like these folks panic crater scientists can easily imagine the types of environments which were favorable to the formation of life on earth. there's a lot of hot water vapor we can hear the water but we can't see it. about the show we go to the lake look at down over there. 4000000000 years ago the chemistry of life may well have begun in small puddles swept by a backwash book would be put down as many hypotheses about the origins of life suggests that that there were tides leaving little lakes small ponds which let the organic molecules come together to maybe kick start life so maybe we needed both land and sea but the key for the call to not you. want to go always go with the big

danger would have been too much water with just a little bit more water we'd have had deeper oceans maybe tens of thousands of meters deeper and we'd have had no land just one big ocean granted but no surface no interaction at the actual no possibility of environments favorable to life if we can wonder if the fact that earth had just the right amount of water to have 70 percent oceans continents and then interactions was what made life possible i mean i feel. the ponds of hydrothermal springs provide an ideal environment in which the chemistry of life can get started water heat and chemical elements rising from under the surface that they're not creamy to primitive earth was definitely a chemistry level a dirty chemistry lab with lots of components all mixed up with a lot of changing of parameters and condition it's a metal book will take on the show. to say. hundreds of millions of years

the molecules mix together rearranging themselves in all possible combinations becoming ever more complex could this chemistry to finally produce life the chemical elements needed to be able to assemble in isolation from the outside environment. the cell membrane needed inventing. the c.e.o. within this one poison bubble of grease and helen things element in the poem that was the 1st individual and if it's split into 2 that was the 1st population as life began to go mostly. having only just come into existence the 1st life forms was still fragile the only protection from the outside environment a thin membrane. yet they succeeded in developing their metabolism and specializing life could now diversify trying out multiple forms.

larvae so if you have to fly has diversified an armistice but from a single common ancestor maybe early on there were several has a time piece of life but only once or i am not a moment of the day this year we know this because despite the incredible diversity and living i think animals and plants and the enormous variety and diversity of microorganisms that we all have the characteristics that we share that guy still has some comment. on the us is just saying biochemical base that the same d.n.a. as genetic material and we are all based on the same cloten man or thing. to us this everything that's in bacteria fungus birds whales or plants as the same stuff as us we're all related from bacteria to the most beautiful dresses debate to date and they're pretty off.

all inhabitants of earth carry within the traces of these shared ancient history for we all constructed from a limited number of identical basic ingredients and yet 4000000000 years ago the building blocks were available on primitive earth. just one identity only t.-n. do co-leader rides came from bodies which broke up the ends of years ago and it is near rights there were from 60 to 80 amino acids we only use 24 g.'s go. here i'm the 1st life forms chose these 20 amino acids for why those so it's probably just a question of chance to do a shot so. if the group time your invasion you can very well imagine a world in which living creatures are made up of 28 amino acids it was but not the same ones as us it wouldn't produce all the same lifeforms as hybrid you may be

very different movie so how can you feel. scientists come up against a serious problem when trying to work out how life 1st came into being. 4000000000 years of plate tectonics have obliterated any trace of the 1st organisms. so they have to look elsewhere on a planet where conditions favorable to life did once exist and where traces of this distant past may still remain. sceptic than in the black community there's no plate tectonics on the surface of mars or at least a start very early there which means that at certain sides its entire history has been preserved going back a very long and highly after 4000000000 years old and. there

was certainly time for life to occur on months before the planet lost its atmosphere and any record of these beginnings could very well have been preserved under the surface. nasa mars had to use a very similar to earth which liquid water comets raining down organic matter and so on just like on earth and that's all i need to use it up there man shows the shield. going to him as i said your feeling at least with the same ingredients from space there might have been the same beginnings of democrat changes which on earth produced life also maybe on mars there were these 1st these are dangerous to like maybe membrane of life of the structures like that the structure of the city plus. the affable think we've studied the planet online and we realize that 3 and

