as early as monday. and if you're up to date up next on day the film looks at germany during the cold war don't forget you can always get all the latest news and information from around the clock on our web site that's to be found the day w dot com i'm anthony how i'll be back with more headlines at the top of the hour from me and the rest of the take care then from now thanks watched. and you hear me now oh yes we're going to tell you in how the last year's judgment sounds that will bring you an angle a man called and you've never had to have before surprise yourself with what is possible who is magical really what moves back and want also to talk to people who follows along the way maurice and critics alike join us from applesauce stopped.

cold war it was an ideological for people who said you know it it's not clear what system is best what system will prevail. in track of it which are a long time the issue of who was more calm economically 2 years was not totally clearly displayed and in the west the sputnik shock caused total panic sets for the proof. how surprising was that now it's us who are showing the west showing the americans what technical progress is to shoot from. dumb muds guppy and immunity to the military doctrine at the time was mutual assured destruction we would prefer to think it's a. really were. you're still going to throw in the 1st 15 minutes of

a war germany would have gone up in flames like a tool which. it had we were really scared because it could all kick off any time someone goes crazy and bam we're in the middle of the 2 on. the 2nd world war came to an end in europe in may $945.00 with germany's unconditional surrender the victorious powers divided the ruined country into force owns a bucket patient it was supposed to be temporary but communist leader joseph stalin was in little mood for compromise with the western democracies france britain and the us. this ideological division led to the cold war a battle for dominance over the world that would last for decades and split europe into 2. nowhere was this more evident than germany or the iron curtain ran through

the middle of the country and the city of berlin was divided by a wall. here and he is alone in western germany the war came to an end on april 16th 1945 when american troops arrived. it ultimately became part of democratic west germany. but not everywhere liberated by the americans ended up 3. d. is the version that most people could accept was to say who liberated us that we were liberated by the americans and we suffered under the russian sit in that was this one thing that was the short form in other words the soviet union's contribution to liberating germany from fascism shrank to virtually nothing in the suits and then. there were similar scenes at 1st in holland as allah and eastern germany. in late april 945 it too was taken by american troops.

for 9 year old pay to board the liberators were enemy soldiers but they were quite different from what he had been told to expect. they entered the town in good spirits and she had any as if it were nothing special at all because we met them and looked at them stupid as it was we bravely rejected the sweets and chocolate they offered us up for but that was how we have been brought up sadly the americans were soon replaced by the russians. for the emotion. of the russians came and the americans left. the allies had agreed that holland would fall into the soviet occupation zone the days of sweet scent chocolates were over. for dinner was of his words out now to an arched we were afraid of the russian

soldiers of one of them had assaulted our mother on her way to night school especially to learn russian for us fortunately it happened near our house got so drunk i heard my mother screamed and ran down until i was only 9 years old at the time i just saw the russian let go of her and disappear order for the eyepiece show interest on foot like took. right from the start relations between russians and germans were fraught with problems it was a different story from the western sectors the division of germany had already begun. in late july 945 stalin met with u.s. president harry truman and british prime minister winston churchill in pottstown near berlin but no longer united against a common enemy there was little they could agree on. at the meeting in poland stern stalin had said. right from the start the germany was not to be divided but truman

categorically rejected that idea in his briefcase his assistant was carrying 3 or 4 models for the division of germany where they give. the victors mistrusted one another. now that the struggle against nazi germany was over each wanted its own germany its own sphere of influence its own buffer against the others. germany was divided into 4 parts. french. british american. with the 2nd world war behind them the disagreements between the soviets and the western allies were out in the open the soviet union had lost more than $20000000.00 people and was economically devastated stalin demanded 10000000000 dollars and access to the row industrial area in western germany stalin needed coal and he held a bargaining chip in the. german prisoners of war. stalin

had thousands of them herded through moscow even before the war was over. but this humiliation of the losing side failed to achieve its desired effect. this and. the mayor was silence and people just stood there and looked and there was no shouting no outbursts of rage just this total silence absolute limit is one month the dimensions of the tragedy on both sides were so massive stock that had to my view to you might say that people fairly quickly felt sympathy for the germans they were hungry and racket. in 1905 more than 3000000 german men were imprisoned in soviet camps many would not see their home again for many years. if at all. the

