welcome to the top you guys this is it up in his life stay up to date with our web site to w dot com follow us on twitter and instagram actually. stay with me thanks very much. combating the corona pandemic. where does research stand. what are scientists learning. background information and news. our corona update. code 19 special next on d w. logo to the girl next you tube channel. goodbye now stood. with

exclusive. must see concerning. your own. place to be for curious minds. do it yourself networkers. subscribe and don't miss out. on. a setback in the battle against the coronavirus cases of reinfection are emerging in hong kong the united states and europe. they suggest immunity from the disease does not necessarily last long. the world health organization is calling for more studies. concrete answers a vital in developing a vaccine that is if we ever get one. so much. herd immunity or full immunity and what about natural immunity so many

questions which we'll get to in a moment with an expert 1st the world's 1st genetically verified case of someone being reinfected with covered 19 and what that could mean for the pandemic as the coronavirus pandemic took hold scientists knew a vaccine would be the best protection against the virus but there was still the hope that those recovering from infections would be immune as is the case with viruses like smallpox or polio when a 33 year old man in hong kong tested positive for a 2nd time those hopes were ruined. some people might ask will you be immune to the virus forever after you recover there wasn't a clear answer before but now it's certain after your 1st infection there's always a chance you'll get infected again. in their research paper the team at the university of hong kong says the 2nd infection was a different strain of the virus and that the patient was asymptomatic the study

examines how often people who've had covered 19 are immune to new infections and for how long these questions have implications for vaccine development and decisions about returning to work school and social activities as many countries in europe and around the world went into lockdown to slow the spread sweetened wind against the tide opting not to confine its population schools and restaurants remained open in the hope that infected people would become immune thus allowing them to continue their lives as normal and ultimately slowing the spread of the virus. i think. taking a big responsibility. if. we can be. sweden's infection rate and deaths per 1000000 were soon among the worst in europe . and yet testing showed the country still fell

a long way short of the estimated 90 percent which would create herd immunity nor is the rest of the world anyway close to that. the w.h.o. says that until the world has readily available vaccines the virus will continue to inflict significant changes on our lives. as a plan was also global population were close to levels of immunity required to stop . and we need to focus on what we can actually do not to suppress transmission and not live in whole herd immunity been our salvation right now is not a solution 'd it's not a solution we should be looking to. and the immunity picture is looking increasingly complicated in the southern german town of blood found by a study by germany's robert cock institute found that 40 percent of participants who had tested positive for the corona virus before the study began no longer had

immune aglow binjie anybodies the most common type of antibody in our house and on studion is the can we know from other studies that a proportion of people proven to have been infected with sars cave to show no antibodies after a certain amount of time but this doesn't necessarily mean they don't have immunity to. it in the 2 cups ass caused by the state the robert cock institute is now conducting several regional studies and plans to start a countrywide antibody study at the end of september. as researchers toil to bring vaccines to the world questions are looming about whether it's feasible to create a vaccine that would actually work for a lifetime. well let's go over to thomas com he's director of the institute for immunology enough for us what are the chances of getting reinfected.

the chances to be real but slim there are several case reports from different countries on people who have recovered from cope 19 and then fell sick again this is series of 8 patients from china and similar reports from hong kong and some european countries so it seems to be possible but you're saying raf. what about other cases that haven't been uncovered and more studies that have to be done according to the world health organization i mean could this be the tip of the us but. probably not because from we know a little bit about the immunity against kuwait 19 man how people usually develop antibody responses which are protective people usually responses fight those which are protective but we do know that in some people these responses may be showed live so that would be a possibility to explain the fact that some people can become very infected after well most people should have protective immunity for some time after the infection

was cool with 1000 reservists who have to but what about full i mean are they i mean does that exist when it comes to code 19. what do you mean by full immunity lead once infected you can never get infected again in your life is that what you mean exactly well that's true that's true really to say because we only know this infections it's a little bit more than half a year so thus far the vast majority of the symptomatic patients and the asymptomatic that have been investigated have not fallen sick again but we do not know if the immunity against the virus will last for year or for 2 years or for many years experience from other coronaviruses including disaster or one of our shows that the immune response is when enough to sometimes so for doris. immune responses antibody responses were no longer detectable after 6 years in most of the people so we do not expect lifelong immunity after an episode of covert 19 probably

