i'm not laughing at the germans well i guess i'm done by now but mostly i'm laughing with the german things deep into the german culture of. mutants can pick his grandmother they are you thoughts it's all there who you know i'm right you'll join me for me to get the money of course. the for. 'd think a princess is unique to an individual a pattern of ridges and foreigners that can reveal more than just your identity. when a finger makes even just pleasing contact with the surface it leaves traces of sweat fact salt and proteins that can now be analyzed using new technology. that helps scientists identify someone's eating habits the diseases they suffered from or whether they took drugs even centuries after the fact.

following fingerprints into the past and rediscovering history welcome to tomorrow today the science show on d w. books repositories of knowledge centuries old books can teach us a lot about the past as long as we can decode them cryptographers have yet to decipher the 15th century voynich manuscript for example but historical books still molecular as well as intellectual secrets. secrets about the people who wrote them touched them and left their traces in the form of proteins these molecules are found in every single cell of the body and each type of protein is made up of a sequence of amino acids folded in a unique way scientists have only recently learned how to read this data hidden between the lines of old boxed. the so-called marco polo

bible is almost 800 years old tiny slivers of the parchment are all biochemist georgio regain he needed to look into its past getty speciality is proteomics the study of the range of proteins in organisms he examines documents paintings clothing traces of proteins and they can be thousands of years old but it is the bible belongs to the laurentian library in florida it's named after markopolos because he was thought to have taken it to china to the court of kook like con but what kind of parchment is it made of back then paper had not yet been invented. the surface had been examined with instruments like spectrophotometer using ultraviolet and infrared light and so on but then we were proteome assists came along and examined the proteins there was a theory that bibles from the period were written on parchment made from the skin

of lamb foetuses it turns out this one was written on calfskin. brigade's he says it's a type of parchment that was only used until the middle of the 13th century and the south of france this new method together with textual analysis have revealed the bible's origins no one at the ranch and library had ever heard of proteomics before . that we have it i mean this was absolutely new to us to get he told the academic world our researchers of experts on manuscripts something that was completely unknown to them something we'd always wanted a physical analysis of our documents. but righetti had a problem he needed some pills for his person analyses and most libraries and museums refused to allow precious works to be damaged in any way but his solution was found to rick as he's problem. and it came from israel. in

a tele beefs gleb silverstein originally from russia conducts percy omics research . as soon as he heard about regresses work with the markopolos bible he wanted to get involved. our goal here. or would you. extract the result of the. destruction of which would one think think or. do you consider that you could use a good solution will prove to some people it's no good for the set if we want to keep on examining cultural heritage we simply cannot continue to use these destructive technologies result which is not just like a renaissance genius he keeps coming up with avant garde ideas. silberstein has invented plastic films containing beads of charged resins that general proteins and other chemicals from objects that placed on the extracted can then be analyzed

and then the bart tree his latest couth and examination of one of jack i'm ok and over his manuscripts it's. great to see the lower part of this molecule portrait. although and so. from casanova's memoirs to the shirt and one checkoff was wearing when he died little by little silverstein and his team are working their way through the literary canon. another exciting discovery is what he found on a manuscript by russian writes i'm a cow look of. always was a kid really curious what was the source of so. the answer was found in traces of sweat on the manuscript john. red shows the

highest concentration green the lowest. price. people fall object to preform. 3 sets of clerks. periods. silberstein sent the extracted pershing's to regret e in milan in his lab at the polytechnic university the plastic films are dipped in a chemical solution that detaches everything that has stuck to them. the enzyme trips and breaks down the proteins into smaller peptide fragments which are then analyzed by a mass spectrometer. and major breakthrough by the protein historians had to do with the history of milan itself