a half to 4000000000 years ago mars had the conditions that it could have supported the beginning of life. directions. and that's where we've found that the curiosity rover which has been on mars for 7 years now since the end is still investigating that a crater it touched down in which. 160 kilometers across used to be a lake of fresh water filled with fresh water this water was present for hundreds of millions of years old so it's possible that life appeared in that crater if you play about it and also cut to. exploring the former lakes of mons these scientists were hoping to answer one of the major questions of astronomy and biology is life a pretty ordinary phenomenon in the universe popping up wherever conditions are favorable or is it really a one off an omen in that we have practically no hope of finding anywhere else but

on the earth's surface this is the crucial question which the next missions to explore the red planet's arid surface will attempt to answer even though for the last 40 years the history of the search for life on mars has been one long series of disappointments almost every 2 years we hear we found evidence of life but we haven't on mars is on us. these disappointments began with mariner 4 in 1965 as the probe got close to mass it sent back the 1st photographs of the surface to the consternation of the scientific community. the photos showed a dry and desert like planet then it was the viking missions the 1st time scientific probes actually touched down on martian soil we have since 1976 the viking which looked for life worthwhile logical experiments looking for life on the surface of mars the results are negative yet if. you're so exposed to the

viking experiments we're actually looking for life on mars that would be the same as on earth so i that's a total illusion and it didn't work it got nowhere but in either go it was a huge disappointment as the 1980s dawned not just the general public but scientists to. we're going through all to the then dominant idea in both cinema and literature that life the bounded beyond our planet that that upon yeah that was the 1st big shock shaking the dominant paradigm of that time which said that there was life everywhere including on mars. the failure of the viking missions called for a total rethink of how we should tackle the question of extraterrestrial life bhaskar no mit take. the people just yet sense mankind had been convinced for several centuries that there was life all over the universe and the solar system also people seriously thought that mars was the most likely to be favorable to life on

a definite pre-sales issue took several setbacks in those experiments before people realized that this idea that there was life everywhere and run its course again as if you did a few no food is only recently that space missions have shown us that we should have a different approach and our missions of the planet mars. i think up on that mass. the next exploratory missions to mars won't be looking for a life now but rather the trace of life in the past. this is the objective of the ambitious european exo mars mission with its most bolivar tree. and then when we know mars well enough now to look specifically for things that have been preserved in the right context in zones favorable to life.

it's here ensuring that the gigantic 3 d. jigsaw puzzle of the european exo models is being assembled it's a worthy challenge for the scientific community. from the control center ensure in karolyn frisson they will monitor the analyses of the martian soil carried out by the automatic look for a tree in the rover it's the 1st time a mission will be capable of analyzing samples from beneath the surface of mars. all 6 of us just surfaces bombarded by radiation which destroys the material nerve organic matter which would be the possible residue of a life form able to manage and fall into the. masses atmosphere became too feeble to filter the solar radiation that so from full to life.

all close off by drilling down to meters we can get to a much better preserved environment is just clear it is more likely that the moment fuels we're looking for would be preserved plays out of us all the more nature could all the chefs. bush looking for life on mars is in effect looking for our own challenges will on earth that we don't know how it went from chemistry to biology it's the missing link exobiology that passage from chemistry to bio at your shifts. to show marks cause as if on mars through these experiments we find organic matter we can say that we're attracting the 1st stages of how life emerged on earth jeff in a very sheltered id's of the.

earth fortunately underwent a very different history from that of months our planet was able to hold on to its atmosphere and liquid water life continue to evolve inventing new forms. this white rock is testimony to an uphill battle that occurred 2500000000 years ago in the oceans a development which changed the entire history of life on earth a planet scale revolution brought about by microorganisms.

