refugee destinies. detention on the beach. in 45 minutes to w. . to fasten it is of grave the need to keep a grave eligible for over a mansion on the 4th time for the whole of the closeness even though that number is the bottom of the valley where the nasty dragons as well as calm down. to the river on. more than 80 percent of our oceans remain on matter unobserved and unexplored. we know more about the surface of the moon. and even mouse. yet we're busy polluting our scenes on the coronavirus pandemic has led to a new kind of waste. but the watery depths conceal an arsenal of bio active

compounds packed with pharmaceutical potential. researchers are studying the region bacteria in the hope of finding new antibiotics. welcome to tomorrow today this week with a special focus on the ocean. bacteria are found all around us they reproduced by splitting into occasionally random genetic mutations occur during this process this can make some bacteria more resistant. usually the mutated bacteria die off but sometimes the me taishan protects the bacterial cells from the effects of antibiotics for example. they enter biologic kills for that period without the me taishan of the others thrive. the antibiotic resistant bacteria can then go on

to reproduce with less competition and form a whole new company. this is evolution by natural selection but it's caused by human intervention. that arctic resistant bacteria can rapidly establish themselves in hospitals the concentration is particularly high. in factory farming is another source of antibiotic resistant bacteria. they can spread by the sewage system and ultimately harm our health it's a vicious circle but perhaps the ocean could hold the solution. there could be a treasure trove of unimagined which is lying here in the depths hiding within marine. microbiologist you know n.p.l. and his team from e.t.h. ceric gather samples for analysis back in the lab at the university.

in the conference here and we know that many kinds of spawn are jam packed with bacteria. if they can make up as much as half of a sponges weight hundreds of different species of microorganisms all living together in close proximity doesn't this is a goldmine of bio active substances. but why is that so interesting and important in the search for new and more effective antibiotics because wherever lots of bacteria are competing for space and nutrition antibacterial agents are also present. soil for example is teeming with bacteria and fungi and they're all fighting each other it's war in there. and micro organisms a smart they're basically specialized chemicals factories. they produce and deploy

antibiotics to destroy their enemy. the aim is to sort them and find ones that could be useful to us. different microorganisms 1st identify and then culture it is. harmful bacteria that make us sick cultured separately on blast plates they replicate and formats across the surface samples of the microorganisms and then deposited on the bacterial coaches if an empty spot forms that means an antibacterial agent in a sample has killed the bacteria around it the bald patch is known as the zone of inhibit ssion this is a way to identify candidates for further research to see if they could lead to new drugs. most antibiotics known today do indeed hail from the soil it's readily accessible but has not yielded much that's new were exciting for decades. sponges

have not yet been so start really researched they're the new frontier they could be harboring powerful agents ones to which bacteria that make us sick have not developed any resistance the team won't reveal which species of sponge are the most promising for now that's a closely guarded secret the research is meant to be sure of their findings before announcing breakthroughs. what we've discovered has prompted a lot of excitement in the lab. to find a new antibiotic that's effective against multi resistant bacteria is the holy grail because they're so very hard to get rid of we're feeling pretty optimistic right now that a new drug can be found. but the work is extremely challenging the bacteria from the sponges a very delicate the team have managed to identify and study them for the 1st time using a new method they invented. that's

a major step in its own right. identifying an antibacterial agent in nature is one thing but turning it into a reliable drug is a process also fraught with difficulties and that's no guarantee of success. dozens are long it's a very slow and arduous process that takes about a decade and is also very expensive. should p.-l. and his team find the holy grail any resulting new drug would probably not immediately go into mass production and be white least. if it is indeed effective against the deadliest of multi resistant bacteria it would probably 1st join the exclusive club of last resort agents and to be used sparingly if a chill. it's a pharmaceutical treasure trove. valuable by active substances are contained

in sponges in mollusks and coral reefs which could help us combat viruses or cancer for example. but we already destroying those valuable resources before we even get to grasp their potential. in. the south coast of maine yorka researches with the on attack marine science n.g.o.s a gathering plastic in the mediterranean in order to collect data. on. sophie who go it's the captain of the research vessel. as a dozen this is what's called a month and it was given to us by an organization called 5 it's only 803000 men to trolls for use by scientists around the world. and the structure is inspired by the manta ray a species found in sub tropical in. tropical oceans. we filter the water for

