did baker and other western politicians make promises about nato that their successors didn't keep music tsotsi like you it was a mistake not to treat these assurances the nature would not expand east in writings mostly as that was a very big mistake now we're left to face the music and live with the consequences of that mistake mr they're secure stable then effect i think that was clear that without those assurances it would have been much harder for gorbachev to . have to agree. to that too close for agreement. the day after baker's meeting chancellor cowen german foreign minister genscher arrive in moscow the soviets were clearly happy with america's assurances about nato cole also promised financial aid gorbachev gave the green light for the 2 plus 4 agreement on german unity. could see

the. assistant general secretary gorbachev has unequivocably given me his word that the soviet union will respect the wishes of the germans to live as one nation that . but the soviet union also had conditions the foreign minister should read not say stipulated before the international press that a unified germany would have to maintain political and military neutrality upon his return call brushed over this very clear message from the kremlin he didn't want to taint the good news. that the soviet union imagine if unified germany in late had stayed yes of course all this was said yesterday. kohl strategy was successful and his popularity grew he'd made further offers of financial aid to gorbachev to discourage the kremlin from doing anything to block the way forward. it does mean

is none of this would have happened if the soviet union hadn't been in such a dire economic position at the time of your life. so we didn't know it was struggling to keep its head above water on the west knew that this it was a unique opportunity just had to be sealing the suits. in the canadian capital ottawa tensions were stirring over german reunification efforts many foreign ministers of the $23.00 nato and warsaw pact countries were angry that they hadn't been included in the 2 plus for talks on german unity with a dramatic struggle ensued behind the scenes together germany on the us managed to fend off demands for a huge peace conference it would have had to involve around $100.00 countries any nation that had charges against nazi germany. and freedoms for truck fuel of peace treaty was out of the question for us. if we would have an

inevitability put the issue of reparations on the edge of us who ordered. this we wanted to keep the bat out of the unification processed at all costs and since i'm hurt me too far and your sports history. if there had been a peace conference all the countries occupied by german troops during world war 2 could have demanded reparations the us wasn't prepared to enter years of negotiations and put its foot down it was complicated everybody felt like they had a stake in the process but we said no it's going to be to play shortly. before the negotiation started chancellor kohl flew to the us to spend 2 days at camp david with president george h.w. bush it was here that they set out again plan for the 2 plus 4 talks. good good good. nation because we established early on had camp david

a relationship of confidence and trust between cole and bush and ken sure and baker and we said we will stay together and we will see push this through a regardless of the opposition provided. chester cole you support the idea of germany in that. it was clear from the confidential minutes that bush and cole saw eye to eye when kohl asked the american president what could be offered to the soviet union in return for germany's nato membership bush said to hell with that we prevailed and they didn't we can't let the soviets clutch victory from the jaws of defeat cole they want something in return bush you've got deep pockets. the 1st ever election campaign for

a democratically elected government in east germany the vote on march 18th 1990 would decide who represented east germany in the 2 plus 4 talks. helmut kohl promised a fast economic union and a shared currency between the 2 german nations he supported the g.d.r. coalition alliance for germany whose top candidate was low tardy most year the alliance also wanted a fast reunification with west germany it won with 48 percent of the vote people true cool going to the people of east germany didn't vote for the c.d.u. because they wanted to but because they knew that helmut kohl was behind him to this result brings an incredible responsibility and an expectation of our people but this isn't just an expectation of us but also of west germany and we expect clear answers. to those a pretty normally when a politician is elected the 1st thing they do is to think about how to get reelected in 4 years we didn't need to do that our task right from the start was to

abolish ourselves up social studies teacher it's true that i was prime minister but i was also a kind of insolvency administrator has. no time to mess here formed a coalition with the eastern s.p.d. marcos meco became foreign minister he didn't trust the members of the previously governing socialist unity party differs. and it was extremely difficult to create proper decisionmaking structures during this time i walked into the ministry like it was the enemies house yourselves. meco brought with him confidants from the peace movement people who here mind with my constant you're going missile bits the form of. the formula was unity as fast as possible but as good as necessary we had 2 objectives certain conditions were not in the interest of the population we represented for. at the 1st 2 plus 4 talks in bonn the us and the western allies were forming

a front against the soviet union that was only diplomatically concealed. genscher promised east german foreign minister michael there would be such close cooperation that not even a sheet of paper would fit between them. to show to dominance at the time i didn't understand what can she had really meant by that it was that i should follow him so closely i only realized later that he was saying i should follow him like a loyal dog but at the time i was still under the illusion that we will part of the negotiations and discussions would i have a problem even remembering the name of the chap who represented the g.d.r. and i feel sorry actually for them because you know the people who are representing them for the purpose of to pass for a living in the hope they didn't have a lot of leverage over any of this i don't feel any body around the table sort that the outcome of these negotiations was going to depend on