half the city's residents died in a plague epidemic in 1630 we're getting i wanted to find out what the death registers still in existence and kept in the state archives might reveal. with silverstein's films he examined the lower right margins of several pages and found that they portray says of sweat bacteria tobacco and food are pretty. good but peter that up passed the only course we examined the proteins associated with plague bacteria but we also found out that not everyone died of the plague or 2 percent of the victims died of anthrax with this research in which we identify proteins we have in a sense brought back to life are through r.c. models risen from the grave in which they were buried 400 years ago we've brought them back to life for me it's quite incredible of course there's a good amount of cars. yes there are being. pierre georgio regrets he says protein

historians could rediscover all of world history and an antiquarian bookshop in florence he recently found this book published in venice centuries ago. robert read that he said he would probably find all kinds of bacteria here epidemics traces of cholera typhoid who knows you know some. pretty omics could become one of the most exciting sciences of the future by casting a new look at the past. scribes publishers and rate is have left information about themselves as traces of prosimians on the pages of their books. prezi things are found in the sweat the body produces when it's under stress and proceedings may play a role in the somewhat pungent smell of sweat but in fact stress plays

a vital role in human survival. since prehistoric times stresses help humans to survive when a predator approaches our brain sounds the alarm releasing the stress hormones or trial and quarters of adrenaline gives our body a sudden energy burst our heart rate and blood pressure rise that comes more blood to our muscles the stress hormone cortisol is released soon afterward it acts as a stimulant raising blood sugar levels suppressing the need for sleep and reducing our sensitivity to pain but in the long term it can ravage the immune system adrenalin and cortisol give us an energy rush and activate the fight or flight response afterwards our body needs to rest and recover today stress is different often it just doesn't stop this constant state of high alert can lead to chronically high levels of cortisol. that can make us sick and weaken our immune

system. it can also promote obesity out but pleasure and heart you bascule disease ready. the good news is there's plenty we can do to beat stress including breathing exercises want to try it ready ready ready. sit down close your eyes take a deep breath. feel how your body expands as a fills your lungs. exhale. repeat. studies show that conscious breathing reduces stress levels but there's another unexpected factor that affects how we deal with stress and it has to do with where we grow up. this fellow was a typical city kid who didn't spend much time in the countryside or have contact with animals this guy by contrast grew up surrounded by nature he had lots of

contact with farm animals and. research shows that people who were raised in the country are less likely to have certain mental illnesses. that are actually growing up in the countryside is actually associated with a much lower risk of getting depression and. so are people who grew up in the country also better at coping with stress to find out labors team conducted an experiment they simulated a job application interview with 40 male test subjects. bonding and see this is why do you think you are the best candidate world because of my previous experience. interviewers didn't just listen quietly but intensified the pressure by asking the candidates to do some mental arithmetic on a spot to help backwards from 3269 instead. of

163220 one stop us off that's wrong please start again from 3269. to test subjects didn't know the interview was not for a real job getting the answers right was not important the experiment was about something completely different. this is and it's a standardized test of its only purpose is to put people under stress under experimental conditions just for that see the future perfect 20 of the test subjects grew up in a city and have never had contact with farm animals. the other 20 spent at least the 1st 15 years of their lives in the country and had lots of contact with farm animals it's already been established that that has certain health benefits. as its minister with regard to allergies and auto immune diseases it's been known

for years that growing up in the country protects people from them even after a fixed labor thinks there are further benefits residents of rural areas have contact with many non harmful microorganisms that are prevalent in and around animals in their dung coats and feed researchers call them old friends this isn't them it's a colorful mix of bacteria are good bacteria viruses and single cell organisms all of these microorganisms that were present during our evolution are referred to as old friends. and his colleagues 1st identified the effect of these old friends in experiments on mice. with mice we've demonstrated that when they're treated with these good microbes they're less susceptible to stress for example we could prevent chronic stress from causing intestinal inflammation or increased anxiety. in the mice aisle to hide near herd. does that also hold true

