add him up for bravery in clearing 121000 square meters think 20 soccer fields of explosives in just half an hour at my job i can seek out mines in an area that would take humans for days to clear his keen sense of smell and his light weight and let him get there safely that's why he's our state at this hour thanks so much for watching. combating the pandemic. where does research stand. what are scientists learning. ground information and news. hour carona update. 19 special next on d w. how does a virus spread. why do we parent and when will. you just threw the topics covered and we couldn't read your blog is called spectrum if you

would like any information on the coronavirus or any other science topic you should really check out our podcast so you can get it wherever you get your podcasts you can also find us at. ford slash science. because at 19 pandemic has exposed weaknesses in the world's ability to track and respond to major infectious disease outbreaks. the 2014 to $16.00 it total are epidemic in west africa short of long standing weaknesses in the international health system and how for that it was for a major outbreak. for years on and even countries thought to have strong response capabilities failed to detect the early signs of. corona virus

outbreaks all respond quickly enough meant that community transmission of the virus was already well established before governments could react. think tanks and public policy institute like have been pushing for massive investment in outbreak response and care capacity. demick preparedness has been described as a global public good. and yet globally it's been left up to national public health systems to carry the largest burden of cases and the boke of the costs. outbreaks and resurgence is of coronavirus cases are stretching public health systems the world over local and national governments keep having to make drastic measures for to prevent services being overwhelmed they have to act fast to get ahead of this virus. stagnation in a place where people would normally be having fun this is not how big had imagined

things his fair had only just opened when he had to close it down again because of a drastic increase in corona numbers in the west philly and city of ham. wouldn't every have to drag a sick feel we've put our heart and soul into this weeks of work it's really tough it's shocking we haven't earned any money or year and now we're having to write off potential income. and all of this because of a single wedding celebration where more than 100 people were infected with the coronavirus. were not to blame as far as anyone can tell there hasn't been a single instance anywhere of numbers going up in any way around a temporary leisure ground nonetheless or the 1st to feel the full impact and it's frankly depressing that we are the ones who always end up paying the price of. the closure of the funfair was only one of the measures ordered by mayor. in a bid to get infection rates under control he says he's now looking at how private

festivities can be better monitored. we're keeping a 150 as the upper limit in how because we don't want anybody to start canceling a wedding or a silver wedding anniversary. but up to 25 people these occasions don't have to be registered from 25 to 50 there must be advance notice so that we know what's happening and where and from 50 to 150 they are subject to approval and we'll be taking a very close look. many and ham are asking themselves how the couple in question could have been so reasonable. so far not everybody who is infected has been tracked down their mayor is relying on volunteers who trace possible victims people like retired doctor. or a truly great really pushes you to your limits especially for people working at the local health offices who are organizing this whole operation it's

a real pity that it's had to come to this i personally believe it could have been avoided. meanwhile fairground operate it really is now faced with the dismantling of his fare. i just hope we can get back to life as normal that we can take part in the fun fairs and other festivals as we always have and i hope we can help make people a little bit happy. for now though phone is on hold. so we can now speak to dr emanuel who is a professor of health care management at the university of pennsylvania in the u.s. well in months into this pandemic now dr emanuel and global health systems are they now in a better position to cope with the coronavirus outbreaks or they've been weakened by these months of sickness no i think in general certainly and in the advanced countries they are better able we know how to manage patients better we know not to into bait them to give them high flow oxygen we know

how to use anti-coagulants we know to use to actually met the sun so we have a lot more knowledge about how to manage these patients and which ones really need to be in the intensive care unit nonetheless if you have a large number of cases you will can overwhelm the system and i believe the french are you know teetering that problem right now yeah what do you think i mean. advanced countries any more ready for a 2nd wave than they might have been for the 1st time particularly saying that some of these 2nd occurrences are coming with even small cases than the 1st time round. yes that is worrisome they say look the systems can be overwhelmed if you have too many a cases we do i think have again better management but we also need to have better search capacity the ability to quickly put up temporary facilities in you know mobile units or tents and that's going to be necessary we you know we predict that

you're going to have repeated waves here for the you know influenza of 180-9198 also extended to $1020.00 that were you know 4 waves of it actually more small echoes of it so we've got to be prepared for that to happen and part of that preparation is search capacity during the course of this pandemic have we seen sense styles of public health system that are working better than others it's. we have i mean systems that we're able to quickly implement. testing. contact tracing and suppression they've kept the number of cases very low you can look at taiwan singapore south korea japan has real models here germany itself did a remarkably good job of keeping the death rate extremely low so there are