whether sitting in the g.d.r. desk agreed or not if working with you and we just didn't want to fall like a rotten apple into west germany where they would just decide what they do with us and try it was a bit on one. the 1st round of the 2 plus 4 talks proved difficult while for. once britain and west germany were aligned with the american strategy the soviet delegation wanted to subject a unified germany to strict conditions edward shevardnadze demanded political and military neutrality from germany. winds of opposing. the a bloodless cripple our position in west germany was not made any easier by east germany as the lack of cooperation does d.d.d. a bit loose leash today but d.d.r. was not thrilled about the united country of being a nato member of his own tortured speech because in fact it rejected the idea she

had steel guitar in connecticut it was all just wasn't told what our agenda to be the 1st to stand up and show yes we have to be in the to the atmosphere so we took a very cautious stance just we didn't want to do anything that was in any way further destabilize gorbachev's the message was a legit this debate is good for the handwritten notes from the 1st round of talks made by. highlighted the main problem and the position of the g.d.r. it reads that the key issue is the power balance in europe that cannot be destroyed during the talks the us and the u.s.s.r. in gauged in a power struggle over their influence in europe there was none for once least as eager for us the russians were the enemy per se as if we had a relatively relaxed relationship with the soviet union was when i joined i mean news of all the up he evils that happened and also the fall of the wall streeters on the peaceful demonstration the us does and they were only possible because of

the positive support from more school governments were destroyed. in the chancellor's bungalow in bonn a day before the negotiations it became clear that the soviets could not keep up this harsh front foreign minister shevardnadze it was asking for financial aid. received the same request jaylen got it ought to be on the road not so i said it will be inside. by next year and if that happens gorbachev will be reelected at the party congress at the start of july 4th out here we will be able to see this treaty through. chancellor kohl sent his advisor horst tell czech and representatives from germany's major banks to moscow on may 14th to fulfill the needs of the kremlin road so i'm driving to i was in moscow for a secret meeting in may 1919 with 2 german bankers to negotiate a loan of $5000000000.00 marks for close to for the soviet union this world power

would have been insolvent 5 summer $990.00 and we had the mandate to negotiate that 1st so that was an aha moment for health and news. the u.s. had also promised financial aid to the soviet union gorbachev came on a state visit to washington where president bush offered him a trade agreement but in return he would have to make political compromises and i remember a discussion in the cabinet room in the white house and we asked garber child the question. do you not think that any country should be able to affiliate with whatever security alliance it wants to and he says yes of course. the minutes from the meeting between bush and gorbachev on may 31st recorded this pivotal conversation bush i'm glad you and i seem to agree that nations can choose their own alliances gorbachev so we will put it this way the u.s. and the u.s.s.r.

are in favor of germany deciding herself in which alliance she would like to participate after into place for settlement bush the united states is unequivocally advocating germany's membership in nato however should germany prefer to make a different choice we will respected gorbachev i agree. this is a toy. that was the breakthrough of the egypt air and also this hour. because of the resistance way but this was actually the decisive breakthrough will. the us president knew that gorbachev needed to win the election because there were people in the moscow politburo who opposed his planned course of action this phone makes is to give you in this underpins the existence of the entire process whether or not go but child survived. that's one of the americans didn't celebrate to publicize this breakthrough at the end of may they still had to wait and see if he would win or most of. us to give him. the cia report the soviet system in crisis

had already warned of a possible coup against gorbachev in november 1909. it said the economic crisis and the independence efforts in various soviet provinces were a great danger there were forces in the kremlin that wanted to stop gorbachev it states the threat of imminent social revolution could prompt a coup that would not only lead to retrenchment but also to political repression more severe than during the pression of years. the 2nd round of 2 plus 4 talks took place in east berlin on the 49th anniversary of germany's invasion of the soviet union during world war 2. during these talks in east berlin sure hausen palace the detente between the former enemies of the cold war it was plain to see as the foreign ministers were warmly greeted by host marcus mechelle. the public knew nothing of

a simmering hostility between the 2 german delegation is this washrooms would this immunity to communicate by june communication with the with german foreign office was very bad it just got worse and worse we would completely isolated from these negotiations and just went along for the ride noodle soup it. full of false or would you like. it took place to be honest i was often astonished at certain members of the west german delegation and not all of them on that because they hated words their east german call equals to a treated them lately in defeated just like losers who should remain silent the very who had nothing worth hearing because they no longer had any. you know unity if you know that. at this time east german delegation major hans you're going to miss all of it didn't know about the breakthrough in washington about gorbachev's agreement that a united germany would be a nato member. even though we were still

