analyze their d.n.a. that finding overfeeding resulted in the uncontrolled increase in certain kinds of

bacteria while other colonies were displaced but what does this have to do with humans some life you can be seen in many illnesses including in inflammatory intestinal diseases for example that they're often associated with are accompanied by changes to the micro biome which raises the question is that the cause or just a symptom. and to the city folk here and his friends. peter dinah's and tim lucky it suspects that a micro biome that has been thrown off balance by an unhealthy diet could itself of course diseases. using a c n n money as an example they demonstrate which reactions extreme overfeeding of the micro biome could lead to. the anemone and the bacteria that live on it have been exposed to excessive nutrients. and this is what happens on the laboratory conditions if the creatures. get sick from an imbalance micro biota they

do everything they can to bring their bacterial colonies back into balance. they completely shed that. good humans clean the sick gut flora by fasting for instance . if you take what is good for various studies about people fasting we're not doing studies with humans but there seem to be parallels to our experiments when it comes to fasting or duction of food intake the got bacteria are no longer nursed so strongly by our food. instead they have to focus on sources that are available such as the intestinal mucosa. ones in the. dom. so could abstention bring an overfed micro biome back into balance research is still underway but it seems clear that both an aquatic golden isms and humans the micro biome reacts more sensitivity to diet than was previously thought.

once upon a time computers was good. no not these confusions these computers the 10 computer describe the job done by people carrying out mathematical calculations by hand for example hundreds of women worked as human computers calculating life to ask for lesser. nowadays such jobs are done by electronic computers and they're growing ever more powerful. what will the city of tomorrow look like how does a galaxy evolve and what weather can we expect for the next few months just 3 of the many questions that might be answered by germany's new hong supercomputer interested gart in this case scientists from the university of one i'm are tasking the computer with simulating extreme weather conditions for the rest of the year while detailed forecasts are not possible this instant could identify major weather events several months in advance. his finest would be ideal is to use

a global model and what's called an ensemble approach to uncertainty is what's coming extreme weather events we can see whether we can expect droughts or heavy rainfall on major storms which occur relatively frequently in europe. using an older computer scientists have mapped most of the planet but regions around the north and south poles are still missing and that final 17 percent is crucial for a workable weather simulation. and that's where the new computer comes in it might need 2 weeks for this highly complex task but that's still 4 times faster than its predecessor. so just how fast is this supercomputer. you can do a direct comparison and say that the processes are similar to our own personal

p.c.'s is similar because they're a little more involved. in one system here you have the equivalent of 15 or 20000 p.c.'s insisted that it was also right here in guard that one of the world's 1st high performance computers that crate 2 was built that was 1985 what was back then cutting edge technology had roughly the same computing capacity as a modern smartphone and that. was because in the us this is to forget that in the 1980 s. the cray to use were extremely fast machines. and since then technical developments of enabled us to go smaller and smaller. were at the end of a 35 year evolution where speed has been doubled every 18 months it's really difficult for the super computers have also become more energy efficient although they still need as much elektra city as a small town with 40000 residents but they're simulations can help make wind farms

for example more effective. this footage is from the predecessor of the new computer the aim here is to calculate when turbulence and how it impacts on potential interference between individual turbines. and supercomputers are helping to improve those simulations the scientists already have a preliminary 3 d. model of particulate matter pollution and right down to each street. this data might later be used to create a prediction model for the level of pollution on your own doorstep the scientists also want their models to be accessible to the man and woman on the street. as well from 10 or 15 years ago these systems were only seen in research and to a degree. in industry today we have simulations that are far less technical and all the more relevant for the general public the fit of a circle. as seen in this depiction of an entire city in which residents glide from

aid to be but some simulations are simply there to behold such as this recreate the birth of a galaxy a picture that would not need a 1000 words but 10000 years on a regular home computer. if outlook is read why are great but only a few. do you have a science question you've always wanted and said we're happy to help out send it in and if we answer it on the show you'll get into surprise as a thank you. can on just us. you'll find us at our website d.w. dot com slash science or on twitter. iverson kinda wants to know. why do volcanoes erupt. they look so peaceful until then not dozens of volcanoes erupt every year. most

live at the scene where tectonic plates on land open if an ocean push against each other or move apart making the earth's crust unstable. volcanoes other planets way of letting off steam. the earth is made up of layers in the thick mantle around the core and beneath the fin out of crust rock melts into magma under great pressure and temperature. the magma expands and pushes up with when it breaks through the surface it's called lava. there are different kinds of a can a corruption if a massive column shoots into the sky it's called a plenty interruption. when the magma heats up water. causing an explosion of steam it's called frantic. subglacial ones occur when lava meets ice usually under a glacier. these are just 3 examples there are several more categories.

conical may be the iconic form but in fact for cain has come in many shapes and sizes when larger breaks through a crack in the earth a mountain can form quickly or it can take tens of thousands of years. it depends also on how many eruptions occur and how much lava comes out. the temperature of lava usually ranges between $51200.00 degree celsius depending on the chemical composition of the rock from which it formed. when does sound become noises. i the answer could vary according to individual tastes and cultural norms but for physics sounds noisy or

not up pressure waves propagating through the air and impinging on the. sounds of intensities of more than 85 decibels can harm your hearing and your health for example in the workplace. are open plan offices an endless nightmare. a source of perpetual stress. relief one. of germany's federal institute for occupational safety and health indoor mond lars are all from his team are looking at why working in a busy office can put a strain on our health especially when it's very noisy. the entire can be serious with symptoms such as agitation anger and mental distraction this harms our psychological well being and it needs to be taken seriously and most. but what does this look like in practice we do a little informal experiment bianca is an experienced secretary who is used to

