but all of this comes straight from the heart it's the receiver even when there's no more your delusional marshfield interests. from the law to their foreign resting place the russians. documentary. 'd the fingerprint is unique to an individual a pattern of ridges and forests that can reveal more than just your identity. busy when a finger makes even just pleasing contact with the surface at least traces of sweat fact salt and proteins that can now be analyzed using new technology. that helps scientists identify someone's eating habits the diseases they suffered from or whether they took drugs even centuries after the fact.

following fingerprints into the past and rediscovering history welcome to tomorrow today the science show on d w. 'd books repositories of knowledge centuries old books can teach us a lot about the past as long as we can decode them cryptographers have yet to decipher the 15th century voyage manuscript for example but historical books still molecular as well as intellectual secrets. secrets about the people who wrote them touched them and left their traces in the form of proteins these molecules are found in every single cell of the body and each type of protein is made up of a sequence of amino acids folded and unique way scientists have only recently learned how to read this data hidden between the lines of old books.

the so-called marco polo bible is almost 800 years old tiny slivers of the parchment are all biochemist p.-i giorgio regain he needed to look into its past getty speciality is proteomics the study of the range of proteins in organisms he examines documents paintings clothing traces of proteins and they can be thousands of years old but as the bible belongs to the laurentian library in florida it's named after markopolos because he was thought to have taken it to china to the court of kook like khan but what kind of parchment is it made of back then paper had not yet been invented. the surface had been examined with instruments like spectrophotometer using ultraviolet and infrared light and so on but then we approached the oem assists came along and examined the proteins there was a theory that bibles from the period were written on parchment made from the skin

of lamb fetuses it turns out this one was written non-cash skim. brigade he says it's a type of parchment that was only used until the middle of the 13th century and the south of france this new method together with textual analysis have revealed the bible's origins no one at the laurentian library had ever heard of proteomics before grace that we have it i mean this was absolutely new to us to get he told the academic world our researchers of experts on manuscripts something that was completely unknown to them something we'd always wanted a physical analysis of our documents. but righetti had a problem he needed some pills for his person analyses and most libraries and museums refused to allow precious works to be damaged in any way but his solution was found to rick as he's problem and. it came from israel. in

a tele beefs gleb silverstein originally from russia conducts percy omics research . as soon as he heard about regresses work with the markopolos bible he wanted to get involved. our group here. or would you. extract the result of the destruction of which would one think of think or. do you considerations means that you could use a good solution or a protestant. if he said if we want to keep on examining cultural heritage we simply cannot continue to use these destructive technologies results not just like a renaissance genius he keeps coming up with avent garde ideas. silverstein has invented plastic films containing beads of charged resins that general proteins and other chemicals from objects that placed on the extracted prescience can then

be analyzed in the laboratory his latest couth an examination of one of jacques i'm ok and over his manuscripts it's the 1st. growth of the lower. portrait. of a little insight. from casanova's memoirs to the shut down town check off was wearing when he died little by little silverstein and his team working their way through the literary canon. another exciting discovery is what he found on a manuscript by russian writer i'm a coward who got caught of. always was a cute really curious what was a source of so. much sort of. the answer was found in traces of sweat on the manuscript drugs. red shows the

highest concentration green the lowest. bird. people fall the objective from formation the. 3 so for tracks are pure it's. rupert's. silberstein sent the extracted pershing's to regret it in milan in his lab at the polytechnic university the plastic films are dipped in a chemical solution that detaches everything that has stuck to them. the enzyme chirps and breaks down the proteins into smaller peptide fragments which are then analyzed by a mass spectrometer. a major breakthrough by the protein historians had to do with the history of milan itself

half the city's residents died in a plague epidemic in 1630 we're getting i wanted to find out what the death registers still in existence and kept in the state archives might reveal. with silverstein's films he examined the lower right margins of several pages and found that they portray says of sweat bacteria tobacco and food are pretty. good but peter that at best the only course we examined the proteins associated with plague bacteria but we also found out that not everyone died of the plague 2 percent of the victims died of anthrax with this research in which we identify proteins we have in a sense brought a dead battery to life the market throughout the mahdi has risen from the grave in which they were buried 400 years ago we've brought them back to life for me it's quite incredible requester sequin amount of course that. pierre georgio regrets

he says person historians could rediscover all of world history in an antiquarian bookshop in florence he recently found this book published in venice centuries ago . robert read that he said he would probably find all kinds of bacteria here epidemics traces of cholera typhoid who knows you know so. percy on makes could become one of the most exciting sciences of the future by casting a new look at the past. scribes publishes and read is have left information about themselves as traces of proteins on the pages of their books. presents are found in the sweat the body produces when it's under stress and proteins may play a role in the somewhat pension smell of sweat but in fact stress plays

