soviet our president that's not our position they never said anything it's still a bone of contention today did baker and other western politicians make promises about nato that their successors didn't keep music tsotsis like you it was a mistake not to treat these assurances the need to would not expand east in writings. that was a very big mistake now we're left to face the music and live with the consequences of that mistake this that they're secure then effect i think that it was clear that without those assurances it would have been much harder for gorbachev to . have to agree. to the too close for group but. the day after baker's meeting chancellor cowen german foreign minister genscher arrived in moscow the soviets were clearly happy with america's assurances about

nato cole also promised financial aid gorbachev gave the green light for the 2 plus 4 agreement on german unity. could see that. as such the general secretary gorbachev has unequivocably given me his word that the soviet union will respect the wishes of the germans to live as one nation that. but the soviet union also had conditions foreign minister should read not so stipulated before the international press that a unified germany would have to maintain political and military neutrality upon his return home brushed over this very clear message from the kremlin he didn't want to taint the good news. that the soviet union imagine if unified germany in late had a state yes of course all this was said yesterday. kol strategy was successful and his. popularity grew he'd made further offers of financial aid to

gorbachev to discourage the kremlin from doing anything to block the way forward because we have this as you none of this would have happened if the soviet union hadn't been in such a dire economic position at the time of if you like. that so we didn't know it was struggling to keep its head above water on the west knew that this it was a unique opportunity just had to be sealing it just suits. in the canadian capital ottawa tensions were stirring over german reunification efforts many foreign ministers of the $23.00 nato and warsaw pact countries were angry that they hadn't been included in the 2 plus for talks on german unity with a dramatic struggle ensued behind the scenes together germany on the us managed to fend off demands for a huge peace conference it would have had to involve around $100.00 countries any nation that had charges against nazi germany. mainstreams for.

feeling of peace treaty was out of the question for us. if whatever the never to be put the issue of reparations on the agenda sure. we wanted to keep that out of the unification process at all costs is i'm hurt with you before and you'll spoil says for. if there had been a peace conference all the countries occupied by german troops during world war 2 could have to mandate reparations the us wasn't prepared to enter years of negotiations and put its foot down it was complicated everybody felt like they had a stake in the process but we said no it's going to be to play shortly. before the negotiations started chancellor kohl flew to the us to spend 2 days at camp david with president george h.w. bush. it was here that they set out

a game plan for the 2 plus 4 talks. really good position because we established early on as camp david a relationship of contravention trust between cole and bush and to ensure and baker and we said we will stay together and we will push this through a regardless of the opposition provided. chester cole you support the idea of germany in there. it was clear from the confidential minutes that bush and cole saw eye to eye when kohl asked the american president what could be offered to the soviet union in return for germany's nato membership bush said to hell with that we prevailed and they didn't we can't let the soviets clutch victory from the jaws of defeat. they want something in return bush you've

got deep pockets. the 1st ever election campaign for a democratically elected government in east germany the vote on march 18th 1990 would decide who represented east germany in the 2 plus 4 talks. helmut kohl promised a fast economic union and a shared currency between the 2 german nations he supported the g.d.r. coalition alliance for germany whose top candidate was low tar dumas year the alliance also wanted a fast reunification with west germany it won with 48 percent of the vote for him and the people of east germany didn't vote for the c.d.u. because they wanted him but because they knew that helmut kohl was behind him to this result brings an incredible responsibility and an expectation of our people but this isn't just an expectation of us but also of west germany and we expect clear answers. to those at pretty normally when

a politician is elected the 1st thing they do is to think about how to get reelected in 4 years we didn't need to do that our task right from the start was to abolish ourselves obsession. it's true that i was prime minister but i was also a kind of insolvency administrator has. no time to mess here formed a coalition with eastern s.p.d. marcos meco became foreign minister he didn't trust the members of the previously governing socialist unity party differences all. and it was extremely difficult to create proper decisionmaking structures during this time i walked into the ministry like it was the enemy's house his house. necco brought with him confidants from the peace movement people who he aligned with my concert european missile bits the form of. the formula was unity as fast as possible but as good as necessary we had 2 objectives certain conditions were not in the interest of the population we

represented for click no. at the 1st 2 plus 4 talks in bonn the us and the western allies were forming a front against the soviet union that was only diplomatically concealed. genscher promised east german foreign minister mechelle there would be such close cooperation that not even a sheet of paper would fit between them. to show to dominance at the time i didn't understand what game she had really meant by that it was that i should follow him so closely i only realized later that he was saying i should follow him like a loyal dog but at the time i was still under the illusion that we will part of the negotiations and discussions would i have a problem even remembering the name of the trap who represent the g.d.r. and i feel sorry actually for them because you know the people who are representing them for the purpose of the 2 thoughts for living in the hope they didn't have a lot of leverage over any of this i don't feel any body around the table

