what secrets lie behind you swallow. discover new adventures in 360 degree. and explore fascinating world heritage sites of the b.m.w. world heritage 36 to get here and now. the book. more than 80 percent of our oceans remain on merit unobserved and unexplored. we know more about the surface of the moon. and even mouse. yet we have busy polluting our scenes and the coronavirus pandemic has led to a new kind of waste ready. but the watery deaths conceal an arsenal of bio active compounds packed with pharmaceutical potential. researchers are studying the ream bacteria in the hope of finding new antibiotics.

welcome to tomorrow today this week with a special focus on the ocean. lab. bacteria are found all around us every produced by splitting into occasionally random genetic mutations occur during this process this can make some bacteria more resistant. the mutated bacteria die off but sometimes the mutation protects the bacterial cell from the effects of antibiotics for example. the antibiotics kills for that period without any taisha of the others thrive. the antibiotic resistant bacteria can then go on to reproduce with less competition and form a whole new company. this is evolution. by natural selection but it's caused by

human intervention. antibiotic resistant bacteria can rapidly establish themselves in hospitals the concentration is particularly high. in factory farming is another source of antibiotic resistant bacteria. they can spread by the sewage system and ultimately harm our health it's a vicious circle but perhaps the ocean could help the solution. there could be a treasure trove of unimagined riches lying here in the depths hiding within marine. microbiologist you n.p.l. and his team from e.t.h. ceric gather samples for analysis in the lab at the university. to come from fear and we know that many kinds of spawn are jam packed with bacteria

. that they can make up as much as half of a sponges weight hundreds of different species of microorganisms all living together in close proximity because this is a goldmine of bio active substances. but why is that so interesting and important in the search for new and more effective antibiotics because wherever lots of bacteria competing for space in nutrition antibacterial agents are present. soil for example is teeming with bacteria and fungus and they're all fighting each other it's war in there. and micro organisms are smart they're basically specialized chemicals factories. they produce and deploy antibiotics to destroy their enemy. the aim is to sort them and find ones the. could be useful to us.

different micro-organisms 1st identify it and then culture it is. harmful bacteria that make us sick cultured separately on glass plates they replicate and formats across the surface samples of the microorganisms and then deposited on the bacterial coaches if an empty spot forms that means an antibacterial agent in a sample has killed the bacteria around it the bald patch is known as the zone of inhibit this is a way to identify candidates for further research to see if they could lead to new drugs. most antibiotics known today do indeed hail from the soil it's readily accessible but has not yielded much that's new were exciting for decades. sponges have not yet been so stubbornly researched they're the new frontier they could be

harboring powerful agents to which bacteria that make us sick have not developed any resistance the team won't reveal which species of sponge of the most promising for now that's a closely guarded secret the research is want to be sure of their findings before and now breakthrough. what we've discovered has prompted a lot of excitement in the lab. to find a new antibiotic that's effective against multi resistant bacteria is the holy grail because there's so very hard to get rid of we're feeling pretty optimistic right now that a new drug can be found. but the work is extremely challenging the bacteria from the sponges a very delicate the team have managed to identify and study them for the 1st time using a new method they invented that's a major step in its own right. identifying an antibacterial agent in nature is one thing but turning it into a reliable dry. this approach says it all so fraught with difficulties and that's

no guarantee of success. doesn't say a long it's a very slow and arduous process that takes about a decade and it's also very expensive. should p.-l. and his team find the holy grail any resulting new drug would probably not immediately go into mass production and be white least. if it is indeed effective against the deadliest of multi resistant bacteria it would probably 1st join the exclusive club of last resort agents and being used sparingly if. it's a pharmaceutical treasure trove. valuable bioactive substances are contained in sponges and molluscs and coral reefs which could help us combat viruses or cancer for example. but we already destroying those valuable resources before we

even get to grasp their potential. in. the south coast of maine yorka researches with the on attack marine science n.g.o.s a gathering plastic in the mediterranean in order to collect data. sophie who go it's the captain of the research vessel. as a dozen this is what's called a month and it was given to us by an organization called 5 giant its own native $3000.00 men to trolls for use by scientists around the world of. the structure is inspired by them and to re a species found in sub tropical and tropical oceans. and i hope we filter the water for 30 minutes what we're looking for a micro plastics is. the net works exactly like a man to read

a filter feeder. so what we catch is what us feed all. those. rays feed on so plankton which they channel into their mouth but these days that's not all the 40 odd species of raid that inhabit these waters consume you. stacks that fit into his thoughts on micro plastics smaller than 5 millimeter anything big this just stand up plastics we make that distinction when we collect data. like these will clog up the oceans for hundreds of years before disintegrating fully. the world. marine animals feed on them with deadly consequences. just us i think it's a fact other the 3rd or even