a few buttons i was only informed that this 3 or 4 weeks later zelic i regularly offered my resignation to marcus macca it was clear where we stood but. the public also had little about what or next that the negotiations between the different countries were stalling. does slide the 2nd lien was a downright disaster and the league of cities lost your dick tied for the soviet union presented a draft treaty that listed all of its perm positions one by one left to under an office. but the cheap of staff in the soviet foreign ministry to our sango had given elba a heads up to us guns into the sun to those me it was quite interesting sarah cinco had whispered to me in private don't worry about the next meeting and don't take everything that happens there seriously as unstressed up

a sea that had come from shevardnadze and. it was a tactic to build confidence with collins in the must not. nato decided to take a major step westerners announced that the soviet union and the warsaw pact military alliance would no longer be enemies of the west but friends a promise made by nato secretary general montra drawn up. the cold war a long story a story. our alliance is moving from confrontation to corporations we have extended the hand of friendship to the warsaw pact and gorbachev said to call that he had seen this as a very important as an important message if you bought. gorbachev needed this message from the west to appease his opponents within the party the 28th congress of the soviet union's communist party took place in what was then known as the palace of congress's inside the kremlin gorbachev defended his policies in other

shots i was worried that he would survive the party congress it gorbachev was hounded by both sides during the 10 day congress conservative delegates warned him that his actions would lead to the collapse of the u.s.s.r. and socialism on the other side radical reformers like boris yeltsin were calling for a multi-party system and new democratic structures gorbachev spoke openly about the difficult situation to american ambassador jack matlock. gorbachev looked me in a certain look try to get your purse to understand this country is on the brink of civil war. no girl in the garage of school for her i've got to convince her. he was driving a tiger with great effort gorbachev won the power battle within the party he was reelected with almost 2 thirds of the votes the 2 plus 4 talks could continue. quatro forgiven when gorbachev one year because he had complete freedom to repeat

the hold with cold feet said back in may cole used this to present himself as a hero of international relations and soon got switched to. the date after gorbachev victory chancellor kohl and foreign minister genscher visited the kremlin since germany's nato membership had already been agreed upon with the us. the main item on the agenda was financing the withdrawal of soviet troops the us refused to fund the soviet union. a chance for west germany to step up in the public eye the delegation flew out to visit the soviet leader at home in the caucasus cole had asked gorbachev for the visit the chancellor could now announce here that nothing else stood in the way of nato membership. the soviet union received $13000000000.00 marks

for withdrawing their troops from east germany we can't lose sight of the fact that germany was given showing a $1000000000.00 march. richardson the incentive in and of itself so there are plenty of reasons. and then the servers were in dire economic straits they needed out. after those meeting in the caucasus the road was now clear for reunification as helmut kohl and others repeatedly announced. but the question of nato membership had already been agreed in secret with president bush who had been waiting to see whether or not gorbachev held on to power cole was simply the one to break the news . to this as we fly back from moscow i think this is a day that commemorates us all it's a good day for me and i hope for you as well to germany.

in germany everyone was acting like it was cold to go to go but you have to do that it's complete nonsense gorbachev had actually made that decision sometime this fall but we didn't know if i didn't even know that and i was foreign minister and awesome and still apparently east germany wasn't needed at that meeting i found that quite arrogant for. the 3rd round of 2 plus 4 talks took place in paris the day after the. caucasus meeting soviet foreign minister shevardnadze confirmed the agreement made between kohl and gorbachev and the era of hostile blocs in europe was finally over during this round of negotiations there was another fundamental problem to solve the order nice a border between poland and germany was to finally be recognized under international law. the 6 foreign ministers ensured that this demand from poland was met and that germany's ex turned a border so would not extend beyond the federal republic and the g.d.r.