german prisoners were forced into reeducation. so-called and teach us schools for anti passions were designed to expunge the old ideology and instill communist ideals. and move us the who know me the red army colonel tried to free us from this nazi ideology this view so that our return to germany we would actually be educated marxists who are coming from imprisonment as friends of the soviet union and the soviet don't you think a function of. naziism was thoroughly discredited and communism aimed to fill the ideological vacuum the soviet union now controlled one half of europe and believed it was only a matter of time until it controlled the rest communist ideals had attracted many followers in the west now there were fears communists could take advantage of the postwar instability to seize power as my most claridge because i have from this the

angst speak to his destiny it is important to understand i think that there was this great fear that socialism was still a seductively ideology feel that the shit you look east and later in the 1950 s. people spoke about and domino theory and this and this fear was not unjustified after all for a long time socialism had been a fascinating idea it is. unlike today and back then it was often langham's as a notion of freedom efficient liberation and self-determination concepts pushed to move. so was the soviet triumph over nazi germany not also a triumph of communism over amy or should move to do even munich you were for before the war there were many people in america in france and in britain who were convinced of the superiority of the soviet system you. we need to do some had come

from the united states to help build up the system then claim the show would. not. have sent to keep. the soviet union in so far as roosevelt and churchill to acknowledge that it was russia a pittance stopped hitler and broken his back so to see the if the which. as a result of respect for the soviet union had grown. lost its good. i believe churchill's famous speech in missouri when he used the term. the start of the cold war. then we need to. review. this. in the adriatic and i are. off the.

look at the. state. it is. why. the us responded with a show of by natural might in 1947 it approved the marshall plan. officially known as the european recovery program it was designed to immunize europe against the spread of communist ideology. containment was the term president harry s. truman used to describe this investment. that it must be the policy of the united states. the poor repeat resisting it tempted subjugation by a minority but outside pressure. the united states made $12400000000.00 available to help western europe to rebuilt. germany its defeated

enemy was also given the support. this looks like in marshalltown degree. so when the estate industry misson in a move for good and often condit. but stalin rejected american help for the soviet zone of germany in the east. instead of helping to rebuild the region he sent 70000 officials to dismantle its economy everything was taken away minerals machinery and tire factories and part of the harvest. it was the very opposite of reconstruction shortages remained widespread. in the west occupation took a different form in 1948 the deutsche mark was introduced

a strong currency backed by the us dollar west germany began to flourish and the occupying forces began to be seen more as friends. many u.s. citizens sent care packages for the needy over the next 10 years the 3 western zones of occupation received 10000000 consignments of food. the americans also introduced free school meals. slowly people in the western occupied zones began to look ahead to the future. the currency reform saw the 3 western zones unite economically forming a tries own that was far bigger and stronger than the. soviet occupied east. the 4th zone was sealed off from the others. the leadership in moscow installed loyal communist emigrants to run it. and at the top was

a hardliner brushed who later built the berlin wall. he expressed hopes that the communists would soon take over the western zones and rule the country from berlin. in reality berlin was divided into 4 occupations sectors and that became the very front line of the cold war in 1948 angered by the western currency reform the soviet union cut off the western zones from their land supply routes. try to ease barges and no transport church to. be autistics pretty frocks were responsible for 2 and a half 1000000 people in berlin all their food and fuel for their homes and factories could no longer be brought to them overlap. in

a spectacular action planes landed and took off around the clock bringing in around $2100000.00 tons of freight above all food and coal the berlin airlift as it became known ensured the survival of west berlin within a year the communists capitulated and reopened the land routes 1949 saw the founding of the 2 german states the democratic west and the communist east the division of germany was sealed. through failure you know. that someday you support. them and. what follows. were decades of hostility between east and west as they vied for military supremacy. at 1st the americans believed they had the upper hand because they had the atomic bomb. after they were used on the japanese cities of