thought that the outcome of these negotiations was going to depend on whether sitting behind the g.d.r. desk agreed or not evoking the fear and we just didn't want to fall like a rotten apple into west germany where they would just decide what they do with us and try it was a bit on some of. the 1st round of the 2 plus 4 talks proved difficult while for. yes britain and west germany were aligned with the american strategy because soviet delegation wanted to subject a unified germany to strict conditions. not to demanded political and military neutrality from germany. was a good position. our position in west germany was not made any easier by east germany as a lack of cooperation. and he a bit loose leash that i but d.d.r.

was not thrilled about the united country of being a nato member of it because i'm torchwood's least because in fact it rejected the idea so you have to appeal it just wasn't talk on our agenda to be the 1st to stand up and shout yes we have to be in need to your music so we took a very cautious stance. we didn't want to do anything there was in any way further destabilize gorbachev's the message was all that it is w.'s year 2 of the handwritten notes from the 1st round of talks made by. highlighted the main problem and the position of the g.d.r. it reads the key issue is the power balance in europe it cannot be destroyed during the talks the us and u.s.s.r. engaged in a power struggle over their influence in europe there was a month or once least consider for us the russians were the enemy per se and we had a relatively relaxed relationship with the soviet union was overthrown and we knew

that all the up he evils that happened and also the fall of the wall street was on the peaceful demonstrations and they were only possible because of the moses of support from more scorecards markets from. in the chancellor's bungalow in bonn a day before the negotiations it became clear that the soviets could not keep up this harsh front foreign minister shevardnadze it was asking for financial aid. received this same request. to be on the show or not so i said it will be. by next month and if that happens gorbachev will be a reluctant at the party congress at the start of july 4th out here we won't be able to see this treaty through. chancellor kohl sent his advisor horst tell chick and representatives from germany's major banks to moscow on may 14th to fulfill the needs of the kremlin well timed i mean i was in moscow for a secret meeting in may 1919 with 2 german bankers to negotiate

a loan of $5000000000.00 marks for exposed to for the soviet union this world power would have been insolvent fi summer $998.00 and we had the mandate to negotiate that goes so that was an aha moment for me. in this. the u.s. had also promised financial aid to the soviet union gorbachev came on a state visit to washington where president bush offered him a trade agreement but in return he would have to make political compromises and i remember the discussion in the cabinet room in the white house and we as a child of the question. do you not think that any country should be able to fill eate with whatever shittier the alliance it watched and he says yes of course . the minutes from the meeting between bush and gorbachev on may 31st recorded this pivotal conversation bush i'm glad you and i seem to agree that nations can choose

their own alliances gorbachev so we will put it this way the u.s. and the u.s.s.r. are in favor of germany deciding herself in which alliance she would like to participate after in 2 plus for settlement bush the united states is unequivocally advocating germany's membership in nato however should germany prefer to make a different choice we will respect it gorbachev i agree. this is that voice or that was the breakthrough of egypt air and also this i. yeah because of the resistance but this was actually the decisive break through all. the us president knew that gorbachev needed to win the election because there were people in the moscow pullet bureau who opposed his planned course of action this bomb maker systems are good for doing this underpins the existence of the entire process whether or not go but survived. that's one of the americans didn't

celebrate to publicize this breakthrough at the end of may they still had to wait and see if he would win or most of. us to give him. the cia report the soviet system in crisis had already warned of a possible coup against gorbachev in november 989. it said the economic crisis and the independence efforts in various soviet provinces were a great danger there were forces in the kremlin that wanted to stop gorbachev it states the threat of imminent social revolution could prompt a coup that would not only lead to retrenchment but also to political repression more severe than during the pression of years. the 2nd round of 2 plus 4 talks took place in east berlin on the 49th anniversary of germany's invasion of the soviet union during world war 2. during these talks in east berlin sure hausen palace the detente between the former enemies of the cold war was plain to see as the foreign

ministers were warmly greeted by host marcus mechelle. the public knew nothing of the simmering hostility between the 2 german delegations this loss to lose would assess him you need to communicate to him by june a communication with the with german foreign office was very bad it just got worse and worse we were completely isolated from these negotiations and just went along for the ride who knows it. full that could fall or would you like. good to be honest i was often astonished to find certain members of the west german delegation and not all of the words are east german call eagles they treated them lately in defeated stuff like losers like you should remain silent they've who had nothing worse hearing because they no longer had any. you know unity if you know that. at this time east german delegation leader hans you're going miss all of it