30 minutes what we're looking for a micro plastics in. the net works exactly like a man to read a filter feeder. so what we catch is what u.s. feed on. those. rays feed on plankton which they channel into their mouth but these days that's not all the 40 odd species of ray that inhabit these waters consume you. stacks that fit into this box are micro plastics smaller than 5 millimeter anything big this just on the plastics we make that distinction when we collect data. plastic particles like these will clog up the oceans for hundreds of years before disintegrating fully. the world. marine

animals feed on them with deadly consequences. just as i can see it's a fact other the 3rd or even the whole for these creatures consume is plastic. some $500000.00 tons of plastics waste and it's up in the mediterranean every year that's the equivalent of $34000.00 plastic bottles every minute the worst polluters attempt italy and egypt primarily due to tourism. an average $100000.00 plastic particles are now adrift per square kilometer of the mediterranean. it breaks down more and more until it's micro plastic then marine animals feed on it and it enters the food chain. scientists like currently researching whether plastics end up in

fish and therefore in the food we eat. studies have shown that almost 75 percent of fish in the atlantic have ingested plastic. plastics are also detrimental to the ocean itself. 2 kilometers off the coast there researches have discovered ghost net fishing nets that have been left all lost in the ocean by fishermen. these accounts for about a 3rd of the plastic in the mediterranean. but what they found today of fishing nets that are probably used by fisherman who are truly desperate. as it does some guys down there this is about the 12 ghosts in it that we found this summer. they likely come from north africa it's a traditional way of fishing with

a cast the net and just wait to see what they catch. the bus system and about it's very bad for turtles mainly because they tend to just swim straight into a net. bacterially. and then before they know it and figure out which up in all the rope and net them there that's. nearly $400.00 types of marine animals have been found in nets like these once a sea turtle for example has got caught in one it's almost impossible for it to free itself and it dies a painful death at least 100000 marine mammals and more than a 1000000 marine birds die in these nets a year. this turtle got lucky their research has managed to free it but before these animals natural habitat can once again be safe and the world's oceans freed of plastic waste humans need to massively reduced their reliance on plastics

. what does it take so long for plastic to biodegrade in many cases hundreds of years. for example polypropylene is made up of propylene molecules the polymer has a long backbone of carbon atoms that form very strong bonds these chemical structures don't occur in nature so microorganisms come frank them down effectively . but plastic has conquered alcohol in. plastic bottles are made from petroleum they are light practical and can be found pretty much everywhere. globally a 1000000 are sold every single minute of the day if they were placed end to end the plastic bottles sold in 2016 would form a chain stretching all the way to the planet mercury but we don't need to go to mercury so you've bought a drink in

a plastic bottle and finished it what happens next in an ideal scenario it will be really used some can be refilled up to 15 times if there washed properly most aren't that sturdy though. many end up in a shredder where they're ground up into flakes of plastic. these can be used to make products like fleece clothing very nice except for the fact that every time the fleece has washed it releases plastic particles into the water. what about the rest of the plastic bottles they get thrown away or dropped right in the street or somewhere out in nature a significant portion of them land in dumps or are eventually carried out to sea. between 5 and 13000000 tons of plastic garbage end up in the ocean every year a huge problem because plastics can take up to 450 years to decompose. if plastic trash doesn't get caught in propellers on ships or isn't washed up on the

