it's like these folks in a crater scientists can easily imagine the types of environments which were favorable to the formation of life on earth. yet there's a lot of hot water vapor don't normally hear the water but we can't see it. on the other show we go to the lake look at down over there. 4000000000 years ago the chemistry of life may well have begun in small puddles swept by a backwash book of deep with as many hypotheses about the origins of life suggests that that there were tides leaving little lakes small ponds which let the organic molecules come together to maybe kick start life so maybe we needed both land and sea but the key for the call to know if. you can always go with the big danger

would have been too much water with just a little bit more water we'd have had deeper oceans maybe tens of thousands of meters deeper and we'd have had no land just one big ocean when it was no surface no interaction no possibility of environments favorable to life. we can wonder if the fact that earth had just the right amount of water to have 70 percent oceans continents and then interactions was what made life possible. the ponds of hydrothermal springs provide an ideal environment in which the chemistry of life can get started water heat and chemical elements rising from under the surface to air not creamy to primitive earth was definitely chemistry and a dirty chemistry lab where you have a ball with lots of components all mixed up with a lot of changing of parameters and condition it's a mental book will take on the show. several hundreds of millions of years

the molecules mix together rearranging themselves in all possible combinations becoming ever more complex could this chemistry to finally produce life the chemical elements needed to be able to assemble in isolation from the outside environment. the cell membrane needed inventing. the c.e.o. within this one voice a bubble of greece and ireland things element on the plane that was the 1st and the visual and if it's split into 2 that was the 1st population of life to get it. having only just come into existence the 1st life forms were still fragile they're only protection from the outside environment a thin membrane. yet they succeeded in developing their metabolism and specializing life could now diversify trying out multiple homes.

he says you have to fly has diversified an enormously but from a single common ancestor maybe early on there were several has a time piece of life but only once or i am not a moment of it. we know this because despite the incredible diversity of our living i think it animates that land and the enormous variety and diversity of microorganisms and we all have characteristics that we share act i speak to some only. one of us is just saying biochemical base not the same d.n.a. as genetic material and we are all based on the same cloete in man's mouth fucking . discus everything that's in bacteria fungus birds whales or plants is the same stuff as us we're all related from bacteria to the most beautiful dresses debated and activity off.

all inhabitants of earth carry within them the traces of these shared ancient history for we all constructed from a limited number of identical basic ingredients and yet 4000000000 years ago the building blocks were available on primitive earth. on anything you can do call meteorites came from bodies which broke up billions of years ago it is near rights there were from 60 to 80 amino acids we only use 24 days go. by me the 1st life forms chose these 20 amino acids while i don't so it's probably just a question of chance to do a shot so. if would be retiring vision you can very well imagine a world in which living with creatures are made up of $28.00 amino acids it off but not the same ones as us it wouldn't produce all the same lifeforms as hybrid they

would be very different movie so how can you feel. scientists come up against a serious problem when trying to work out how life 1st came into being. 4000000000 years of plate tectonics have obliterated any trace of the 1st organisms. so they have to look elsewhere on a planet where conditions favorable to life did once exist and where traces of this distant past may still remain. said they can if you like can exist there's no plate tectonics on the surface of mars or least a star very early there which means that at certain sites as its entire history has been preserved going back a very long time after 4000000000 years after media alderney. there

was certainly time for life to occur on months before the planet lost detachments fear and any record of these beginnings could very well have been preserved under the surface. mass a shitty mars had to use very similar to earth was liquid water comets raining down organic matter and so on just like on earth and they all got neat he said to the man shows special. going to man's i had your feeling that this was the same ingredients from the space of other matters in the same beginnings of difficult changes which on earth produced life also you may be on mars there were these 1st this is dangerous to like making membranes i thought was structured like that the structure of the city. and affable couldn't leave studied the planet a lot and we realized that 3 and