for people who grew up in the country and the researchers use the fake job interview to try to answer this question before the test they took saliva and blood samples from the participants. a particular interest where the stress hormone cortisol which is produced by the adrenal glands and released in greater amounts when we experience stress and the side is kind interleukin 6 which is also released when we are stressed it stimulates inflammation high levels are associated with a whole range of illnesses inflammatory bowel disease inflammatory disease of the joints and as to the emotions depression for example or posttraumatic stress disorder and anxiety disorders and. before the experiment cortisol and interleukin 6 were present at normal levels in both groups in the city kids and those who grew up in the country after the test samples were taken the cortisol

level proved to be the same in both groups that means they experienced the test situation as equally stressful but how did their bodies deal with the stress. the researchers looked at the white blood cells the leukocytes they produce the class of cytokines known as interleukin sic including interleukin 6 produced in larger amounts when we're stressed. by us as of we're number of white blood cells and the number of inflammatory cytokines released were higher in city dwellers than in those from the country and let me think about. 2 hours after the test researchers drew blood again to see if the interleukin 6 levels had dropped and were returning to normal the results were interesting the city residents weren't able to regulate their interleukin 6 level that means it continued to rise over the 2 hours after the experiment but those from a rule by. ground were able to bring the level down within the same time period.

why was the 2nd group able to deal with stress more swiftly professor says it has to do with the old friend's. contact. contact with these microorganisms enhances the regulation of the immune system the rise in interleukin 6 was less pronounced in those with a rural background. so those who had a lot of contact with animals reduced their interleukin 6 level and by implication their stress level more quickly it's not yet clear whether rural microbes are the only reason for that could extended contact with a pet a dog or a cat yield the same positive the facts paper and his team want to find that out. if there are. so many of us one of the most stress inducing places is the office

just as we're trying to write an important e-mail the phone rings then a text message pings on to your cell phone oh and you have a meeting to run to it's impossible to concentrate and get anything done you can also look at it. but help could come from our computer thanks to emotion recognition software. chadli mario one is a software developer. his work involves a lot of complex tasks. can be strenuous and sometimes kind of depressing when you can figure it out when you're in a bad mood. his colleague materia schmidt maya also spends a lot of time in front of the computer often used multitasking. worst case scenario it hits you all at once the entire day long various stages of things you could sit down and say monday i'll do only the one thing. tuesday the other in practice

though that's difficult. they both work for tony a company that's looking to develop an intelligence software system that automatically supply staff with only as much work as they can complete. the employees have to wear a pulse moments a lot on the job. a video cam films their face. set up is supposed to monitor their mood and emotional state based on that data the software will decide how much work they can handle at that moment. mark o'mara helped develop the software he's looking at chad lease data to try to figure out how his colleague was feeling about his work right then and what his emotional state was like. do you find the task difficult or easy was he may be at risk of feeling

overextended over a longer period. to figure that out the computer will have to learn how to interpret emotions. is one of the test subjects she's assigned a stressful task she has to retire various texts what she doesn't know is that the texts will get increasingly difficult she gets a children's story then a text with complex chemical formulas the post monitor gives feedback on her stress level at the same time the camera monitors various facial muscles that indicate emotion like the corner of her mouth all the area around her eyes. regain its expression is fairly neutral but not quite. on the right side you can see she's under stress we just saw that the line is trending upwards what that means generally speaking is that the task is a challenging one. she's getting more stressed the other thing that's very

interesting is that the video also that's a struck conclusions about her heart rate is her heartbeat regular irregular fast or slow based on various insights from medicine in psychology we can draw some conclusions about stress levels the demands being made on her or relaxation. so even though her expression might be neutral a poker face she might still be feeling stressed on the inside. scoop on this. but do we really want to let a computer so deeply into our mind and so. phillips is out from the german research center for artificial intelligence has his doubts. what if this is used as a form of surveillance perhaps even with repercussions for the employees if someone's performance seems subpar they might be fired maybe because they're going through a tough time on a personal level the system might detect that and that could have negative

