what connects people you stronger than what separates them. they seem sure to be true. we celebrate the 3 of them for sure you have juries reunification. october 30th w. . 'd the fingerprint is unique to an individual a pattern of ridges and fires that can reveal more than just your identity. when the thing that makes even just placing contact with the surface at least traces of sweat fact salt and proteins that can now be analyzed using new technology. that helps scientists identify someone's eating habits the diseases they suffered

from or whether they took drugs even centuries after the fact of. following fingerprints into the past and rediscovering history welcome to tomorrow today the science show on d w. books repositories of knowledge centuries old books can teach us a lot about the past as long as we can decode them cryptographers have yet to decipher the 15th century voynich manuscript for example that's historical books still molecular as well as intellectual secrets. secrets about the people who wrote them touched them and left their traces in the form of proteins these molecules are found in every single cell of the body and each type of protein is made out of a sequence of amino acids. and he's unique way scientists of any recently learned

how to read this data hidden between the lines of old books. the so-called marco polo bible is almost 800 years old tiny slivers of the parchment are all biochemist georgio regain he needed to look into its past. speciality is proteomics the study of the range of proteins in organisms he examines documents paintings clothing traces of proteins and they can be thousands of years old but there's the bible belongs to the laurentian library in florida it's named after markopolos because he was thought to have taken it to china to the court of kook like khan but what kind of parchment is it made of back then paper had not yet been invented. the surface had been examined with instruments like spectrophotometer using ultraviolet and infrared light and so on but then we were

proteome assists came along and examined the proteins there was a theory that bibles from the period were written on parchment made from the skin of lamb foetuses it turns out this one was written on calfskin. brigade's he says it's a type of parchment that was only used until the middle of the 13th century and the south of france this new method together with textual analysis have revealed the bible's origins no one at the laurentians library had ever heard of proteomics before grace that we have it i mean this was absolutely new to us to get he told the academic world our researchers have experts on manuscripts something that was completely unknown to them something we've always wanted a physical analysis of our documents. but righetti had a problem he needed some pills for his person and that. scenes and most libraries

and museums refuse to allow precious what's to be damaged in any way but a solution was found to recast these problems and it came from israel. in a tele beefs gleb silverstein originally from russia conducts personnel mix research . as soon as he heard about regresses work with the markopolos bible he wanted to get involved. i quote here. or would you. extract the result of the. destruction of which it runs think think or. do you consider 3 since means that you can use good solution will produce impure thoughts. and feel he said if we want to keep on examining cultural heritage we simply cannot continue to use these destructive technologies resorts not just like a renaissance genius he keeps coming up with avant garde ideas. silberstein

has invented plastic films containing beads of charged resins that general proteins and not the chemicals from objects that placed on the extracted preachings can then be analyzed and millibar jerry his latest couth an examination of one of jacques i'm ok and over his manuscripts it's. great to see the lower. portrait. from casanova's men was to the shut and on check off was wearing when he died little by little silverstein and his team working their way through the literary canon. another exciting discovery is what he found on a manuscript by russian writes i'm a coward of. always was a really curious what was a source of such. the

answer was found in traces of sweat on the manuscript jugs read shows the highest concentration green the lowest. first. bird. people fall the objective proof or mission the board. 3 so for approx a pure it's. or. silverstein sent the extracted pershing's to regret e in milan in his lab at the polytechnic university the plastic films are dipped in a chemical solution that detaches everything that has stuck to them. the enzyme trips and breaks down the proteins into smaller peptide fragments which are

then analyzed by a mass spectrometer. a major breakthrough by the protein historians had to do with the history of melanic self half the city's residents died in a plague epidemic in 1630 we're getting i wanted to find out what the death registers still in existence and kept in the state archives might reveal. with silverstein's films he examined the lower right margins of several pages and found that they portray says of sweat bacteria tobacco and food are pretty. good but peter that are still the course we examined the proteins associated with plague bacteria but we also found out that not everyone died of the plague or 2 percent of the victims died of anthrax with this research in which we identify proteins we have in a sense brought a dead battery to life as the market. throughout the more they have risen from the

grave in which they were buried 400 years ago we've brought them back to life for me it's quite incredible requester sick on the ground of course there will be. getty says person historians could rediscover all of world history and an antiquarian bookshop in florence he recently found this book published in venice centuries ago. and i would read that you said he would probably find all kinds of bacteria epidemics traces of cholera typhoid who knows you know some. pretty omics could become one of the most exciting sciences of the future by casting a new look at the past. 5 publishers and readers have left information about themselves as traces of proteins on the pages of their books. presence of found in the sweat the body produces when

it's under stress and proceedings may play a role in the somewhat pungent smell of sweat but in fact strace plays a vital role in human survival. since korea sturrock times stresses help humans to survive when a predator approaches our brain sounds the alarm releasing the stress hormones are trying to learn and cortisone adrenaline gives our body a sudden energy burst our heart rate and blood pressure rise and that comes more blood to our muscles the stress hormone cortisol is released soon afterward it acts as a stimulant raising blood sugar levels suppressing the need for sleep and reducing our sensitivity to pain but in the long term it can ravage the immune system adrenalin and cortisol give us an energy rush and activate the fight or flight response afterwards our body needs to rest and recover. today stress is different