a vital role in human survival. since korea sturrock times stress says help humans to survive when a predator approaches our brain sounds the alarm releasing the stress hormones are trained on when and cortisone adrenaline gives our body a sudden energy burst our heart rate and blood pressure rise that comes more blood to our muscles the stress hormone cortisol is released soon afterward it acts as a stimulant raising blood sugar levels suppressing the need for sleep and reducing our sensitivity to pain but in the long term it can ravage the immune system adrenalin and cortisol give us an energy rush and activate the fight or flight response afterwards our body needs to rest and recover to the stress is different often it just doesn't stop this constant state of high alert can lead to chronically high levels of cortisol that. can make us sick and weaken our immune

system. it can also promote obesity outward pressure and heart your vascular disease ready. the good news is there's plenty we can do to beat stress including breathing exercises want to try it ready ready ready ready. sit down. take a deep breath. feel how your belly expands as a fills your lungs. exhale. repeat. studies show that conscious breathing reduces stress levels but there's another unexpected factor that affects how we deal with stress and it has to do with where we grow up. this fellow was a typical city kid who didn't spend much time in the countryside or have contact with animals this guy by contrast grew up surrounded by nature he had lots of

contact with farm animals. research shows that people who were raised in the country are less likely to have certain mental illnesses. that are actually his growing up i'm a countryside is actually associated with a much lower risk of getting depression and. so are people who grew up in the country also better at coping with stress to find out labors team conducted an experiment they simulated a job application interview with 40 male test subjects. but again see this is why do you think you are the best candidate. because of my previous experience. the interviewers didn't just listen quietly but intensified the pressure by asking the candidates to do some mental arithmetic on a spot and tell you how backwards from 3269 in steps of so. eckstein

3221 stop us off that's wrong please start again from 3269. want to test subjects didn't know the interview was not for a real job getting the answers right was not important the experiment was about something completely different. this is and it's a standardized test its only purpose is to put people under stress under experimental conditions distasteful that's in. part because 20 of the test subjects grew up in a city and have never had contact with farm animals. the other 20 spent at least the 1st 15 years of their lives in the country and had lots of contact with farm animals it's already been established that that has certain health benefits. as. with regard to allergies and auto immune diseases it's been known for years

that growing up in the country protects people from their money even after a fixed labor thinks there are further benefits residents of rural areas have contact with many non harmful microorganisms that are prevalent in and around animals in their dung coats and feed researchers call them old friends this isn't them it's a colorful mix of bacteria argue bacteria viruses and single cell organisms all of these microorganisms that were present during our evolution are referred to as old friends. and his colleagues 1st identified the effect of these old friends in experiments on mice. with mice we've demonstrated that when they're treated with these good microbes they're less susceptible to stress for example we could prevent chronic stress from causing intestinal inflammation or increased anxiety in the. thanks to hard. does that also hold true for people who grew up

in the country the researchers used the fake job interview to try to answer this question before the test they took saliva and blood samples from the participants. a critical or interest where the stress hormone cortisol which is produced by the adrenal glands and released in greater amounts when we experience stress and the side is kind interleukin 6 which is also released when we are stressed it stimulates inflammation high levels are associated with a whole range of illnesses inflammatory bowel disease inflammatory disease of the joints and as to the emotions depression for example or posttraumatic stress disorder and inside disorders and. before the experiment cortisol and interleukin 6 were present at normal levels in both groups in the city kids and those who grew up in the country after the test samples were taken the cortisol

level proved to be the same in both groups that means they experienced the test situation as equally stressful but how did their bodies deal with the stress. the researchers looked at the white blood cells the leukocytes they produce the class of cytokines known as interleukin 6 including interleukin 6 produced in larger amounts when we're stressed. by us as of when number of white blood cells and the number of inflammatory cytokines released were higher in city dwellers than in those from the country and then to. 2 hours after the test researchers drew blood again to see if the interleukin 6 levels had dropped and were returning to normal the results were interesting the city residents weren't able to regulate their interleukin 6 level that means it continued to rise over the 2 hours after the experiment but those from a rural background. and were able to bring the level down within the same time

period. why was the 2nd group able to deal with stress more swiftly professor says it has to do with the old friends. contact. contact with these microorganisms enhances the regulation of the immune system the rise an interview can 6 was less pronounced in those with a rural background. so those who had a lot of contact with animals reduced their interleukin 6 level and by implication their stress level more quickly it's not yet clear whether rural microbes are the only reason for that could extended contact with a pet a dog or a cat yield the same positive the facts paper and his team want to find that out. so many of us one of the most stress inducing places is the office just as we're