a half to 4000000 years ago mars had the conditions that it could have supported the beginning of life in up to his short directions. that's where we've found that the curiosity rover which has been on mars for 7 years now sit down and is still investigating it so that a crater is touched down at which. 160 kilometers across used to be a lake of fresh water filled with fresh water this water was present for hundreds of millions of years old so it's possible that my wife appeared in that crater lake view that it would also cut to. exploring the former lakes of mons these scientists are hoping to on so one of the major questions of astronomy and biology is life a pretty ordinary phenomenon in the universe popping up wherever conditions are favorable or is it really a one off phenomenon that we have practically no hope of finding anywhere else but

on the 1st says this is the crucial question which the next missions to explore the red planet's arid surface will attempt to answer even though for the last 40 years the history of the search for life on mars has been one long series of disappointments almost every 2 years we hear we found evidence of life but we haven't on marley's on us. these disappointments began with mariner 4 in 1965 as the probe called close to mass it sent back the 1st photographs of the surface to the consternation of the scientific community. the photos showed a dry and desert like planet. then it was the viking missions the 1st time scientific probes actually touched down on martian soil we have since 1976 the viking which looked on life with biological experiments looking for life on the surface of mars the results are negative yet if. she was exposed to the

viking experiments we're actually looking for life on mars that would be the same as on earth so that's a total illusion and it didn't work and it got nowhere but in a desert it was a huge disappointment as the 980 s. dawned not just the general public but scientists to you. weren't through all to the then dominant idea in by the cinema and literature that life the bounded beyond our planet said that upon yeah that was the 1st big shock shaking the dominant paradigm of that time which said that there was life everywhere including on mars. the failure of the viking missions called for a total rethink of how we should tackle the question of extraterrestrial life bhaskar limiting. the people just yet since mankind had been convinced for several centuries that there was life all over the universe and the solar system also people seriously thought that mars was the most likely to be favorable to life and

you know it affected pre-sales issue took several setbacks in those experiments before people realized that this idea that there was life everywhere and run its course and yes it did in a few no food is only recently that space missions are shows that we should have a different approach and our missions of the planet mars. i think up on it now for . the next exploratory missions to mars won't be looking for a life now but rather the trace of life in the past. this is the objective of the ambitious european exo mars mission with its most bottle of archery. name and we know mars well enough now to look specifically for things that have been preserved in the right context in zones favorable to life.

it's here in shereen that the gigantic 3 d. g. puzzle of the european exo mars is being assembled it's a worthy challenge for the scientific community. from the control center ensure in caroling fresenius will monitor the analyses of the martian soil carried out by the automatic look for a tree in the rover it's the 1st time a mission will be capable of analyzing samples from the neat the surface of mars. all 6 of us just surface is bombarded by radiation which destroys the material they're looking for such as organic matter which would be the possible residue of a life for. miles as atmosphere became too feeble to filter the solar radiation that so from full to life.

all close off by drilling down to meters we can get a much better preserved environment it's clear it is more likely that the moment you will as we are looking for would be preserved preserve us all the more nature can all the chefs. looking for life on mars is in effect looking for our own only jews will on earth that we don't know how it went from chemistry to biology it's the missing link of exobiology that passage from chemistry to bio at your new sheets. push off it's on mars through these experiments we find organic matter we can say that we're attracting the 1st stages of how life in mars on earth jeff in a very short order user of the.

earth fortunately underwent a very different history from that with mas our planet was able to hold on to its atmosphere and liquid water life continue to evolve inventing new forms. this white rock is testimony to an uphill battle that occurred 2500000000 years ago in the oceans a development which changed the entire history of life on earth a planet scale revolution brought about by microorganisms.