. the final round of the 2 plus 4 talks took place in moscow where the treaty was to be signed. the foreign ministers travelled to moscow the evening before the signing the most yeah it would sign on behalf of east germany but that evening british foreign minister douglas heard made a startling demand that jeopardized the entire 2 plus 4 trading. falsetto is that there was against it to the end of those douglas heard started causing trouble the evening before september 12th over the jurors heads misgivings about the road of the united job to the united germany would have. to look for ways to european input no british suddenly demand that the troops be placed on cease german territory which russia was absolutely against of the stores or to the toy instructions or it was important to get that nailed doll in writing and i insisted that it should it's

this wasn't just an attempt to slow down the process it was an attempt to control the soviet union was not as we didn't agree with the stationing or a true must on the which is a few hours before a treaty aside and it was is blamed for its failure that it's it was a trick this has happened before in the history of diplomacy diplomats are to quibble. soviet minister shevardnadze told that amir paul knoff that he would not sign the treaty under those conditions just moments before the signing in moscow germany's reunification looks set to fail because britain did not want to forego a special right as a victorious power in world war 2. by this point then the soviets are feeling their backs against the wall the germans are feeling you know look you know the british are trying to screw this up. ditto castro that started searching for his foreign minister around midnight genscher met him in the hotel corridor where kastrup

delivered the bad news saying is if you could see straight away from his facial expression that it wasn't good he said head minister into the negotiations have failed in this to the front lines and shut up the russians have just cancelled tomorrow signings or even that so items communicants for more attention to ensure turns pale and said he needed to see jim baker right away. i'll call was made to the american delegation all they could make i had taken a sleeping tablet and drank some whisky he was lying down and couldn't be woken couldn't lift it to ensure a dancer decided to go there himself. was invaded in space so we drove through moscow at night to go in to wake up the u.s. secretary of state they couldn't listen cantor came down on my door so they were pre-op and our really quite groggy and they said the brits want. their belly to put

troops in and gee they are and i should hope my goodness because we were right up to the point of signing the treaty and not pick up the phone i think and call there's no shirt i said doris this is this is a show stopper for you you can't do this we've come this far. diplomats were scrambling for a solution into the early hours eventually the ministers agreed to sign a separate agenda that as long as there were still soviet troops on the ground in east germany no non german nato troops would be stationed there at the puter this was the 1st time in history that germany gained its fool's sovereignty not through military victories or defeats but in agreement with all its neighbors a new pool. of seamlessly mississippi. the treaty that sealed german unity and gave germany back its full state sovereignty contained just 10 items and

a separate end of. the signing of this treaty brought epochal changes it ended the cold war and laid the foundation for a new era of peace freedom and cooperation in europe. so i do the time with us i think it was clear to everyone who signed this treaty how important it was the shelf it was on the side i was doing somersaults i was close to tears it was a lot about a trillion dollars. it's by the book that is now i know what mercy wants to show an undeserved gift and i'm still aware that this was the most important signature of my life need both. but the nato question is still a sore point today were the soviet negotiators negligent or not putting moral promises in writing. did the west really agree not to expand nato eastward to

this day russian president vladimir putin still accuses the west of breaking their promise putin is now making the argument that the united states orally promised to serve the union that we would never extend nato that is both ok absolutely. never were such a promise made that the we're leaving the user declarations of ins handbook but they were never recorded in writing so as easily as the west made those promises of your so to did it's abandon the consumption and that's why we're in the situation we're in city as it would be it was a good listener of the booth they would look good or evil gullibility good opinion . in 1991 the u.s.s.r. fragmented into 15 states russia formed a new military alliance with 5 post soviet countries hungary poland and the czech republic joined nato in 1990 later followed by 11 more countries friendly relations

between russia and the west deteriorated the old rivalry for influence and power led to renewed mistrust and confrontation between the successors of gorbachev and bush. a new cold front has descended. ryoko future would be that we could turn the clock back to $19000000.00 to $1.00 we ought to start with their idea that within a picture size some smart diplomacy we are start some confidence building measures on both sides and try to understand the positions from which each side. it's coming. through trust and mutual understanding the cold war ended. the determined diplomatic efforts of the 2 cross 4 nations should serve as

inspiration that today's europe can once again find peace. that was against much ohs in politics and for democracy women in belarus will not back down in the face of police violence cropping up feel for a tear in regime. they continue to demonstrate and demand before surprising president step down at 8 am asked my audience women says look i think oh god some kids under. 30 minutes on t w. every 2 seconds

a person does forced to flee their homes nearly 71000000 people have been forcibly displaced and the consequences to sastra so our documentary series displaced depicts dramatic humanitarian crises around the world you know. what get them we don't need and i didn't go to university to kill people i don't know i think the or to have my boss come to me and tell me to kill someone and he got mad if i don't they'll kill me. people feel for their lives and their future so they seek refuge abroad but what will become of those who stay behind it's a way up it. my husband went to peru because of the crisis that if he hadn't gone there we would have died of hunger down the. display starts october 16th.

this is news coming to you live from berlin with one world to go until he faces reelection the u.s. president has been infected by the corona virus. confirmed on twitter that both he and 1st lady melania trump has tested positive for coaches 19 enter quarantine together. 74 years old placing him in a high risk.