a hole for these creatures consume is plastic. some $500000.00 tons of micro plastics waste and it's up in the mediterranean every year that's the equivalent of $34000.00 plastic bottles every minute the worst polluters a techie italy and egypt primarily due to tourism. an average $100000.00 plastic particles are now adrift per square kilometer of the mediterranean. it breaks down on more and more until it's micro plastic then marine animals feed on it and it enters the food chain. scientists like currently researching whether nano plastics end up in fish and therefore in the food we eat. studies have shown that almost 75 percent of fish in the atlantic have ingested plastic. plastics are

also detrimental to the ocean itself. 2 kilometers off the coast there researches have discovered ghost net fishing nets that have been left or lost in the ocean by fishermen. these accounts for about a 3rd of the plastic in the mediterranean. but what they found today of fishing nets that are probably used by fish men who are truly desperate. as it does some guys this is about the 12 ghosts in it that we found this summer. they likely come from north africa it's a traditional way of fishing they cast the net and just wait to see what they can check. that's just the end of that it's very bad for turtles mainly because they

tend to just swim straight into a net. bacteria. and then before they know it and they get caught up in all the rope and net them there that's. nearly 400 types of marine animals have been found in nets like the. one it's a sea turtle for example has got course in one it's almost impossible for it to free itself and it dies a painful death at least 100000 marine mammals and more than a 1000000 marine birds die in these nets in year. this turtle got lucky their research has managed to free it but before these animals natural habitats can once again be safe and the world's oceans freed of plastic waste humans need to massively reduced their reliance on plastics. why does it take so long for plastic to biodegrade in many cases hundreds of years

. for example polypropylene it's made up of propylene molecules the polymer has a long backbone of carbon atoms that form very strong bonds these chemical structures don't occur in nature so microorganisms contract them down effectively. but plastic has conquered al. plastic bottles are made from petroleum they are light practical and can be found pretty much everywhere. globally a 1000000 are sold every single minute of the day if they were placed end to end the plastic bottles sold in 2016 would form a chain stretching all the way to the planet mercury but we don't need to go to mercury so you've bought a drink in a plastic bottle and finished it what happens next in an ideal scenario it will be re-used some can be refilled up to 15 times if they're washed properly most aren't

that study though. many end up in a shredder where they're ground up into flakes of plastic. these can be used to make products like fleece clothing very nice except for the fact that every time the fleece is washed it releases plastic particles into the water. what about the rest of the plastic bottles they get thrown away or dropped right in the street or somewhere out in nature a significant portion of them land in dumps or are eventually carried out to sea. between 5 and 13000000 tons of plastic garbage end up in the ocean every year a huge problem because plastics can take up to 450 years to decompose. if plastic trash doesn't get caught in propellers on ships or isn't washed up on the beach in the floating pieces grow smaller and smaller as they drift with the currents algae grows on their surfaces and that draws fish and sea birds they think

the particles are food and swallow them when too much collects in their stomachs real food no longer passes through and they starve. and if those fish end up in our nets they enter our food supply directly either as fresh or can see food do we want to eat that no we don't because it certainly isn't healthy posts so do we actually need plastic bottles the short and clear answer is no there are many alternatives and best of all is to try to only use water from local sources good drinking water can be had straight out of the tap in many countries if it has to be transported bottles made of glass or stainless steel can do the trick and they can be used many times and are therefore a good alternative to plastic bottles soon we might even have ones made of algae that are composed of even bottles that you can eat there are many ideas out there.

we didn't just drink it was that provides us with green energy via hydro electric power. most if through it that begins to 10 high to electric generated turns this mechanical energy into electricity. the problem is that fish and other creatures swimming in the. palace sounds like this means says he's dead for them so what's the answer. to this little fellow isn't quite ready for action yet if it weren't being kept firmly in place it would disappear into the murky depths. is that this is unfortunately for the time being this fish lacks all intelligence it doesn't have a brain it doesn't have a way to move or sensor system for now we're just checking the model. we want to know if it's capable of withstanding conditions in a turbine such as

a current of 1.2 meters per 2nd and to see what happens to it. stefan her going to team at the university of mom to pork or working on a prototype of a robotic fish. in order to protect the many thousands of real fish that die every year travelling through hard bro or electric power plants. lucille has been shredded by a turbine has biologist explains hydroelectric power plants are fraught with risks. getting directly hit by a turbine blade is one cause of death another risk is that a fish gets caught between moving parts and its skin gets torn or damaged. strong turbulence is also a major problem because it means fish get thrown about like in a washing machine. hydroelectric power station not. breakers in europe are