didn't know about the breakthrough in washington about gorbachev's agreement that a united germany would be a nato member. being doubly blessed by a few of them so i was only informed that this 3 or 4 weeks later the selleck i regularly offered my resignation to marcus mecca it was clear where we stood to. the public also had little awareness that the negotiations between the different countries were stalling. thus sligh the 2nd meeting in which lynn was a downright disaster and the league you've just asked if you're addicted for the soviet union presented a draft treaty that listed all of its farm positions you would want by want you have to undergo for this. but the chief of staff in the soviet foreign ministry to our sankoh had given elba a heads up who was goes into the sun to those me it was quite interesting sarah

cinco had whispered to me in private don't worry about the next meeting and don't take everything that happens there seriously lose the nz trust upis you that had come from shevardnadze and gorbachev it was a tactic to build confidence that collins putin the must not. nato decided to take a major step westerners announced that the soviet union and the warsaw pact military alliance would no longer be enemies of the west but friends a promise made by nato secretary general montra drawn up. the cold war. our alliance is moving from confrontation to corporations we extended the hand of friendship to the warsaw pact and gorbachev said that he had seen this as a very important and an important message if you're bored of gorbachev needed this message from the west to appease his opponents within the party of the 28th

congress of the soviet union's communist party took place in what was then known as the palace of congress's inside the kremlin gorbachev defended his policies. other shows i was worried that he would survive the party congress it gorbachev was hounded by both sides during the 10 day congress conservative delegates warned him that his actions would lead to the collapse of the u.s.s.r. and socialism on the other side radical reformers like boris yeltsin were calling for a multi-party system and new democratic structures gorbachev spoke openly about the difficult situation to american ambassador jack matlock. gorbachev looked at me in a certain look try to get your purse to understand this country is on the brink of civil war. no girl in the garage of school. i've got to convince that. he was riding a tiger with great effort gorbachev won the power battle within the party he was

reelected with almost 2 thirds of the votes the 2 plus 4 talks could continue. trophic of them when gorbachev wonder if he had complete freedom to repeat the hold with cold feet said back in may cole used these to present himself as a hero of international relations and soon got switched to. the date after gorbachev's victory chancellor kohl and foreign minister genscher visited the kremlin since germany's nato membership had already been agreed upon with the us. the main item on the agenda was financing the withdrawal of soviet troops the us refused to fund the soviet union. a chance for west germany to step up in the public eye and the delegation flew out to visit the soviet leader at home in the caucasus cole had asked gorbachev for the visit the chancellor could now announce here that nothing else stood in the way of

nato membership. the soviet union received $13000000000.00 marks for withdrawing their troops from east germany we can't lose sight of the fact that germany was given showing a $1000000000.00 more. which was in the incentive in and of itself so there are plenty of reasons. and then the soviets were in dire economic straits they needed help. after this meeting in the caucasus the road was now clear for reunification as helmut kohl and others repeatedly announced. but the question of nato membership had already been agreed in secret with president bush who had been waiting to see whether or not gorbachev held on to power coal was simply the one to break the news . to this as we fly back from moscow i think this is a day that collaborates us all it's a good day for me and i hope for you as well to germany.

in germany everyone was acting like it was cold to go to go but you have to do that it's complete nonsense gorbachev had actually made that decision sometime this fall but we didn't know if i didn't even know that and i was foreign minister it's awesome news that apparently east germany wasn't needed at that meeting i found that quite arrogant for. the 3rd round of 2 plus 4 talks took place in paris the day after the. baucus meeting soviet foreign minister shevardnadze confirmed the agreement made between coal and gorbachev the era of hostile blocs in europe was finally over during this round of negotiations there was another fundamental problem to solve the order nice a border between poland and germany was to finally be recognized under international law. the 6 foreign

ministers ensured that this demand from poland was met and that germany's x. journal borders would not extend beyond the federal republic and the g.d.r. . the final round of the 2 plus 4 talks took place in moscow where the treaty was to be signed. the foreign ministers travelled to moscow the evening before the signing the most yeah would sign on behalf of east germany but that evening british foreign minister douglas heard made a startling demand that jeopardized the entire 2 plus 4 treaty. falsetto up is that there was a guess that he had just thought of those douglas heard started causing trouble the evening before september 12th going to the tourists heads this giving us about the road of your nazi germany the united germany would have. to look for ways to the european rebid nerdish suddenly demand that the troops be placed on its german