stress. she gives us a sample of saliva so we can measure the concentration of the stress hormone cortisol. we then leave bianca alone in a small quiet office to do a performance test at the end 4 hours later we get a 2nd saliva sample. and the next day the idea is going to take another test but this time in a busy open plan office would you feel more stress and with her cortisol level be higher the researchers and daughter have developed a program to model the noise in an open plan office before it's even been built the arrangement of everything from desks to printers to room dividers makes a big difference this is what it sounds like in a poorly configured open plan office. and now with room dividers. in the house software helps make

people who are going to design an office more aware of the issues we can only work with representative examples of office design that's a limitation because reality presents a far broader range of factors that we're unable to incorporate the. so after the test in the quiet individual office bianca now has to deal with the noise of his open plan office where she again gives the saliva samples. she feeling more stressed than on the previous day. bianca's cortisol level does rise slightly joining her for hours in the big office in the single office has decreased over the same period of time though the initial level that day was a lot higher our experiment is more of a snapshot than hard evidence. is. in my research as of yet to conduct long term studies on how working in a big office affects stress levels it is however clear that less noise is much

better than lots of noise in an office environment. this is at. its highest. you have to look very closely at what actually goes on the nature of the work what kinds of communication and social interactions take place and you really have to involve the staff listen to what they say their needs actually. i gleason. c.s.m. is a consulting and architecture company in munich and this is open plan office the team designs offices for other firms. whether an open plan office is a blessing or a curse for the people working in it depends on the space available. it's crafted and used. then i'm going to name an unfit on if a company wants us to design an open plan office just so it can save space and costs

. it's already game over. it will not go well for one. nowadays there's a lot of emphasis on teamwork in corporate settings stuff are expected to be flexible and no longer bound to a fixed workplace. convoy but i'm stiffed with a pen a laptop and a phone i can work anywhere i may still have a desk but my work space might well get smaller and smaller than my client at the same time we need to create other spaces that are a lot larger than most and. that means rooms for meetings where an entire team can discuss and plan together. on small quiet corners to talk without disturbing everybody else. as well as ones where you can be alone. off duffin is not one of the stuff we need to create such spaces as well not just

rooms for team meetings people need to be able to take a break and get away from the others us and be alone somewhere quiet and peaceful. means escaping the bustle of an open plan office the researchers in development have developed concentration tests to determine what kinds of noise calls the most stress it's not always a question of volume quite noise this can be very annoying to such as the dripping at the top. of envy or if it's very noisy while you're trying to concentrate your performance will probably decrease. back to bianca to see what that means she took our test twice 1st alone then in a busy office that. while on her own she completes 11 out of 20 tasks. but in the big office only 10. that difference may appear minor but if

everybody's performance declines by that amount you have a problem as only son with the basic open plan office you mace. save a little space and cut some costs but if your company's efficiency drops 10 percent that would be a disaster still. that is to say some planning pays off. not just for company bosses but also for the stop. bringing up davies is just full females not necessarily studies show that gender doesn't predict who is better caring for children instead whoever spends more time with the kids a step biologically that can be measured in changes to the brain and hormone levels not just in humans let's take a look at parenting and relationships in the animal world. are classic loners in the animal world both males and females spend most of the

year foraging for food alone each marking their territory with cent from glands on their paws. mating season is time to account for their in secure food supply the animals typically reproduce twice a year so should there not be enough food for any young in the winter there's always a 2nd chance. this australian species of bat lives in a kind of harem. that's do not normally commit to long term relationships but in this case it is common for one male to hang out with a number of females. the advantage is that while the females are out looking for food the male guards the offspring and it kind of kindergarten . some chimpanzees species live in groups with up to 80 members monogamous relationships are unknown here scientists refer to

polyamory. the males go out hunting together and also defend their territory together. the alpha males do not tend to mate more frequently than their breath rent isn't that a disadvantage. of the mentioned this see. him pass the males mate with a number of females who in turn made with several partners the males don't know which of the young are their own and as a result the males are friendly to all the young chimpanzees. and that reduces the risk of the young chimpanzees being killed. or true toll. so a range of different sexual partners can only help to ensure a group survival. this penguin is busy incubating an egg together with its partner both of them are male. ensues this behavior often resists eyebrows

but in fact it's not uncommon. homosexual couples are especially prevalent among bird species. male flamingos have been observed stealing eggs and then incubating them together. with giraffes homo sexual relations are actually more common than heterosexual ones and they're also seen among cows and other domesticated animals why is that. some i know that's what i think so. it seems to reduce sexual tension. at the same time because the benefit of the learning effect as a. with some species the animals have difficulty raising their 1st offspring so including nest building. and so this gives them the opportunity to get some practice to. it was recently discovered that female albatrosses often raise their young with each other

a surprising revelation for researchers and when they cannot yet explain. in the aquatic world it's often the fathers that take care of the next generation. probably the most famous example our seahorses here the man's carry the eggs and their power until they hatch. and with these labyrinth fish or grammys the males also assume parental care duties in addition to building and tending to the nest they guard their young from predators and fan oxygen rich water over them. by then fish an itemised most species of fish of external fertilization once the female has released the eggs the male releases his semen over them the female is done 1st as it were and can therefore leave the male alone with the young. clownfish change

gender tracking down a partner in their core rate habitat is difficult so if the mother female of a group dines the dominant male in the group will replace her that option of changing sex and mabel's the fish to continue reproducing. but the nuclear family does exist 2 in the animal world given its live in close knit units of mother father children in the wild the apes mainly eat fruit but the supply tends to fluctuate. one tree alone would not provide enough fruit for a larger group but a small family on their own would have enough to eat. animals have developed some pretty inventive mating patterns and family structures the assumption is that they provide advantages just sometimes we don't know what they are.

that's all for this week nice that you could join us. back next time with more exciting science on tomorrow or today until then good bye.

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