. and of a question what about developing vaccines or drugs to treat a coded infection doesn't doesn't success depends on knowing exactly how immunity against the disease works well have off me developed quite empirically and there's a lot of fake scenes promising rick scenes in the pipeline we do know a little on protective immunity you're absolutely right we need to know much more but thus far it seems that the wreck scenes that have been tested are and using the right responses and probably or possibly we will have to be content with less than the normal circs says so maybe a vaccine would not induce a lifelong immunity or not induce an immunity that lasts for 10 years or so but even if it lasted for 2 or 3 years this ng would be a great success and even if it would just prevent the cv year clinical choruses if it would switch to clinical a severe clinical course to a mild infection acing that would be a huge success already given the current situation so could it meaning getting

immunized getting if like a flu shot every year basically we don't know if it would be every year every other year or every so years or so but that could be the case it would be slightly different from flu because flu you need a new show every year because the virus changes so rapidly that does not seem to be the case was a growing of ours and there was a scarf to if one would have to immunize more frequently it would probably be cause the immune response of memory wanes against. the virus and therefore needs to be refreshed that that's a possibility that needs to be explored to us come out there from the institute for immunity in a thank you very much. thank you very much of a nicely. for a look at some other aspects concerning the coronavirus it's over to our science correspondent derrick williams with your questions. we've heard about the underlying diseases and conditions that can influence the severity of coded 19

outcomes but does viral load also affect some verity. when i began looking into this i quickly realized that there is still no clear answer to this question partly because the amount of virus in a patient's body changes from day to day as the disease progresses we know from other diseases that that high viral loads are linked to infectiousness but do they also affect disease severity in covert 19 well the information coming out of the studies this kind of conflict in a recent fairly large scale one for example found a clear link between mortality and high viral load in hospitalized patients and even suggested it could be used as a tool for stratifying patient risk but other studies that have measured viral

loads in for example children who had very mild forms of the disease found they were generally carrying even more virus than adults who develop severe forms of the disease and then there are the studies showing that that asymptomatic or precint a matic adults can also have very heavy viral loads so so after hours of reading this is how i would interpret the data because kids and asymptomatic adults can have lots of sars cove 2 in their bodies but no symptoms a high viral loads don't seem to be a reliable indicator of disease severity and. so you land in the hospital with a severe case at that point it does become an indicator of outcome severe what we still don't know is whether high viral load is actually causing that is eased to get worse for those patients in the hospital or if it's an effect but at least in

those who are hospitalized or associated in some way. well over 38000 people turned out to protest against germany's coronavirus measures on the weekend there were multiple arrests after clashes with police they say right wing extremists co want to demonstration of 1000 people have died from the virus in germany still protesters believe the danger is overblown. personally i don't believe that there's a pandemic i do think the disease exists but not a pandemic kind of that's the lead definitely on form and recording to the new definition of a pandemic it's a pandemic. but that has to do with how much it spread and not with how dangerous it is. finally medical staff are among those most at risk of getting the coronavirus but a hospital in mexico city has taken on

a new employee with complete immunity to cover tonight. goes from room to room providing support to patients with robots help they can talk to relatives via video call or to the hospital psychologist feelings of isolation are a big problem for covert sufferers and this is where the road come to. fizzle when the next time. on a smartphone lifespan 18 months. my mom materials extremely high recyclability cell. side effects environmental pollution child labor harsh working conditions fast fun to short lives of ourself closer. d.w. . eco india. on this california milk is

not the main product. it's down. the beach own farm in noida is the next level organic farm here local greens are treated like stars as are the mounds they leave behind it's valuable material from a new earth and souvenirs eco. 16 on t.w. . they've been robbed of their soul that's what a people experiences when their heritage is taken from them. countless cultural riches were brutally stolen from africa and carted off to europe by colonialists. each artifact has blood on it from the ones that have yet to heal.