we had less beautiful to eat this right it was the history of our the history of biology it's evolution it's the amazing ability to transform matter and energy and it's fantastic and where the children of this type of microorganism this is our parent and i hate is what. these aren't just any rocks that biologist put if you cast your own lopez garcia and her team are here to study. these count carry a structures the result of what was a brand new process using solar radiation as a source of energy astra matter lights constructed by complex microbial communities in particular cyanobacteria. skin onto i'm surrounded by fossils from outer lives if this is a piece of living history man i like that i've just shocked that you can see the colonies of green messiah and i bacteria that is still a typical color of chlorophyll a crop of pigment essential for photosynthesis and that photo scientists. this

great innovation by cyanobacteria was their ability to manufacture their own food sugars from the 3 most abundant elements on primitive earth water carbon dioxide and sunlight this process of photosynthesis. also produces a health care ias deposit which surrounds and protects the cyanobacteria allowing them to form colonies. no doubt. that a lovely piece is growing really good really really fast as. we have at least at least a 100 micrometers of growth per year maybe even 202250 s. . it has wonderful. so much all that we were happy this morning because we found a colonization system as we placed here 5 years ago yes now colonized by microbial

communities which produce these minerals very quickly out of scale off the top it's about a millimeter over years old on which is huge scale if it did not move. 2.4000000000 years ago cyanobacteria benefited from an unexpected asset to help them colonize and dominate earth's ecosystem photosynthesis produced a waste product oxygen which was poisonous to the 1st organisms on earth these oxygen released in great quantities into the atmosphere wreaked havoc on other primitive organisms leaving the field clear for the cyanobacteria. as oxygen was toxic for many other organisms and they impose themselves and certain issues is on the 1st piece of a learn to resist this toxic oxygen and then they colonized this new oxygen filled

in the virus and it let in the so much to everywhere from the oceans to lakes to an old salts of surfaces on high as 29. the cyanobacteria became the most abundant organisms on earth and their massive presence changed the planet. the atmosphere. now contained oxygen and oxygen also provided life on earth with a new protective barrier. high up in the atmosphere ultraviolet radiation transformed oxygen into ozone and gave earth a vital shield the ozone layer. earth's surface was now protected from harmful ultraviolet radiation and new forms of life were free to evolve in the open air. where united at the high court 1st rule man created when you see a picture of earth such as from a space station that you see how incredibly thin the protective atmosphere is here

remember this then film which was made by life itself over time and you realize to what extent all these particular areas were essential not just for earth would you support for the life to which it is all that all of you. thanks to the cyanobacteria a fascinating self-perpetuating circle came into being. at 1st hoped foster the

evolution of life but then with oxygen it was life that changed earth making earth increasingly welcoming to the evolution of life. our planet started to look different becoming a green planet a planet the color of chlorophyll. yokes you share now with oxygen his role in releasing energy and they building the release on lots of energy through chemical reaction and it's more useful for animals and probably led to the evolution of a multicellular organisms are already fairly rare few. years multicellular organisms then lunch animals could now evolve thanks to this new element essential to keeping these increasingly complex biological machines running

. new features requiring a greater energy input like muscles a liver or a brain could now form. evolution shaped our planet and its diversity evolution and life on earth into socio bull. by us remembering i'm stunned by biological diversity as life is constantly evolving producing not just the parity of ok but all these forms of animals and plants that i see here in this primary for i can have a. vision

of unconscious but i also realize how hard this world can be so you know it's beautiful but it's a world full of struggles between different types of organisms you don't get news for is a composite of what and when i can see how darwin came up with his theory of natural selection that's really the lesson having come to places like this he said on this on where you can see these selection mechanisms work and all. the time you can use mark this election law for a few of. our ecosystem is the culmination of a long dialogue between life and the environment a dialogue orchestrated by the rules of evolution. at your groceries and even useful when individuals are almost identical they'll be in varied circumstances and in the population of these individuals some will have a small particularities and this particularities may give them a competitive advantage for getting food or reproduce next year and we do well but