supposed to ensure that fish can travel through their turbines and safely for now real fish are used in the requisite safety tests and that's where robotic fish come in. the process of investigating mortality rates involves animal testing and in germany that killed several 1000 fish a year sometimes up to $100000.00. the tests don't always run as smoothly as this one here a fish is swimming through a turbine that's moving very slowly that's not always the case. the aim is to conduct such tests in future with robotic fish equipped with a lightweight drive system and sensors to supply the researchers with data about injuries sustained in hydroelectric plants. as a source of renewable energy hydroelectric power plants are increasingly common so

this is a problem that needs to be addressed. and the robotic fish could be a solution. but what of turbines destroy them to. include plan is to build the head much like the black box of a plane so it will survive even if the rest is destroyed. it won't matter if the tail comes off you can just attach another one. but as long as the data are safe and can be recovered. while there is widespread awareness of the need to avoid cruelty to other animals the suffering of fish is often overlooked. these aquatic robots should help put an end to the turbine trauma.

even if fish seem pretty silent to us they do communicate with each other. clown fish click their teeth out is like blubbering noises all sing like gods. caring pos gets to speak to each other and some shocks seem to use visual cues to keep in touch. by the way from nigeria so just a question about that. how do fish see in more time. underwater everything looks blurry to humans that's because water has a higher density than at say lightweights bend as they pass from at to water and the slow down that means an image isn't focused exactly on the retina as is the case out of water but behind it hence the blur diving goggles compensate for that.

change by contrast have almost spare echo hard lenses and can see everything up to a distance of one meter clearly. a little. to look further away they are just focused by moving the lens closer to the retina. they still can't really see far but usually they don't need to. they have a winds panoramic view because of their side facing eyes. the ultra wide angle camera lenses called fisheye lenses mimic this effect. fish see more colors than we can they have receptus not only for red green and blue light but also for ultraviolet. light in the dark depths that helps them locate prey that sport brilliant colors fisherman use

colorful bait to exploit this ability in fish. some fish it turns out to can distinguish different human faces. as a study of archer fish found. they'd shoot down prey by spitting a jet of water. in the experiment they were trained to hit a picture of a particular face in most cases they succeeded. fish vision is far better adapted to water than ours otherwise they wouldn't survive. the problem is red white are great but i'm ok to. do you have a science question you've always wanted answered it. is saying it is and if we answer it on the show you'll get a little surprise as a thank you. come on just because. for most stories from the world of science go to our website or find us on twitter

. these of course if these so planted that are abundant in most lakes. they are only 2 to 6 millimeters in size when conditions are right they can reproduce pretty rapidly. bunch when environmental conditions on test conducive their eggs can lay dormant for years until the air is cleaner again this was the case in lake constance which borders southern germany switzerland and austria. lakes are into complex ecosystems although lakes and ponds only make up 3 percent of the earth's surface they're an important natural habitat but they're being thrown out of balance by overfishing pollution and climate change constance in central europe once fell victim to some of these factors to. believe the officer

rena is a researcher from indonesia she is examining how the lake has changed. its route on and you had before the 916 this lake was all ego trophic meaning it had a low level of nutrients but by the 1980 s. it had become a future fic this means that over time and plant life like al good can flourish to the detriment of animal life and its water quality decreased because of additional phosphates from agriculture and household waste the governments of the 3 countries that border the lake germany austria and switzerland decided to restore it and now it's all a good chance we could gain so much return to its natural state. researchers are trying to find out how aquatic life reacts when the lake changes in this way from all eager trophic you trophic back either naturally or through human intervention

knowing this is key to preserving lakes and their ecosystems so or plankton such as daphnia are often used as test subjects because they react quickly to changes in the environment. believes up to reno has brought a variety of so plankton from the lake to be examined in the laboratory but i'm not like that it up mia by studying so well plankton like def now we have to understand how a link changes from year to only go to church fake so from an overly high nutrient level which is not good for the ecosystem to a lower level and a better quality lake. the marine biologists conducted various experiments on daphne in the lab measuring their body size each time she wants to know how they respond when the level of which is their food supply decreases she also exposed them to a greater number of predators both of these are effects that occur in the shift from you traffic to all of the traffic waters. and i hope that i can use the

knowledge i gained in germany when i returned to indonesia if i can understand how daphnia adapt to predators and to the availability of food then i can use that information to breed fish in a sandpit lake in indonesia using only natural food. if there were a plant in our natural food for fish i wanted to make the lake more beneficial to the community by creating an eco friendly fish farming area without artificial feed only relying on the natural food in the lake. but i. think constance it's now a healthy body of water again in the data that polluter of janina collect will hopefully help her to restore lakes in indonesia and to rejuvenate these vital ecosystems.

that's all for now on tomorrow today we'll be back next week with more engrossing stories about science and technology until then but by.

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