we know tides beautiful to me this rock has the history of our of the history of biology it's evolution it's the amazing ability to transform matter and energy and it's fantastic and where the children of this type of microorganism and this is our parent and i hate is soft. these aren't just any rocks that biologist put if you trust your own lopez garcia and her team are here to study. these calc area structures the result of what was a brand new process using solar radiation as a source of energy us dramatic lines constructed by complex microbial communities in particular cyanobacteria. skin onto i'm surrounded by fossils from our lives and this is a piece of living history man i like that i've just chalk and you can see the colonies of green messiah and i bacteria that is slick typical color of chlorophyll growth of pigment essential for photosynthesis that photo scientists. this

great innovation by cyanobacteria with their ability to manufacture their own food sugars from the 3 most abundant elements on primitive earth water carbon dioxide and sunlight this process of photosynthesis. so it produces a cult carious deposit which surrounds and protects the cyanobacteria allowing them to form colonies. no doubt. that a lovely piece is going real i'm going to go really really fast as. we have at least at least a 100 micro meters of growth per year maybe even $200.00 to $250.00. that's wonderful well. so much all that if we were happy this morning because we found a colonization system as we placed here 5 years ago yes now colonized by microbial communities which produce these minerals very quickly out of still off the top it's

about a millimeter over years old on which is huge spear if it did not know. 2.4000000000 years ago cyanobacteria benefited from an unexpected asset to help them colonize and dominate earth's ecosystem photosynthesis produced a waste product oxygen which was poisonous to the 1st organisms on earth the sausage and released in great quantities into the atmosphere wreaked havoc on other primitive organisms leaving the field clear for the cyanobacteria. home relaxation as oxygen was toxic for many other organisms they impose themselves and certainly nations mission is on the 1st day of a learn to resist this toxic oxygen and then they colonized this new oxygen filled

in the virus and it let in the so much to be everywhere from the oceans to lakes rivers to and all sorts of surfaces it online has 1900. the cyanobacteria became the most abundant hogan isms on earth and their massive presence changed the planet. the atmosphere. now contained oxygen and oxygen also provided life on earth with a new protective barrier. high up in the atmosphere ultraviolet radiation transformed oxygen into ozone and gave earth a vital shield the ozone layer. earth's surface was now protected from harmful ultraviolet radiation and new forms of life were free to evolve in the open air. where you measured out there i called for through a member when you see a picture of earth such as from a space station atmosphere you see how incredibly thin the protective atmosphere is

here remember this then film which was made by life itself over time and you realize to what extent all these particular areas were essential not just for earth but for the life to which it is all the. thanks to the cyanobacteria a fascinating self-perpetuating circle came into being. at 1st hoped foster the

evolution of life but then with oxygen it was like the change earth making earth increasingly welcoming to the evolution of life. our planet started to look different becoming a green planet a planet the color of chlorophyll. yokes you share now with oxygen his role in releasing energy and i'm a building the release on lots of energy through chemical reaction and it's more used before animals and probably led to the evolution of a multicellular organisms in which the female for its multicellular organisms then lunch animals could now of all thanks to these new elements essential to keeping these increasingly complex biological machines

running. new features requiring a greater energy input like muscles a liver or a brain could now form. evolution shaped our planet and its diversity evolution and life on earth into socio bull. by us remember i'm stunned by biological diversity of life is constantly evolving and producing not just the pair of the whole but all these forms of animals and plants that i see here is a list of primary 4 i could have a. vision

of unconscious but i also realized how hard this world can be seen now it's beautiful but it's a world full of struggles between different types of organisms you don't get a sphere is a composite of what and when i can see how darwin came up with his theory of natural selection actually the message having come to places like this if you don't decide where you can see these selection mechanisms work on all. the time we can use more this election long range of. our ecosystem is the culmination of a long dialogue between life and the environment a dialogue orchestrated by the rules of evolution. at yahoo last was a useful when individuals are almost identical they'll be in varied circumstances and in the population of these individuals some will have a small particularities and this particularities may give them a competitive advantage for getting food or reproduce next year and we do well but