trying to write an important event the phone rings then a text message pings on to your cell phone oh and you have a meeting to run to it's impossible to concentrate and get anything done an awful lot. but help could come from our computers thanks to emotion recognition software . chadli mario one is a software developer. his work involves a lot of complex tasks. can be strenuous and sometimes kind of depressing when you can't figure it out when you're in a bad mood. this colleague materia schmidt maya also spends a lot of time in front of the computer often use multitasking. the worst case scenario would hit you all at once the entire day long various stages of things you could sit down and say monday i'll do only the one thing. tuesday the other in

practice though that's difficult. they both work for tony a company that's looking to develop an intelligence software system that automatically supply staff with only as much work as they can complete. the employees have to wear a pulse moments a lot on the job. a video cam films their face. set up is supposed to monitor their mood and emotional state based on that data the software will decide how much work they can handle moment. mark o'mara help develop the software he's looking at chad lease data to try to figure out how his colleague was feeling about his work right then and what his emotional state was like. do you find the task difficult or easy was he may be at risk of feeling overextended over

a longer period. to figure that out the computer will have to learn how to interpret emotions. is one of the test subjects she's assigned to stressful task she has to retire various texts what she doesn't know is that the texts will get increasingly difficult 1st she gets a children's story then a text with complex chemical formulas the post monitor gives feedback on her stress level at the same time the camera monitors various facial muscles that indicate emotion like the corner of her mouth all the area around her eyes. regain its expression is fairly neutral but not quite. on the right side you can see she's under stress we just saw that the line is trending upwards what that means generally speaking is that the task is a challenging one. she. getting more stressed the other thing that's very

interesting is that the video also that's a straw conclusions about her heart rate is her heartbeat regular irregular fast or slow based on various insights from medicine in psychology we can draw some conclusions about stress levels the demands being made on her or relaxation. so even though her expression might be neutral a poker face she might still be feeling stressed on the inside. scoop on this. but do we really want to let a computer so deeply into our mind and so. phillips is out from the german research center for artificial intelligence has his doubts. and what if this is used as a form of surveillance perhaps even with repercussions for the employees if someone's performance seems subpar they might be fired maybe because they're going through a tough time on a personal level the system might detect that and that could have negative

repercussions for the employee and that's something we definitely don't want to see . in germany it's illegal to monitor employees this way without their permission but will they always have a choice marco maya says his only goal is creating an optimized work atmosphere. system for example that would activate call forwarding in moments of intense concentration. but what many people say is that technology now serves as a major distraction there are so many different channels of communication email messenger social media especially at work it's getting harder and harder to work on something in a really focused deep way over a longer period so it's on that list so up but. it's become harder and harder to achieve flow a feeling of energized creative focus. is that it's a state that's often described as the optimal balance between boredom and feeling

overwhelmed and stressed it's that midpoint where i feel challenged but can still master the task that's flow. in flow. during a state of flow of brain releases happiness hormones heartbeat small rhythmically and skin conductance increases. marco maya wants to use these responses to teach computers to be aware of our emotions and to assign tasks to workers based on what they can muster at that moment. philips result also believes that systems like this have other useful applications. for example in traffic and on the road. it might involve a train or an autonomous driving system where we want to know if the locomotive engineer or the driver is still alert and awake but there might also be beneficial applications in office settings but. the company has already carried out tests in

real life offices the results are still under wraps but it's already clear that systems like this poised to change how we work. it out what is right why ave classical music. do you have a science question your voice than mulling over. every week we always hear a query sent in by of us. this time it comes from the ria inquiries. what is a black hole. black holes are among the weirdest objects in the universe there traps in space time where gigantic amounts of matter are compressed to

a point so massive that it curved space almost infinitely and brings time to a standstill and the border of this bizarre world is known as the event horizon. the german astronomer. did seminal calculations of the defining parameter describing the event horizon. black holes are formed when massive stars collapse at the end of their life cycle or when the compact remains of death stars emerge that's how the light weights among these gravitational traps are born they're called stellar black holes those gravity ranges from between a few times to some 10 times that of our sun media massive black holes can have up to 100000 times the solar mass and the really giant super massive ones lurk at the center of many galaxies millions even billions of times as massive as the sun. black holes grow by sucking up everything in their vicinity even might can't escape

the gravitational traps and they merge with one another to grow. albert einstein predicted them in his general theory of relativity. but they were 1st detected around 90 years later in the center of our galaxy the milky way is one such invisible mass that accelerates nearby stars to incredible speeds. telescopes around the world were synchronized to capture the 1st ever image of a black hole. the relatively unspectacular looking picture shows the place where time comes to a standstill the dark event horizon surrounded by a ring of light from the hot matter that orbits the black hole it was a milestone in astronomy.

to send in your questions just go to our website find us on twitter. and that's it for this week's edition of tomorrow today thanks for watching we'll be back next time with more stories from the world of science and technology until then stay healthy and up by.

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