places that have done well but even places that search like italy they were able to put public health measures in place the social distancing the avoiding crowds the facemask wearing the closing of not essential businesses and then 8 or 10 weeks they were able to bring the numbers very very low and that does show you that even without a vaccine using public health measures you can actually bring the case numbers low and then begin to open up the economy it's very important you know once you have the case numbers low life can resume not completely to normal but watts of freedoms can be reintroduced under those circumstances. on the health systems on the other side of that though we've actually seen performing less well than we thought they might have under these conditions yes the united states is a really good example of that we've just done a terrible job at in large measure the terrible job has been the fact that we've had you know we're a very big country of 4 times the size of germany for example and we've had

a haphazard response so some states are doing a very good job of closing out essential businesses wearing face masks this and say well other states like georgia and florida just aren't and once that happens people travel they bring the virus with them and it reignites cases so we saw it go from new york to the south and the west and then up the midwest in the united states and it's raging where we're back up to double the number of cases we had in june because states like wisconsin and missouri in the middle of the country are just having large scale spread because they ignore the public health measures it's been very tough for the united states doctors they kill emmanuel thank you so much for joining us thank you for. now it's time for one of your questions to ask science correspondent derek williams today comes from someone calling themselves eric cartman. how do you make

a vaccine for something that mutates. i get asked this a lot to answer we have to look at the process of evolution not just like with living organisms the genetic code that governs how a virus is made changes from generation to generation sometimes in small ways sometimes in big ones the progeny if they survive eventually will become separate strains that are distinct from their common ancestor their genetic code has changed and and that can change how they look at their structure and also how they interact with potential hosts for example whether they can cause more or less severe illness what's key to creating a vaccine is the speed at which these changes occur in viruses like the ones that

cause influenza for example which have genomes that are less stable or the rate of change is so rapid and random that we need a new vaccine to fight them every year we have to play catch up with flu bugs all the time fortunately due to the way that sars cove 2 makes copies of itself its genome remains relatively stable as far as we can tell a worldwide there isn't a lot of genetic variation yet among all the novel coronavirus is circulating in different parts of the planet and because those groups are so homogeneous theoretically a vaccine that can prevent one should be able to prevent them all what's interesting and kind. the scary is that is that when we start to prevent infections with a vaccine will also start forcing sars cove to change in ways that will allow

it to get around the vaccine but but that's a different question. and we will have more questions to our science correspondent barry williams next time around now let's have a look at how the world is doing in terms of coronavirus cases. look at take it from 209 countries and territories over the past 4 weeks tells us the number of new cases has doubled or worse in 35 countries they also increased though to a lesser degree in a further 77 countries 6 countries have seen case numbers rising at around the same rate 61 countries have seen their new coverage 19 positive cases go down by anything up to half and 21 have seen them in more than half of meanwhile 9 countries have reported no new cases for 4 weeks in a row. this is the graph compared with the last few weeks remember the battle is won when that entire chart is blue we still have

a long way to go. but we will eventually get that that's all from this coming 19 special if you want from more from us as a dedicated section of the that we dot com. you square this as it seems. to understand the world better we need to take a closer look. experience knowledge to borrow to. the to.

allow ourselves to. live on clouds. and tears. thinking of the world in a more poetic. b.r.d. and exclusive interview. to say no. 13. every 2 seconds a person is forced to flee their home. the consequences have been disastrous our documentary series displaced depicts dramatic humanitarian crises around the world. forgetting we don't hate them and think i didn't go to university to kill people i don't know i think the fact that man yeah. people feel for their lives and

their future so they seek refuge abroad but what will become of those who stay behind. displaced starts october 16th on g.w. . 'd the fingerprint is unique to an individual a pattern of ridges and follows that can reveal more than just your identity. when a finger makes even just in contact with the surface at least traces of sweat fat salt and proteins that can now be analyzed using new technology. that helps scientists identify someone's eating habits the diseases they suffered from or whether they took drugs even centuries after the fact.

following fingerprints into the past and rediscovering history welcome to tomorrow today the science show on d w. 'd books repositories of knowledge centuries old books can teach us a lot about the past as long as we can decode them cryptographers have yet to decipher the 15th century vine it manuscript for example. that historical bookstore molecular as well as intellectual secrets. secrets about the people who wrote them touched them and left their traces in the form of proteins these molecules are found in every single cell of the body and each type of protein is made up of a sequence of amino acids folded in a human equation scientists have only recently learned how to read this data hidden between the lines of old books. the so-called marco polo