often it just doesn't stop this constant state of high alert can lead to chronically high levels of cortisol that can make us sick and weaken our immune system. it can also promote obesity out blood pressure and heart your vascular disease. the good news is there's plenty we can do to beat stress including breathing exercises went to try it. 'd sit down close your eyes take a deep breath. feel how your belly expands as everything your lungs. exhale. repeat. studies show that conscious breathing reduces stress levels but there's another unexpected factor that affects how we deal with stress and it has to do with where we grow up. this

fellow was a typical city kid who didn't spend much time in the countryside or have contact with animals this guy by contrast grew up surrounded by nature he had lots of contact with farm animals. research shows that people who were raised in the country are less likely to have certain mental illnesses. that's actually growing up in the countryside is actually associated with a much lower risk of getting depression and. so are people who grew up in the country also better at coping with stress to find out labors team conducted an experiment they simulated a job application interview with 40 male test subjects. but on day one see this is why do you think you are the best candidate. because of my previous experience. interviewers didn't just listen quiet. play but intensified the

pressure by asking the candidates to do some mental arithmetic on the spot to help backwards from 3269 in steps of 163221 stop us off that's wrong please start again from 3269. to test subjects didn't know the interview was not for a real job getting the answers right was not important the experiment was about something completely different. this is and it's a standardized test of it's only purpose is to put people under stress under experimental conditions and it's just for that's in the future perfect 20 of the test subjects grew up in a city and have never had contact with farm animals. the other 20 spent at least the 1st 15 years of their lives in the country and had lots of contact with farm animals it's already been established that that has certain health benefits.

as its meanest with regard to allergies and auto immune diseases it's been known for years that growing up in the country protects people from them very much even after a fixed labor thinks there are further benefits residents of rural areas have contact with many non harmful microorganisms that are prevalent in and around animals in their dung coats and feed researchers call them old friends isn't it's a colorful mix of bacteria argued bacteria viruses and single cell organisms all of these microorganisms that were present during our evolution are referred to as old friends. and his colleagues 1st identified the effect of these old friends in experiments on mice. and more recent with the mice we've demonstrated that when they're treated with. these good microbes they're less susceptible to stress for

example we could prevent chronic stress from causing intestinal inflammation or increased anxiety in the mice and so hard. does that also hold true for people who grew up in the country and the researchers used the fake job interview to try to answer this question before the test they took saliva and blood samples from the participants. a particular interest where the stress hormone cortisol which is produced by the adrenal glands and released in greater amounts when we experience stress and decided kind interleukin 6 which is also released when we are stressed it stimulates inflammation high levels are associated with a whole range of illnesses inflammatory bowel disease inflammatory disease of the joints and as to the emotions depression for example or posttraumatic stress disorder and anxiety disorders and. before the experiment cortisol and

interleukin 6 were present at normal levels in both groups in the city kids and those who grew up in the country after the test samples were taken the cortisol level proved to be the same in both groups that means they experienced the test situation as equally stressful but how did their bodies deal with the stress. the researchers looked at the white blood cells the leukocytes they produce the class of cytokines known as interleukin including interleukin 6 produced in larger amounts when we're stressed. by us as of when number of white blood cells and the number of inflammatory cytokines released were higher in city dwellers than in those from the country. of 2 hours after the test researchers drew blood again to see if the interleukin 6 levels have dropped and were returning to normal the results were interesting the city resident. weren't able to regulate their

interleukin 6 level that means it continued to rise over the 2 hours after the experiment but those from a rural background were able to bring the level down within the same time period. why was the 2nd group able to deal with stress more swiftly professor says it has to do with the old friends. contact. contact with these microorganisms inhance is the regulation of the immune system the rise in interview can 6 was less pronounced in those with a rural background. so those who had a lot of contact with animals reduced their interleukin 6 level and by implication their stress level more quickly it's not yet clear whether rural microbes are the only reason for that could extended contact with a pet a dog or a cat yield the same positive the facts paper and his team want to find that out.

if. so many of us one of the most stress inducing places is the office just as we're trying to write an important email the phone rings then a text message pings on to your cell phone oh and you have a meeting to run to it's impossible to concentrate and get anything done at all for that. but help could come from our computers thanks to emotion recognition software. chadli mario one is a software developer. his work involves a lot of complex tasks. can be strenuous and sometimes kind of depressing when you can figure it out when you're in a bad mood. his colleague materia schmidt mile also spends a lot of time in front of the computer off he's multi-tasking. worst case scenario

it hits you all at once the entire day long various stages of things you could sit down and say monday i'll do only the one thing tuesday the other in practice though that's difficult. they both work for tony a company that's looking to develop an intelligence software system that automatically supply staff with only as much work as they can complete. the employees have to wear a pulse moments a lot on the job. a video cam films their face. set up is supposed to monitor their mood and emotional state based on that data the software will decide how much work they can handle at that moment. mark o'mara helped develop the software he's looking at chad lease data to try to figure out how his colleague was feeling about his work right then and what his emotional state was like.