beach in the floating pieces grow smaller and smaller as they drift with the currents algae grows on their surfaces and that draws fish and sea birds they think the particles are food and swallow them when too much collects in their stomachs real food no longer passes through and they starve. and if those fish end up in our nets they enter our food supply directly either is fresh or can see food do we want to eat that no we don't because it certainly isn't healthy see. soo do we actually need plastic bottles to shorten clear answer is no there are many alternatives and best of all is to try to only use water from local sources good drinking water can be had straight out of the tap in many countries if it has to be transported bottles made of glass or stainless steel can do the trick and they can be used many times and are therefore a good alternative to plastic bottles soon we might even have ones made of algae

that are composed of even bottles that you can eat there are many ideas out there. we don't drink most and it also provides us with green energy by hydroelectric power plants. most if loz through it ted that begins to 10 hydroelectric generated turns this mechanical energy into electricity. the problem is that fish and other creatures swim in the ocean and a pal of sounds like this means says he's dead for them so what's the answer. to this little fellow isn't quite ready for action yet if it weren't being kept firmly in place it would disappear into the murky depths. is that this is unfortunately for the time being this fish lacks all intelligence it doesn't have a brain it doesn't have a way to move or

a sensor system for now we're just checking the model. we want to know if it's capable of withstanding conditions in a turbine such as a current of 1.2 meters per 2nd and to see what happens to it. stefan her going to his team at the university of magdeburg are working on a prototype of a robotic fish. in order to protect the many thousands of real fish that die every year travelling through. hard row electric power plants. the c.e.o. has been shredded by a turbine has biologist front row wagner explains hydroelectric power plants are fraught with risks now if it was getting directly hit by a turbine blade is one cause of death another risk is that a fish gets caught between moving parts and its skin gets torn or damaged. by

isn't strong turbulence is also a major problem because it means fish get thrown about like in a washing machine. you know washing machine. hydroelectric power station operators in europe are supposed to ensure that fish can travel through their turbines as safely for no real fish are used in the requisite safety tests and that's where robotic fish come in. the process of investigating mortality rates involves animal testing and in germany that killed several 1000 fish a year sometimes up to $100000.00. the tests don't always run as smoothly as this one here a fish is swimming through a turbine that's moving very slowly that's not always the case. the aim is to conduct such tests in future with robotic fish equipped with a lightweight drive system and sensors to supply the researchers with data about injuries sustained in hydroelectric plants. as

a source of renewable energy hydroelectric power plants are increasingly common so this is a problem that needs to be addressed. in the robotic fish could be a solution. but more turbines destroy them to. include plan is to build the head much like the black box of a plane so it will survive even if the rest is destroyed. it won't matter if the tail comes off you can just attach another one. but as long as the data are safe and can be recovered. while there is widespread awareness of the need to avoid cruelty to other animals the suffering of fish is often overlooked.

these aquatic robots should help put an end to the turbine trauma. even if fish seem pretty silent to us they do communicate with each other. clown fish click they teeth. this make blubbering noises all sing like gods. tearing past gets to speak to each other and some shock seem to use visual cues to keep in touch. but the way from nigeria so does a question about that. how do you fish sea and mortar. underwater everything looks blurry to humans that's because water has a higher density than x. so lightweight bend as they pass from at a water under straight down that means an image isn't focused exactly on the retina

as is the case out of water but behind it hence the blur diving goggles to compensate for that. all or all fish by contrast have almost spera cold hard lenses and can see everything up to a distance of one meter clearly. a. little. to look further away they are just focus by moving the lens closer to the retina. they still can't really see far but usually they don't need to. they have a wide panoramic view because of their side facing eyes. and. ultra wide angle camera lenses called fisheye lenses mimic this effect. fish see more colors than we can they have receptor is not only for red green and blue lights but also for ultraviolet. in the dark

depths that helps them locate prey that sport brilliant colors fisherman use colorful bait to exploit this ability in fish. some fish it turns out to can distinguish different human faces. as a study of archer fish found. they'd shoot down prey by spitting a jet of water. in the experiment they were trained to hit a picture of a particular face in most cases they succeeded. fish vision is far better adapted to water than ours otherwise they wouldn't survive. the problem is right why are there so i don't think i made it happen. do you have a science question you've always wanted answered it. and saying it is and if we answer it on the show you'll get a little surprise as a thank you. i was right come on just because.