bible is almost 800 years old tiny slivers of the parchment are all biochemist giorgio riggins he needed to look into its past getty speciality is proteomics the study of the range of proteins in organisms here. examines documents paintings clothing traces of proteins and they can be thousands of years old the bible belongs to the laurentian library in florida it's named after markopolos because he was thought to have taken it to china to the court of kook like khan but what kind of parchment is it made of back then paper had not yet been invented. the surface had been examined with instruments like spectrophotometer using ultraviolet and infrared light and so on but then we were proteome assists came along and examined the proteins there was a theory that bibles from the period were written on parchment made from the skin

of lamb fetuses it turns out this one was really non-cash skim. brigade he says it's a type of parchment that was only used until the middle of the 13th century and the south and from this new method together with textual analysis have revealed the bible's origins no one at the laurentian library had ever heard of proteomics before. that we have it i mean this was absolutely new to us to get he told the academic world our researchers of experts on manuscripts something that was completely unknown to them something we'd always wanted a physical analysis of our documents. physical. but righetti had a problem he needed some pills for his person analyses and most libraries and museums refused to allow precious works to be damaged in any way but his solution was found to rig a problem and it came from israel. in

a tele beefs. silverstein originally from russia conducts personnel mix research. as soon as he heard about we're guess he's worked with the markopolos bible he wanted to get involved. if you immediately i think you or would you. extract the result of the result destruction of which would run think think. what are you considerations means a. good solution will prove to some people it's not bush and therefore he said if we want to keep on examining cultural heritage we simply cannot continue to use these destructive technologies results not just like a renaissance genius he keeps coming up with avant garde ideas. silberstein has invented plastic films containing blades of charged resins that general proteins and other chemicals from objects that placed on the extracted preachings

can then be analyzed and the laboratory his latest coup an examination of one of jack i'm ok the novus manuscript it's. great for so long for. this molecule portrait. of a little insight. from casanova's memoirs to the shirt and one checkoff was wearing when he died little by little silverstein and his team are working their way through the literary canon. another exciting discovery is what he found on a manuscript by russian writer and make our book out of. always was a cute really curious what was a source of search. for months or more character the answer was found in traces of sweat on the manuscript jugs read

chose the highest concentration green the lowest. price. the people. object to information. 3 so for tracks. it's. rippers. silberstein sent the extract of pershing's to regret in milan in his lab at the polytechnic university the plastic films a dipped in a chemical solution that detaches everything that has stuck to them. the enzyme trips and breaks down the proteins into smaller peptide fragments which are then analyzed by a mass spectrometer. a major breakthrough by the protein historians had to do with the history of milan itself

half the city's residents died in a plague epidemic in 1630 were getting he wanted to find out what the death registers still in existence and kept in the state archives might reveal. with silverstein's films he examined the lower right margins of several pages and found that they bore traces of sweat bacteria tobacco and food. but peter that of course we examined proteins associated with plague bacteria but we also found out that not everyone died of the plague 2 percent of the victims died of anthrax with this research in which we identify proteins we have in a sense brought a dead battery to life through our risen from the grave in which they were buried 400 years ago we've brought them back to life for me it's quite incredible there's a good amount of cars that will be here. says person

historians could rediscover all of world history in an antiquarian bookshop in florence he recently found this book published in venice centuries ago. would probably fire. all kinds of bacteria epidemics traces of cholera typhoid who knows you know some. pretty omics could become one of the most exciting sciences of the future by casting a new look at the past. the. scribes publishes and read is have left information about themselves as traces of proceedings on the pages of bedbugs. pres he means are found in the sweat the body produces when it's under stress and proceedings may play a role in the somewhat pension smell of sweat but in fact stress plays

a vital role in human survival. since prehistoric times stresses help humans to survive when a predator approaches our brain sounds the alarm releasing the stress hormones are trying ellen and cortisone adrenaline gives our body a sudden energy burst our heart rate and blood pressure rise that comes more blood to our muscles the stress hormone cortisol is released soon afterward it acts as a stimulant raising blood sugar levels suppressing the need for sleep and reducing our sensitivity to pain but in the long term it can ravage the immune system adrenalin and cortisol give us an energy rush and activate the fight or flight response afterwards our body needs to rest and recover to the stresses different often it just doesn't stop this constant state of high alert can lead to chronically high levels of cortisol that can make us sick and weaken our immune

system. and it can also promote obesity out blood pressure and heart your vascular disease. and. 'd the good news is there's plenty we can do to. beat stress including breathing exercises when to try to. 'd sit down close your eyes take a deep breath. feel how your body expands as a fills your lungs. exhale. repeat. studies show that conscious breathing reduces stress levels but there's another unexpected factor that affects how we deal with stress and it has to do with where we grow up. this fellow was a typical city kid who didn't spend much time in the countryside or had contact with animals this guy by contrast grew up surrounded by nature he had lots of

contact with farm animals. research shows that people who were raised in the country are less likely to have certain mental illnesses. that are actually growing up in the countryside is actually associated with a much lower risk of getting depression and. so are people who grew up in the country also better at coping with stress to find out labors team conducted an experiment they simulated a job application interview with 40 male test subjects. but how do you see this is why do you think you are the best candidate. because of my previous experience. the interviewers didn't just listen quietly but intensified the pressure by asking the candidates to do some mental arithmetic on a spot to help backwards from 3269 in steps of 163221 stop of that's wrong please start again from