you sure it will reproduce faster and gradually supplant those that don't have the particularities the id it's the environment that has selected the individuals best adapted to the current circumstances of course on the ticket is that. the environment itself was now modified by the biological activity of these individuals . evolution in fact is a constant back and forth between the environment and its inhabitants. anyway when there is no purposeful direction what it's not a straight line it in evolution progressed from bacteria to humiliate and it does go from bacteria to us but also from bacteria to bacteria whishaw sitting evolution is a sort of fan going in every possible direction. evolution of strollers what is biologically possible ammunition. on there doesn't move what we're in constant movement and this

is what has created something absolutely unique that surely more than just. this is the rich dynamic that has been driving earth since its origins stimulated by the diversity of its environments and climates life is permanently inventing new solutions from one continent to another species evolved differently coming up with news. strategies c.r.i. last year we read launched evolution since the origin of life if you know would we get the same result on life probably not that they say history repeats itself but it doesn't really even know some things are repeated but history is always different it's the same with my wife if we threw the dice again it's unlikely we could get the same animals and plants that we have to get my new found. evolution on earth these are coming together at the adaptations of genetics and the environment an environment which is itself the result of a long succession of chance of events shunts multiplied by chance and say

it's all this chance which is made our earth unique in the. busy and the ecosystems in which we find ourselves it's no desert sand or sea we won't find them anywhere else. this ecosystem is the result of a random process the probability of evolution producing a similar result on another planet seems very weak and yet for the last 25 years astronomers have discovered countless planets in our galaxy they are now quite certain that around most stars there are planets the actual number of planets in the universe must be beyond our imagination. to put a lot of your monkey on this is the argument brought up to challenge this change of paradigm again there are billions of galaxies all with billions of planets that's

true but billions of billions is an infinity of them yell between us what they are the sun there are billions of people that were all different it's not about there being a billions of galaxies it's that in a probability terms billions of billions it may not be a big enough number for us to find an identical case when you know you don't you can. no can go through customs it would in any case if we do discover another life it'll be surprising and fundamentally different from life on earth. should i know my family i wouldn't expect to find a tree on another planet or an ecosystem identical to this one you see in life has occurred on other planets based on a similar chemistry i'm not even sure there have been animals implying it is more than a prompt. look for soul but. don't imagine we could find our environment on another planet said

it's a complete illusion is could there be a planet big big my answer is very harsh there is no planet b. but and it's criminal to say there is a sick feeling there's only one space ship with earth ecosystems and that's earth was just and there will be no other. don't know about. her for around 4000000000 years earth has been home to a life of increasing diversity constantly inventing new strategies to survive cataclysms or changes in the environment. life always seems to be on the front foot as though determined to survive in one form or another. yet today it seems that this beautiful machine ecosystem could well be stalling as a result of the depredations done to it by now own species. of 50 they said we are part of this same biodiversity this ecosystem it will if we destroy it but then

that's all part of this ecology in a deep way and will probably go extinct a surprise but we won't be the last time we'll go a long time before the bacteria were just a leaf at the end of a branch which is billions of years old the same as all the bacteria all the trees all the plants and all the microorganisms on the planet of a missile were just one more part of his bio diversity and nothing more than that to. panic.

attack. water's cold cold and searching for gold to acquire 6 feet and it's like a piece right there see that stuff in there during the clinton era finding an old tradition holds past me. 2 having to live with a falling look and why it's a great way to conquer existential feelings i've already forgotten all my problems some of the focus on. him 30 minutes plugged in the book.

to the point strong opinions clear position the international perspective such. a massive new leak of financial documents internationally renowned banks are continuing to aid and the bad illegal money laundering the corrupt are the banks that's the topic on to the point. to the point the to the 10 minutes on t.w. . sometimes. what connects people just schomberg the midsummer a slave is so strong that it can be changin down the beach celebrating the 30th anniversary as realistic ation october 3rd on d w. play

. play. this is deja vu news live from berlin a number of new coronavirus cases hits a record high in france and there's been a surge in hospitalizations the government is introducing new measures to slow the spread of the virus also coming up. were they right or were they wrong football authorities coming under criticism after allowing.