hiroshima and nagasaki the terrifying power of these weapons was clear by the time the cold war came to an end the americans had carried out more than a 1000 nuclear tests indeed. but in 1949 the soviet union caught up with atomic weapons of its own the nuclear arms race had begun. by 990 the soviet union had carried out more than 700 tests during the cold war a nuclear test was carried out on average every week and a half reviving old fears just like the who feel that wasn't loan off to the 2nd world war when i was a child the center of stuttgart was still in ruins in where all my relatives come from the cathedral was still standing but everything around it had been flattened so naturally we were afraid that something similar might happen again to scoop us

you know those fears never went away nor did the victorious powers military barracks sprang up all over germany and the east the soviet army stationed in the west where the americans the british and the french promised and became the us has biggest military airfield outside its own territory the ultra modern us army hospital that was built in the small town of lungs which was also its biggest outside america military training grounds were followed by housing estates and schools the western forces also had their own radio stations. allied protection didn't come cheap in the 1st year of its existence the young west german state paid half its tax revenue to the occupying armies. the occupying forces had a huge cultural impact on west germany bringing movies and magazines that he had many germans a taste of the wider world. found world news on the profiles of the

wires of ac have you radios broadcast the sound of a new era that is in the west. in towns and cities in the east ruins were still visible everywhere the soviet union didn't invest it took frustration grew many people just wanted to get out some 200000 left the east in 1950 alone by the time the berlin wall was built 11 years later more than 2 and a half 1000000 had gone. east germany responded to this exodus by founding it secret police the stasi it undertook surveillance on a massive scale people lived in fear of their own government. we always put a coffee pot cozy over our telephone because we thought that was where the bug was and it was only much later that we learned it had been installed in the ceiling

afterwards and i found all the conversations we've had in our living room well documented in the stasi files we were always able to send many of our friends a letter outlining half an evening in which they had said this and that. afterwards that was really amusing or who doesn't doesn't look back then it wasn't as well that's not going to stick how much need. for a short while they're still appeared to be a final chance to end the division of germany and the cold war. stalin's last suggestion that germany should not be divided came in march 1952 when he also proposed pan german elections and japan german government we would have to turn if he. wants but he said germany must not belong to any military alliance adenauer however said before we negotiate with the soviet union on this west

germany must become a member of nato. and that was that. that. reunification became a distant dream and the cold war gathered momentum. east germany urgently needed economic success the government demanded increased output from the workforce it invented the propaganda legend of activist odd authentic up a miner who supposedly had voluntarily exceeded his own production quota by more than 300 percent. the communists claim to represent the working class but it seemed they didn't know the workers very well they would soon find out how they really felt. on june 17th 153 workers in east berlin revolted against drastically increased work quotas and went on strike many in the east heard

the news from west berlin radio station us and join them. so in little by little the 2 of you are not released also in the us the mud the sofa. i always followed events on rios of course it was a day of great excitement none of those men for i can still remember my father taking my mother by the arm dancing around the apartment with her and saying over and over again mother from now on everything is going to get better. but things didn't get better. shots were fired from. this day yesterday in the fields i think untended be going home to. even think i'm put on a platter. and all the uprising on june 17th

$953.00 cost $55.00 lives. west germany declared june 17th its national day. dismissed non-theist income a national union that is out to be a bust start to feed of it it. just gets worse duncan took i'm going to switch gears i. the escalating tensions between west and east fueled fears of war. is what is up and could be a trick at this point that's also what i thought when the korean war broke out it's also what my family found we had a small business and they began to hoard not hearing things are now really dangerous they said another war could begin so we must make sure we are prepared for the flip of. a 1000 kilometers away in korea the superpowers

faced off against each other just like in germany. korea was divided into north and south. the economically and militarily strong north was allied with the soviet union and stalin gave his approval for it. to invade the south. the lightning strike nearly succeeded but the us was soon able to drive back the invaders. in total the american send $1700000.00 soldiers to korea china and the soviet union supported north korea while u.s. led united nations forces fought alongside south korea. the war ended in the summer of 1953 with the 2 sides facing each other along nearly the same border line on which the war had begun. for west german

chancellor connaught an hour there was no getting around moscow but a decade after the end of the 2nd world war some $10000.00 germans were still in present in the soviet union not an hour's goal was to bring them home the price for that was recognition of the soviet union the hated communists under control a matic recognition of the soviet union by auden our was an initial step towards normalization why there was fierce resistance even from elements of the government who had accompanied him to moscow tided damani but odd now or got his way because so many germans were leading the terrible lives in russian camps after west germany recognized the soviet union the last remaining german prisoners of war were released to do. the return of the 10000 was an emotional moment for many it was only now that the war had truly come to an end.