do you find that task difficult or easy was he may be at risk of feeling overextended over a longer period. to figure that out the computer will have to learn how to interpret emotions. is one of the test subjects she's assigned a stressful task she has to retire various texts what she doesn't know is that the text will get increasingly difficult 1st she gets a children's story then a text with complex chemical formulas the post monitor gives feedback on her stress level at the same time the camera monitors various facial muscles that indicate emotion like a corner of her mouth all the area around her eyes. expression is fairly neutral but not quite. on the right side you can see she's under.

stress we just saw that the line is trending upwards what that means generally speaking is that the task is a challenging one. she's getting more stressed the other thing that's very interesting is that the video also that's a straw conclusions about her heart rate is her heartbeat regular irregular fast or slow based on various insights from medicine and psychology we can draw some conclusions about stress levels the demands being made on her or relaxation. so even though her expression might be neutral a poker face she might still be feeling stressed on the inside left of funks fundis . but do we really want to let a computer so deeply into our mind and so. phillips lose out from the german research center for artificial intelligence has his doubts. and what if this is used as a form of surveillance perhaps even with repercussions for the employees if

someone's performance seems subpar they might be fired maybe because they're going through a tough time on a personal level the system might detect that and that could have negative repercussions for the employees that's something we definitely don't want to see. in germany it's illegal to monitor employees this way without their permission but will they always have a choice. says his only goal is creating an optimized work atmosphere. system for example that would activate call forwarding in moments of intense concentration. but what many people say is that technology now serves as a major distraction there are so many different channels of communication email messenger social media especially at work it's getting harder and harder to work on something in a really focused deep way over a longer period size on that 1st saw but. it's become harder and harder to achieve flow

a feeling of energized creative focus. it's a state that's often described as the optimal balance between boredom and feeling overwhelmed and stressed it's that midpoint where i feel challenged but can still master the task that's flow binged in flow. during a state of flow brain releases happiness hormones heartbeat small rhythmically and skin conductance increases. mako my own still use these responses to teach computers to be aware of our emotions and to assign tasks to workers based on what they can muster at that moment. philips result also believes that systems like this have other useful applications. for example in traffic and on the road. it might involve

a train or an autonomous driving system where we want to know if the locomotive engineer or the driver is still alert and awake but there might also be beneficial applications in office settings but. the company has already carried out tests in real life offices the results are still under wraps but it's already clear that systems like this a poised to change how we work. it out what is right why avi platen made do you have a science question your voice than money nova. every week we always hear a query sent in by the way. this time it comes from the ria increase. what is a black hole. black holes are among the weirdest objects in

the universe there traps and space time where gigantic amounts of matter are compressed to a point so massive that it curved space almost infinitely and brings time to a standstill and the border of this bizarre world is known as the event horizon. the german astronomer. did seminal calculations of the defining parameter describing the event horizon. black holes are formed when massive stars collapse at the end of their life cycle or when the compact remains of dead stars emerge that's how the light weights among these gravitational traps are born they're called stellar black holes those gravity ranges from between a few times to some 10 times that of our sun media massive black holes can have up to 100000 times the solar mass and the really giant super massive ones lurk at the

center of many galaxies millions even billions of times as massive as the sun. black holes grow by sucking up everything in their vicinity even might can't escape the gravitational traps and they merge with one another to grow. albert einstein predicted them in his general theory of relativity. but they were 1st detected around 90 years later in the center of our galaxy the milky way is one such invisible mass that accelerates nearby stars to incredible speeds. telescopes around the world were synchronized to capture the 1st ever image of a black hole. the relatively unspectacular looking picture shows the place where time comes to a standstill the dark event horizon surrounded by a ring of light from the hot matter that orbits the black hole it was

a milestone in astronomy. to send in your questions just go to our website find us on twitter. and that's it for this week's edition of tomorrow today thanks for watching we'll be back next time with more stories from the world of science and technology until then stay healthy and by.

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sweeten the bottom line for international cocoa producers. 15 minutes on. how the virus spread. why do we panic and when we'll all miss. trying to just 3 of the topics that we cover and. weekly radio show is called spectrum if you would like and information on the coronavirus or any other science topic you should really check out our podcast you can get it wherever you get your podcast you can also find us at. slash science. 5 years of the conflict zone 5 years of hard hitting political influence the course of things like a family's life because that's where the prefer stuff to you mean so for me to go

to the public are you concerns for not concerned. unless he gets him service jemison or chilling take you to the heart of the matter behind those levels of government kline not just investigate imus just to get the questions you would feel the same somebody getting some snow credit comes from doing the colorful. double. sparrow sitting at the senate consulate. body that will never be found. a plot connected to the highest levels of government why did journalist shoghi have to die. was 3 times more. years later and the reasons are still unclear. the

case of jump. start september 30th on w. . took. place. this is deja vu news live from berlin the world's confirmed coronavirus death toll is quickly approaching the 1000000 mark. india is among the hardest hit countries with its total cases surging about $6000000.00 on monday is expected to surpass the united states to lead the world in total infections within weeks we'll go live to our correspondent in delhi for more. also coming up.