the more stories from the world of science go to our website or find us on twitter . these of what would have fleas so plentiful that are abundant in most lakes. they are only 2 to 6 millimeters in size when conditions are right they can reproduce pretty rapidly. but when environmental conditions contest conducive their eggs can lay dormant for years until the air is cleaner again this was the case in lake constance which borders southern germany switzerland and austria. lakes are into complex ecosystems although lakes and ponds only make up 3 percent of the earth's surface they're an important natural habitat but they're being

thrown out of balance by overfishing pollution and climate change constance in central europe once fell victim to some of these factors to. believe that up to rena is a researcher from indonesia she's examining how the lake has changed. its route on one pool and then all you had before the 960 s. this lake was all ego trophic meaning it had a low level of nutrients but by the 1980 s. it had become a future vic this means that over the 1st time and plant life like algal can flourish to the detriment of animal life and its water quality decreased because of additional phosphates from agriculture and household waste the governments of the 3 countries that border the lake germany austria and switzerland decided to restore it and now it's all a control freak again so it's returned to its natural state. researchers are trying

to find out how aquatic life reacts when the lake changes in this way from all eager trophic you trophic back either naturally or through human intervention knowing this is key to preserving lakes and their ecosystems zowie plankton such as daphnia are often used as test subjects because they react quickly to changes in the environment. police up to reno has brought a variety of soap langton from the lake to be examined in the laboratory that are not mia by studying so we're plankton like def now we have to understand how a link changes from year churn fake to only go to church fake said from an overly high nutrient level which is not good for the ecosystem to a lower level and a better quality leg. the marine biologists conducted various experiments on daphnia in the lab measuring their body size each time she wants to know how they respond when the level of albi which is their food supply decreases she also

exposed them to a greater number of predators both of these are effects that occur in the shift from you trophic to all of the traffic waters. and sat up and i hope that i can use the knowledge i gained in germany when i returned to indonesia if i can understand how daphnia adapt to predators and to the availability of food then i can use that information to breed fish in a sandpit lake in indonesia using only natural food. if there were a plant in our natural food for fish i want to make the lake more beneficial to the community by creating an eco friendly fish farming area without artificial feed only relying on the natural food in the lake. lake constance is now a healthy body of water again the day to the elite of to mean

a collective here will hopefully help her to restore lakes in indonesia and to rejuvenate these vital ecosystems. that's all for now on tomorrow today will be back next week with more engrossing stories about science and technology until then by.

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destinies. to take child on the beach. in 15 minutes on d w. life on earth. coming to an end. but joy get a coincidence. that they're on a previously as earth was just and messy chemistry lab not operational side up. where the impossible happened on the last of us and the creation of our solar system with our planet is a bit like winning. lot of requests like there is only the beginning. what is the 1st word you need start september 18th on d w. how does

a virus spread. why do we panic and when will all this and. just 3 of the topics covered and the weekly radio show is called spectrum if you would like and new information on the crown of marist or any other science topic you should really check out our podcast you can get it wherever you can get your podcast you can also find us at dot com and slash science. we know that this is very time for the coronavirus is changing the world changing. so please take care of yourself good distance wash your hands if you can stay at how we do w. for here for you we are working tirelessly to keep you informed on all of our platforms we are all in this to run together and when they contribute. do you see

that everybody stays in the city safe stay safe and the priest used to say. this is you know good news live from gurlitt donald trump on the defensive after media reports suggest he disparaged u.s. war dead. the american president is just disputing reports he called fallen american soldiers suckers and at losers during a visit to france the controversy is placing support for the military front and center in the presidential campaign also coming up.