repercussions for the employee and that's something we definitely don't want to see . in germany it's illegal to monitor employees this way without their permission but will they always have a choice. says his only goal is creating an optimized work atmosphere. system for example that would activate call forwarding in moments of intense concentration. but what many people say is that technology now serves as a major distraction there are so many different channels of communication email messenger social media especially at work it's getting harder and harder to work on something in a really focused deep way over a longer period than it was thought but. it's become harder and harder to achieve flow a feeling of energized creative focus. is that it's a state that's often described as the optimal. allan's between boredom and feeling

overwhelmed and stressed it's that mid point where i feel challenged but can still master the task that's flow. in flow. during a state of flow brain releases happiness hormones heartbeat small rhythmically and skin conductance increases. marco my own wants to use these responses to teach computers to be aware of our emotions and to assign tasks to workers based on what they can muster at that moment. phillips was on they also believes that systems like this have other useful applications. for example in traffic and on the road. it might involve a train or not thomas driving system where we want to know if the locomotive engineer or the driver is still alert and awake but there might also be beneficial applications in office settings but. the company has already carried out tests in

real life offices the results are still under wraps but it's already clear that systems like this a poised to change how we work. it out what is right why ave class even if it is do you have a science question your voice than money nova. every week we always hear a query sent in by the way. this time it comes from the ria increase. what is a black home. black holes are among the weirdest objects in the universe there are traps in space time where gigantic amounts of matter are compressed. to

a point so massive that it curves space almost infinitely and brings time to a standstill the border of this bizarre world is known as the event horizon. the german astronomer. did seminal calculations of the defining parameter describing the event horizon. black holes are formed when massive stars collapse at the end of their life cycle or when the compact remains of death stars emerge that's how the light weights among these gravitational traps are born they're called stellar black holes whose gravity ranges from between a few times to some 10 times that of our sun media massive black holes can have up to 100000 times the solar mass and the really giant super massive ones lurk at the center of many galaxies millions even billions of times as massive as the sun. black holes grow by sucking up everything in their vicinity even light can't escape

the gravitational traps and they merge with one another to grow. albert einstein predicted them in his general theory of relativity. but they were 1st detected around 90 years later in the center of our galaxy the milky way is one such and visible mass that accelerates nearby stars to incredible speeds. telescopes around the world were synchronized to capture the 1st ever image of a black hole. the relatively unspectacular looking picture shows the place where time comes to a standstill the dark event horizon surrounded by a ring of light from the hot matter that orbits the black hole it was a milestone in astronomy.

just send in your questions just go to our website or find us on twitter. that's it for this week's edition of tomorrow today thanks for watching we'll be back next time with more stories from the world of science and technology until then stay healthy and.

muslim women choose between their faith and self-determination. i don't want anyone to tell me whether i can lead scott him off how are striving to reform. away from traditional prejudices. in islam. 15. you don't. well you know.

the idea is it is on its way to bring you more conservation. how do we make city screeners how can we protect habitats we can make a difference the ideas for mental series against google some of those are on t.w. and all mine like. mughal or just was food for the russians so. come to ramstein come. to so many different walks of life. some are pumping and oddly tried but all of them come straight from the hard drives for c.n.n. and when there's no more delusional marsh cool interactions how much. from the 1st

of the mob to their final resting place the russians on g w documentary. i'm scared that the my work that's hard and in the end is a me you're not allowed to stay here anymore we will send you back. are you familiar with this. with the smugglers with lions and. what's your story ready ready. i mean when i was a women especially in victims of violence. take part and send us your story we are trying in all ways to understand this new culture. another visitor another guest you want to become a citizen. in for migrants your platform for reliable information.

this is the doubly news live from berlin and our top story this hour u.s. president donald trump is set to reveal his pick for the supreme court amy kone barrett is tipped to fill the key seat and cement a conservative majority on the u.s. as highest court but liberals a furious the nomination is taking place just weeks before the presidential election.