3269. to test subjects didn't know the interview was not for a real job getting the answers right was not important the experiment was about something completely different. this is and it's a standardized test its only purpose is to put people under stress under experimental conditions just for that seem perfect 20 of the test subjects grew up in a city and have never had contact with farm animals. the other 20 spent at least the 1st 15 years of their lives in the country and had lots of contact with farm animals it's already that established that that has certain health benefits. as its minister with regard to allergies and auto immune diseases it's been known

for years that growing up in the country protects people from their money even after a fixed labor thinks there are further benefits residents of rural areas have contact with many non harmful microorganisms that are prevalent in and around animals in their coats and feed researchers call them old friends this isn't it's a colorful mix of bacteria argue bacteria viruses and single cell organisms all of these microorganisms that were present during our evolution are referred to as old friends. and his colleagues 1st identified the effect of these old friends in experiments on mice. with mice we've demonstrated that when they're treated with these good microbes they're less susceptible to stress for example we could prevent chronic stress from causing intestinal inflammation or increased anxiety in the mice angst hytner who. does that also hold true for people who grew

up in the country and the researchers used the fake job interview to try to answer this question before the test they took saliva and blood samples from the participants. a particular interest where the stress hormone cortisol. which is produced by the adrenal glands and released in greater amounts when we experience stress and the side of kind interleukin 6 which is also released when we are stressed it stimulates inflammation high levels are associated with a whole range of illnesses so inflammatory bowel disease inflammatory disease of the joints and as to the emotions depression for example or posttraumatic stress disorder and anxiety disorders and. before the experiment cortisol and interleukin 6 were present at normal levels in both groups the city kids and those who grew up in the country after the test samples were taken the cortisol level

proved to be the same in both groups that means they experienced the test situation as equally stressful but how did their bodies deal with the stress. the researchers looked at the white blood cells the leukocytes they produce the class of cytokines known as interleukin 6 including interleukin 6 produced in larger amounts when we're stressed. by us as of when number of white blood cells and the number of inflammatory cytokines released were higher in city dwellers than in those from the country and going to. 2 hours after the test researchers drew blood again to see if the interleukin 6 levels had dropped and were returning to normal the results were interesting the city residents weren't able to regulate their interleukin 6 level that means it continued to rise over the 2 hours after the experiment but those from a rural background were able to bring the level down within the same time period.

why was the 2nd group able to deal with stress more swiftly professor says it has to do with the old friends. contact. contact with these microorganisms enhances the regulation of the immune system. the rise in interview can 6 was less pronounced in those with a rural background. so those who had a lot of contact with animals reduced their interleukin 6 level and by implication their stress level more quickly it's not yet clear whether rural microbes are the only reason for that could extended contact with a pet a dog or a cat yield the same positive the facts and his team want to find that out. given that. so many of us one of the most stress inducing places is the office just

as we're trying to write an important event the phone rings and then a text message pings on to your cell phone ok and you have a meeting to run to it's impossible to concentrate and get anything done. but help could come from our computer thanks to emotion recognition software. chadli mario one is a software developer. his work involves a lot of complex tasks. can be strenuous and sometimes kind of depressing when you can figure it out when you're in a bad mood this colleague materia schmidt maya also spends a lot of time in front of the computer off he's multitasking. worst case scenario it hits you all at once the entire day long various stages of things you could sit down and say monday i'll do only the one thing tuesday the other in practice though

that's difficult. they both work for tony a company that's looking to develop an intelligence software system that automatically supply staff with only as much work as they can complete. the employees have to wear a pulse monitor while on the job. a video cam films their face. set up is supposed to monitor their mood and emotional state based on that the software will decide how much work they can handle moment. marco maya helped develop the software he's looking at chad lease data to try to figure out how his colleague was feeling about his work right then and what his emotional state was like. do you find the task difficult or easy was he may be at risk of feeling overextended over