territory which russia was absolutely against an office closer to the tourist options or that it was important to get that nailed doll in writing and i'm sisted that it should. this wasn't just an attempt to slow down the process it was an attempt to control the soviet union was not as we didn't agree with the stationing a sort of true list on the which is a few hours before a treaty is saying this is blamed for its failure it was a trick. this has happened before in the history of diplomacy was put into diplomats into could be. soviet minister shevardnadze told dragomir poland often that he would not sign a treaty under those conditions just moments before the signing in moscow germany's reunification looks set to fail because britain did not want to forego a special right as a victorious power in world war 2. by this point then the soviets are feeling their backs against the wall the germans are feeling you know look you know the british

are trying to screw this up. dieter kastrup it started searching for his foreign minister around midnight genscher met him in the hotel corridor where construct delivered the bad news so news if you could see straight away from his facial expression that it wasn't good he said hen minister to ensure the negotiations have failed mr defiant ones and to shut up the russians have just cancelled tomorrow do signings or even due to its items communicative for more games you and your turn salesman said he needed to see jim baker right away especially a call was made to the american delegation all the big baker had taken a sleeping tablets and drank some whisky bottle he was lying down and couldn't be woken couldn't lift a can change and sure decided to go there himself. was using to dismiss so we drove through moscow at night to go in to wake up the u.s. secretary of state because recent cancer came pounding on my door trying their work

riad and i was really quite groggy and they said the brits want. the ability to put troops in and g.d.r. and us at home are doing this because we were right up to the point of signing the treaty and not pick up the phone i think and call douglas heard russia does this is this is a show stopper you you can't do this we've come this far. diplomats were scrambling for a solution into the early hours eventually the ministers agreed to sign a separate indent on that as long as there were still soviet troops on the ground in east germany no non german nato troops would be stationed there but of peter this was the 1st time in history that germany gained its fool sovereignty not through military victories or defeats. in agreement with all its neighbors aggression you glorious use of soon as we mostly see. the treaty that sealed german

unity and gave germany back its full state sovereignty contained just 10 items and a separate agenda. the signing of this treaty brought epochal changes it ended the cold war and laid the foundation for a new era of peace freedom and cooperation in europe. so i do the targets i think it was fair to everyone who signed this treaty how important it was shove it on his own aside i was doing somersaults i was close to tears it was so i go about it today and. it's by the book that is now i know what mercy wants to show and undeserved gift is and i'm still aware that this is the most important signature of my life. but the nato question is still a sore point today were the soviet negotiators negligent or not putting oral

promises in writing. to the west to really agree not to expand nato eastward to this day russian president vladimir putin still accuses the west of breaking their promise putin is now making the argument that the united states orally promised to serve the union that we would never extend a term that is both ok absolute it never was. such a promise made at the when you're leading these were declarations of incidental but they were never live courted in writing so as easily as the west made those promises of yours so too did its abandon the consumption and that's why we're in the situation we're in today so you would be me it was a good source that would say look would be good or evil gullibility good opinion. in 1991 the u.s.s.r. fragmented into 15 states russia formed a new military alliance with 5 post soviet countries hungry poland and the czech

republic joined nato in 1990 later followed by 11 more countries friendly relations between russia and the west deteriorated the old rivalry for influence and power led to renewed mistrust and confrontation between a successors of gorbachev and bush. a new cold front has descended. ryoko future would be that we could turn the clock back to $9091.00 we ought to start with they had there they were going to exercise some smart diplomacy we are start some confidence building measures on both sides. and try to understand the positions from which each side is coming. through trust and mutual understanding the cold war ended.

the determined diplomatic efforts of the 2 cross 4 nations should serve as inspiration that today's europe can once again find peace. that day to main job is finished. but they have a sideline as a you tube. funny and and a. couple are a breath of fresh air in gemini consistent chuch. friends.

30 minutes. every 2 seconds the person is forced to flee their home. the consequences of a disastrous our documentary series displaced depicts dramatic humanitarian crises from around the world. fuck a thing we don't get i meant i didn't go to university to kill people and i thought if i act that way i mean a hand people feel for their lives and their future so they seek refuge abroad but what will become of course who stay behind and simply meddle my husband went to peru because of the crisis. what if he hadn't gone there we would have died of hunger one of them. just starts october 16th

to dump. this is do w. news live from berlin donald trump's personal physician provides an update on the u.s. president's condition dr shah conley revealed that the president is now on a course of steroids as part of his hospital treatment for cope at 19 he also said trump was continuing to do well but was experiencing ups and downs also coming up

another weekend of protests in belo rose police used water cannon to disperse protesters in the capital minsk after 10 that.