what should be done with the stone or from africa. this is being hotly debated on both continents. stolen soul starts september 7th on d. w. o. . ked. making phone calls browsing the internet taking photographs shopping now lives increasingly revolve around smartphones to take his like eunice kanya out these devices a file move and just telephones discover him so i'm one of those old people who don't just fear the smartphone as a utilitarian object if i can get really enthusiastic about design a good display i start every year at the phone makers flood the market with new models and they're prepared to go to extreme lengths to sell them scripts

officiating the talk to. use various tactics there are strong suggestions that the devices are built to break as soon as possible. 1.4000000000 new smartphones are sold annually which is the price of our digital lifestyle. barcelona spain you to be influencing young us has come here to report on the latest smartphone trends the 21 year old regularly test the latest devices and posts his videos on the internet the most important industry sector is going to be here is a rich initiation to be held here today hey tapes a warm welcome from barcelona where the mobile world congress was meant to take place but. the world's largest mobile technologies trade fair was canceled because

of coded 19 but some manufacturers were determined to showcase the new product school assange. despite the risks of getting infected the tech fans crowded around the latest devices yet major innovations are increasingly few and far between according to eunice. is it starts by increasingly advised people against buying a new device each year because the differences just aren't so great because manufacturers think out new forms to get paid. if the by like folding devices for example but for $2500.00 euros only a test will show whether the device can be recommended on the hottest new test site . high prices and if the new developments despite that chickies flock to smartphone presentations like this besides your news conference you choose influencer to be his dickey is also. the lowest but i buy a new smartphone about once a year i bought several since the new 5 g.

devices came out it's with a 247 it's my alarm clock my i listen to music on a i watch videos on it in the train at work or take notes on our i use it for everything that's gone. for most people here life without a smartphone is inconceivable. in his lectures feel it zoom and foul explains the impact of digitalization on humans and the environment the sociologist knows that she can use phones computers to people self image. the recession the sums of mom is the 3 year we develop a very strong bond with these devices. that they're incredibly personal as they contain important messages they contain our lists are friends of basically they're an extension of us by thought this. film makers hype every new smartphone they

bring out turning these devices into months time lifestyle products. and most of the cost and we did you have to consider how the presentation of these devices are staged at big show we have answers a lot of applause. it's only a new smartphone or perhaps saving the world just bringing out a new smartphone or those of us on this is i find we're a noise small talk. more and more small up kinds of flooding into the market and the. manufactures tactics are having dramatic consequences. on average a cell phone contained 16 grams of copper 6 grams of cobalt 3 tenths of a gram of silver and 300 of a gram of gold amongst other things that might not sound like a lot but it sure adds up and many of these commodities a mind in trice a strange ins for example cobalt that is used in smartphone batteries. almost 2

thirds of the world's cobalt comes from one single country the democratic republic of congo. cobalt is mine here in the town of call waiting in the south of the country. but the people here have nothing to show for the smartphone boom there's no running water. no sewage system. no waste disposal collection. i mean at the locals are trying to in a bit from the smartphone hype manuel and his friends dig for cobalt each day in a minute town. all over. the world. with your book on the simple head torches of the only special equipment that they have to perform their

dangerous jobs. barefooted and without a rope they descend 45 meters deep into the. zone. one false step could mean certain death. going forward. it's narrow and hot in the pit in. the open all. the way i want to watch. but it was. the men hack at the rock with rudimentary tools can shovel the kobold all into sacks. after just a few minutes the air is like only a couple just. it's highly toxic and can cause serious lung damage without masks breaking becomes more and more difficult.