a longer period. to figure that out the computer will have to learn how to interpret emotions. is one of the test subjects she's assigned to stressful task she has to retire various texts what she doesn't know is that the texts will get increasingly difficult 1st she gets a children's story then a text with complex chemical formulas the post monitor gives feedback on her stress level. at the same time the camera monitors various facial muscles that indicate emotion like the corner of her mouth all the area around her eyes. regain its expression is fairly neutral but not quite. on the right side you can see she's under stress we just saw that the line is trending upwards what that means generally speaking is that the task is a challenging one. she's getting more stressed the other thing that's very

interesting is that the video also that's a straw conclusions about her heart rate is her heartbeat regular irregular fast or slow based on various insights from medicine in psychology we can draw some conclusions about stress levels the demands being made on her or relaxation. so even though her expression might be neutral a poker face she might still be feeling stressed on the inside. scoop on this. but do we really want to let a computer so deeply into our mind and so. phillips is out from the german research center for artificial intelligence has his doubts. and what if this is used as a form of surveillance perhaps even with repercussions for the employees if someone's performance seems subpar they might be fired maybe because they're going through a tough time on a personal level the system might detect that and that could have negative

repercussions for the employee and that's something we definitely don't want to see . germany it's illegal to monitor employees this way without their permission but will they always have a choice marco maya says his only goal is creating an optimized work atmosphere. system for example that would activate call forwarding in moments of intense concentration. what many people say is that technology now serves as a major distraction there are so many different channels of communication email messenger social media especially at work it's getting harder and harder to work on something in a really focused deep way over a longer period so it's a minute or so up but. it's become harder and harder to achieve flow the feeling of energised creative focus. is it switched on it's a state that's often described as the optimal balance between boredom and feeling

overwhelmed and stressed it's that mid point where i feel challenged but can still master the task that's flow. in flow. during a state of flow of brain releases happiness hormones heartbeat small rhythmically and skin conductance increases. marco maya wants to use these responses to teach computers to be aware of our emotions and to assign tasks to workers based on what they can muster at that moment. phillips result also believes that systems like this have other useful applications. for example in traffic and on the road. it might involve a train or not thomas driving system where we want to know if the locomotive engineer or the driver is still alert and awake but there might also be beneficial applications in office settings but. the company has already carried out tests in

real life offices the results are still under wraps but it's already clear that systems like this a poised to change how we work. it out what is right why avi bottom of the page. do you have a science question your voice than mulling over. every week we always hear a query sent in by of us. this time it comes from the ria inquiry. what is a black hole. black holes are among the weirdest objects in the universe there are traps and space time where gigantic amounts of matter are compressed to

a point so massive that it curved space almost infinitely and brings time to a standstill and the border of this bizarre world is known as the event horizon. the german the strong america. did seminal calculations of the defining parameter describing the event horizon. black holes are formed when massive stars collapse at the end of their life cycle or when the compact remains of death stars merge that's how the light weights among these gravitational traps are born they're called stellar black holes those gravity ranges from between a few times to some 10 times that of our sun media massive black holes can have up to 100000 times the solar mass and the really giant super massive ones lurk at the center of many galaxies millions even billions of times as massive as the sun. black holes grow by sucking up everything in their vicinity even might can't escape

the gravitational traps and they merge with one another to grow. albert einstein predicted them in his general theory of relativity. but they were 1st detected around 90 years later in the center of our galaxy the milky way is one such invisible mass that accelerates nearby stars to incredible speeds. telescopes around the world were synchronized to capture the 1st ever image of a black hole. the relatively unspectacular looking picture shows the place where time comes to a standstill the dark event horizon surrounded by a ring of light from the hard matter that orbits the black hole it with a milestone in astronomy.

to send in your questions just go to our website or find us on twitter. and that's it for this week's edition of tomorrow today thanks for watching we'll be back next time with more stories from the world of science and technology until then stay healthy and by.

and here's. thinking the world in a more poetic. b.r.d. . exclusive interview. coming up.

it feels. trendy not only for interior design but as a building material as well and in austria the 1st luxury hotel. entirely over wood. girl max. and 30 minutes on google you. some people don't care about me. because they don't see my beauty. some people don't care about me because they think i have nothing to give. but 2000000000 you can do. to them i am everything.

their homes. their food. their livelihood. but day by day i disappear. and so does everything i give. 2000000000 people care about me. me me me. and now the. media. frank food. international gateway to the best connection self you know road and rail. located in the heart of europe you are connected to the whole world.

experience outstanding shopping and dining offers and try our services. biala gassed at frankfurt airport city managed by for. this is d w news and these are our top stories the late ruth bader ginsburg has become of the 1st woman and the 1st a jewish person to lie in state at the u.s. capitol presidential candidate joe biden it was among those attending a ceremony to honor her life ginsburg a serve on the supreme court bench for 27 years the.