you sure it will reproduce faster and gradually supplant those that don't have the particularities the id it's the environment that has selected the individuals best adapted to the current circumstances was of course on the take it is that. the environment itself was now modified by the biological activity of these individuals . evolution in fact is a constant back and forth between the environment and its inhabitants. anyway when there's no purposeful direction it's not a straight line making evolution progress from bacteria to humiliate arms it does go from bacteria to us but also from bacteria to bacteria whishaw sitting evolution is a sort of fan going in every possible direction. evolution exploration what is biologically possible hiroshi. on there was a movement that we're in constant movement and this is what has created something

absolutely unique that should be more than just. this is the rich dynamic that has been driving earth since its origins stimulated by the diversity of its environments and climates life is permanently inventing new solutions from one continent to another species evolved differently coming up with new. strategies c.r. last year we read launched evolution since the origin of life if you know would we get the same result tonight probably not happen they say history repeats itself but it doesn't really even know some things are repeated but history is always different it's the same with life i feel if we threw the dice again it's unlikely we'd get the same animals and plants that we have to get money from. evolution on earth is a coming together at the adaptations of genetics and the environment an environment which is itself the result of a long succession and chance of events. multiplied by chance. see

its all this chance which is made earth unique. because it was used and the ecosystems in which we find ourselves it's no desert sand or sea we won't find them anywhere else. births ecosystem is the result of a random process the probability of evolution producing a similar result on another planet seems very weak and yet for the last 25 years astronomers have discovered countless planets in our galaxy they are now quite certain that around most stars there are planets the actual number of planets in the universe must be beyond our imagination. to put a lot of your knowledge here on this is the argument brought up to challenge this change of paradigm and yet there are billions of galaxies always billions of

planets that's true in the billions of billions is an infinity of them yell that when that's what they are thus and there are billions of people that were all different it's not about there being a billions of galaxies you think it's that in a probability terms billions of billions it may not be a big enough number for us to find an identical case when you know you don't think . they will go through the custody who in any case if we do discover another life or it will be surprising and fundamentally different from life on earth. should not tom i wouldn't expect to find a tree on another planet or an ecosystem identical to destroy on the sea life has occurred on other planets based on a similar chemistry i'm not even sure there would be animals implying it is an annoyingly prompt. look for soul buckle don't imagine we could find our environment on another planet

said it's a complete illusion is could there be a planet big big my answer is very harsh there is no planet b. but and it's criminal to say there is a sick feeling there's only one space ship with earth ecosystems and that's earth just and there will be no other. they don't know about it. for around 4000000000 years earth has been home to life of increasing diversity constantly inventing new strategies to survive cataclysms or changes in the environments. life always seems to be on the front foot as though determined to survive in one form or another. yet today it seems that this beautiful machine earth's ecosystem could well be stalling as a result of the depredations done to it by now own species. 50 to sydney and we are part of this same biodiversity this ecosystem that if we destroy it back then

that's all part of this ecology in a deep way and will probably go extinct is if i'm not we won't be the last to go and we'll go a long time before the bacteria that were just a leaf at the end of a branch which are billions of years old the same as all the bacteria all the trees all the plants and all the microorganisms on the planet including the self we're just one more part of just biodiversity like and nothing more than that. panic.

attack. ganda. riesling. climate. casa. claims forcing venus and researchers to think their ideas about trying to grasp. what good citizen. a measure of climate change. really minutes d.w.

. i'm scared that the work that's hard and in the end it's a me you're not allowed to stay here anymore we will send you back. are you familiar with this. with the smugglers what alliances. what's your story ready ready. what numbers of women especially of victims of violence. take part and send us your story we are trying in all ways to understand this new culture. another visitor not the guests you want to become a citizen. in for migrants your platform for reliable information.

comes. this is news live from burlington could war break out again between amini and azerbaijan fresh violence a rap scene a breakaway regions between former soviet republics accuse each other of reigniting the long running conflict on the border also coming out more and see government rallies in below bruce protest is to clear the opposition leaders for atlantic and also the real winner of the election and say today's rally is to mark her inauguration. and in formula one racing lewis hamilton had to.