but with little in. the world. it's a dirty job and without as our high tech smartphones wouldn't exist. the stones contain an 8 percent cobalt these men risked their lives every day for the production of mobile phone batteries. for a. gauge of well much of what the mix up with was a brewery in other pits there are lots of deaths because they don't work safely but what we take care what about nothing has ever happened here but we got here. it's back breaking work that supports our digital lifestyle does the cobol used by mages smart phone makers also come from minds like they were 1st with sustainability reports there are 2 sets in the best p.r. speak we're proud to be recognized as

a worldwide leader in the responsible sourcing of minerals in our products we're committed to one day sourcing 100 percent recycled on renewable materials we envision a future where our devices are made with materials that follow a circular supply chain model using only recycled and renewable sources eliminating our reliance on mining. apple doesn't explicitly rule out the possibility that current i phones much contain cobalt from the type of pits we have seen the. for cobalt is huge because many users replace their cell phones in less than 2 years and feel it soon found says the phone makers are often responsible for that. risk it's officiating to talk to me as there are so many tactics that indicate that the devices are intentionally built to break as soon as possible which for example when the battery no longer works. or often it's a complete write off and you're kind of forced into buying

a new smartphone earthshine know a smart phones a coffee. is that really true it's an issue that also preoccupies influencing your news can you not. hanoi to pay peeps i'm eunice any of you who've had a broken smartphone have asked yourselves this question is it worth getting it repaired or should i buy a new one i have 2 broken devices here and i'll give you some answers in this video your clear and apple i phone and and the samsung galaxy s 8 uranus was replaced smartphones displays and batteries. since the samson device to the manufacturer is. going to take the i phone to the nearby apple store and asks what these reports would cost. them i'm fine with in the form i was told that they couldn't replace the shattered display without replacing the battery i don't personally think it's worth spending

214 euros on such an old ice so i think of it's 214 you. know you can get the same model new from a starting price of 529 year old apple quote about 41 percent of the sale price to repair a 3 year old smartphone. father play as an independent electronics stores chief is that a viable option for consumers. on the question of contraband if we add it together for the i phone it runs to $168.00 euros so definitely less than the make a charge but i've also discovered that they don't use any apple parts so i wouldn't do it even though it's cheap it's not finished. $168.00 euros that's about 32 percent of the sales price quite a bit cheaper than the manufacturers but without a regional pass. what about

other thrown make it. the samsung sent off for appears still isn't back almost 2 weeks later and units i knew you had back after getting in touch with samsung does applaud bottom customer support was very friendly and said i'd receive a quote only thing is i haven't received anything and that's after such a long wait and father touch on shop. but finally younus does get the word that the device has received can't hear the cost of repair is also expensive some 185 years that's about 46 percent of the sales price. but why is it so expensive to fix a smart phone. we'll examine found believes the smartphone giants have made a very deliberate choice when it comes to their pricing policy and their manufacturing methods. to give their consent of ours is the start for clip the

devices are often very firmly glued together and can't be open to enjoy symbols or quotes for it's and these construction methods often make repairs were very very expensive. and the messages could be better if we brought in our smartphones leave our noise smartphone tool to make. one company has built its business model around the long waits and expensive repairs of the tech giants i fixit sells specialized tools and replacement part. as for repairing smartphones he provides the instructions for free. stern fests just a scope done hoy's it's our experience but devices get repaired more frequently when people don't have to send their phones away for 4 or 6 weeks that it's. demise mentioned most people spend about half their lives on these devices and if it were easier to switch out a battery it would make it more likely that people kept their smartphones for

a bit longer and maybe for 4 rather than just 2 years and that's what these are. they're also workshops to teach people how to repair their phones rather than just discard them straight away. the settle that you know it's interesting to repair it yourself even if just for the sense of success when you manage it. i must say when you get think it just i thought it's the simplest and the best way to save money and i enjoy a term. with you in doing it yourself rather than just buying another new find that would look better if the phone make is also did they beat. us on walking across the hash. finally i know the manufacturers could help a lot of they made it easier to replace the 2 components that most frequently tend to break or give up the ghost guys. on the one hand the battery that's often quoted in. order for clues and the display which is often difficult to replace.

hard for sure it's a great service so why use that global market leader sam so issued the statement it's important that the repairs are carried out by specialists who dispose of or recycle the old components and replace them with new original parts that's the only way of ensuring the performance and long life of those devices in the future we advise against amateurs carrying out repairs. no wonder so few mobile phones get fixed. in the base case scenario the old devices end up in places like this one the recently confirmed a ruthless in winston germany. but andre is not and his colleague to be is coom know that there are many other discarded devices out there . she doesn't

feel see it on although it's clear we have 4 times so maybe 25230000 faults. but that's not a lot on if you. have to say given the number of smart phones that are sold each year that only a fraction end up here and walk type is de your uncovered. many old smartphones arriva not disposed of correctly or they languish unused for years and cupboards in people's homes. as well as plastic they contain valuable metals that could be recycled here. yeah i mean when you get here we have the shredded cellphones you can see the plastic which will be a replacement sure you can also see copper of course they're also contain gold silver platinum and in some cases probably a.t.m. and tenzing cleared nickel nickel. to materials

a salvaged in a number of states the recycling prices reduces the need for mining in crisis regions but it is very energy intensive and it's not possible to recover 2 of the component parts. also i know will be a telephone but we can recover about 70 percent of what goes into a smartphone. you know their materials or elements which is what we're talking about here that we can't sell which. and you know basically their last at least in terms of the medal value chain of the name clue the rare earth elements of the settlement you haven't. even here they can only recover 70 percent of these valuable commodities and only a fraction of all smartphones end up in professional recycling facilities in the 1st place the majority disappears into people's couples who they exported.

for example to akron the capital of ghana this west african country is regarded as a success story with its high economic growth and expanding middle class cellphones are a status symbol here. but. the. devices that aren't worth repairing in germany often end up in actress tiptoe lane for mr bush meant to me. the idea of giving these used phones a 2nd life sounds good at 1st but not all of them can be repaired. in our climate is there any way you gonna get it here now to try to treat it as a ice man out there someday the problem is 5050 i can get a solution to it you know by my nuggets and you can do it. what's discarded here ends up in and bill one of the dirtiest places in the world

it's residents call it sort of and gomorrah it's time to some of the actors poorest residents they live here in the midst of the trash eking out a living from the e.u. wasted originates in more affluent countries. everything is taken upon people in a few cents from a semiconductors incompetent. abel's this is the last resting place for a lot of technological junk from industrialized nations. that. the circuit boards and conductors are much in demand for this they contain valuable commodities like gold silver and copper. i'm in the phone business circuit boards storage cards i sell that to people who need

something for inside the phones i throw away the things i can't sell like the old batteries i want. there are broken phones everywhere the old batteries pollute the environment because there aren't the facilities to recycle. the people salvaged from the generates money like aluminum for example it's no visit in these very basic facilities. the catch here is insufferable. and the toxic fumes. more than your lunch and. even children i present to you know where to eat after molly is a dick out of my life i'm with. them. because. i'm paying the awful fees. the so-called burners have the most dangerous job

in a book brushy they've been charging devices cables and plugs to get the company inside . the house is damaged by the noxious fumes. only i saw one in an ago so they don't know i said we do the dirty work here. everyone. it's us. if i had the chance of another job i would take it. i would go up in the morning always just lying down with for the time to get up because all my body has been with. this whack off in my point it's. like i just woke up in the morning and my body is strong and i cannot pool fire children work alongside the adults here kids like needs to and cousy who are only 10 and 13 years old with

a magnet and bare hands they collect small pieces of metal from the toxic remains of the trash. bin and we sell it to help support our mom. and the boys own a bit of additional cash to help their families scrape by but this does she work takes its toll. as professor usually is full bill from the university of ghana can confirm. but children so you can affect your nervous system as the organ system can also affect your brain development in terms of kidney is one of the. new york got a very very affected mood. but how contamination is i felt blushing and what danger to the people who live here thanks. to these soil samples should

give an idea that. deliberately findings later showed that the soil contains toxic heavy metals. arsenic tin and in particular at extremely high levels of late. and professor phobia tells us the substances also accumulate in the bodies of the workers. but i'm only really which were. both the organics in organic compounds and lead cod me and they curl a certain length and all of this are highly toxic. metallic quo terms quite high far far far higher than what is required by the repute. the trend of buying a new smartphone every year has fatal consequences for people and their environment

here in ghana. you chibi influences like eunice kanya to showcase the latest of isis in their videos making buying recommendations and so encourage consumption goes toward it and you see a lot of fun yet i think each one of us who consume something doesn't think as far as what happens to a product when it reaches the end of its life that of course what we're doing is in essence promoting consumption of fun but we are at least not the one simply holding up the articles to the can. instead we're the ones who write the consumer goods and tell people which ones are good and which ones aren't vision the young as can you sees himself more as a product tester than as a sales assistant for the phone makers the question is whether his many followers see it that way to. there at least some manufacturers who are trying to make funds more environmentally friendly the german startup shift is among.

its founders and to make their devices last longer pin conventional phones. if something does break the devices are easy to repair. the special thing about our shift from just there a modular structure the parts that tend to wear out faster start the easiest to replace i can simply open the back of the phone and change the battery in just a few seconds and when i do the screws here i can remove and replace the entire display and we can also access the camera if something goes wrong with it and the special thing is that we use a click to connect critics and the whole thing can be assembled like lego pieces there's a few legal. shift also plans to make it possible to order parts years after purchase however because it's possible to unscrew the devices also because of the normal phones and they are also clients expensive. to listen to what

sort of course are shift runs or a compromise to as manufacturers you always have to focus on a particular selling point and for us this is the fact that our forms can be easily repaired. but we also want our devices to perform well there's no point in having a sustainable device if it doesn't do what customers would normally expect. prices range from $400.00 euros for a basic. $800.00 euros for the top of the range phone that's not exactly cheap but how does the shift phone raise in comparison with its competitors. you tube influencing the owners can you know tested the ship 6 enough for a wait it came out in 2018 but it's still the latest model. a lighter hey peeps this is the shift 6 and a smartphone developed in germany is it

a realistic alternative to more conventional smartphones and if so who might it appeal to you i've tested authority and share my thoughts with you in this video to . be owners tested the camera the device a software performance and of course he evaluated its design. but me i'm going to go for what i really liked about the device was the battery life and the responsive fingerprint sensor you could also increase it storage capacity what i didn't like was the camera's performance in low light situations and the video quality also the software isn't up to date and performance is a bit patchy of infinitely. and so is the modular smartphone from germany a realistic alternative. escape for us good you can buy a better smart phones for that money but they're not sustainable nor are they

trying to be in this particular case you're paying about 150 to 200 euros more for modular design i think it's a realistic alternative for anyone prepared to pay that and just sees a smartphone as an everyday object a tool and this it wouldn't appeal to nerds like me who are after borderless designs on thin designs and displays designs on displays and hell often for the use of the shiny economists. a much a smartphone is one possible way of making me industry more sustainable but shifts find signs because lag. behind the market leaders continues a lengthy display that way for the forseeable future. so the situation in congo and ghana isn't likely to change anytime soon either and people here will continue to pay the price down throwaway consumerism. and it's a big if you think of smart phones globally they tend to be replaced every 20

months or so that you know how to fix it the most sustainable solution in general for digital devices is to use them for as long as possible so for very. long lasting functions that can be more easily repaired and a higher recycling enclosure would already go some way towards helping reduce the mountains of waste in guyana and making our use of smart phones significantly more sustainable.

india. this california milk is not the main product. x. dollars. to be john farmer annoyed is the next level organic farm here local greens are treated like stars as are the mounds they leave behind it's valuable material from new york and souvenirs he took. 13 d. w. . loneliness is more than just being alone. makes you sick and it's affecting more and more people. researchers are investigating the causes and developing strategies to control combat this problem. against the loneliness epidemic. in 75 minutes on d w. what secrets lie behind. discover

new adventures in 360 degree. and explore fascinating world heritage sites. w world heritage 360 get the map now. this is the news and these are our top stories in battle belarus and president alexander look at shank his high ranking officials are barred from entering estonia latvia and lithuania the baltic states blacklisting comes in response a look at shank is cracked out on pro-democracy demonstrators in the wake of disputed elections more than $100.00 people were arrested during protests on sunday . president emmanuel by phone has arrived in lebanon on.