but with fears that a new conflict could break out in 1955 west germany established an army the bun dispair. neighboring countries viewed the formation of german military units just 10 years after the end of the war with great concern. the new german army is gone not the use of it on the german army is not easily accepted by people with long memories 2 of those who think you uncreated fine on germany is even looked on like it or not the family is with us again. the bun despair was a member of nato the north atlantic treaty organization right from the start soon to military blocs would be facing each other. east germany established its national people's army and early 1956 and it soon became a founding member of the communist military alliance the warsaw pact. going to be

deemed on the street you can get more but i don't god because you cannot do this and the people even in figure out why do you give me an i don't you know the right good video game using each action provoked a reaction each block justified its actions as a response to those of the other block. if war broke out between the superpowers it would happen in germany if the warsaw pact invaded it would probably go through the folder gap and a delicate region in the middle of west germany along the border to the east the area quickly became highly militarized. and with tensions high the west was unprepared for perhaps the biggest shock of all sputnik when it launched this 80 kilogram satellite in 1957 the soviet union

opened a new front in the cold war space. difficult to just put an extra sputnik shot cost under dismay in the west and 6 because it thought that those who had historically always been a bit back. especially the russians had now overtaken it gets into and. how surprising was that done there was great rejoicing to use the soviets are in front now it is us who are showing the west showing the americans what technical progresses faults with the soviet satellites separately at every 95 minutes over 500 miles up at a speed of 18000 miles an hour not to done pretty under force don't become you realize that it meant the soviets had missiles that in a worst case scenario could carry nuclear warheads and reach other continents intercontinental the photon. at 1st the space race looked like that between the

tortoise and the hare the 1st living creature in space the 1st man the 1st woman. the 1st unmanned landing on the money those were all soviet successes. these triumphs were all sold to the people in the soviet union and its client states as big juries of communism. up on the seabed notice the propaganda was always based on a comparison you've got vast and we've got the cities well i can do this well so what can you do actually be more to the objective is not to portray something objective libby keven a student as a shrewd american folk singer once said to a 5 year old kid who doesn't want to sleep because even a lullaby is propaganda if you need to get it going to get there in you would you expect to be made by god. the common people reacted with scorn

no food on our spoon but a plaque on the moon. nixon and khrushchev these are the historic almost unprecedented scenes from the american national exhibition in moscow. russians might have been far ahead in space but the average american household was a world apart from its counterpart in the soviet union as the 1959 american national exhibition in moscow showed. naturally the exhibition only showed how americans live community. when he saw this kitchen with a dishwasher a refrigerator and so on which were totally normal appliances for the average american family a machine nikita's they gave each christian of who wasn't a stupid person regarded it as total propaganda you know. there was no way that could be true he said. if life in america seemed so much wealthier than in the soviet union that could only be interpreted as propaganda.

captured on videotape a new american invention the heated discussion between nixon and khrushchev became known as the kitchen debate yeah i knew if i don't know everything and i would say that you know absolutely nothing about communism nothing except fear of it you must not be afraid of ideas. even if that's what we're telling you and don't be afraid of idea we have nothing to fear but time has crash when ideas era us the cold war and its very essence was an ideological war. and we forget so easily that in the 1950967. people said you know that it's not clear what

system is best what system will prevail. in 1959 on an hour call for the phone to spare to take part in the planning and deployment of nuclear weapons. a concept known as nuclear sharing. was frightened me because by now we'll she was determined in hiroshima and nagasaki because he. done us hedonism we visited various military training areas in the vicinity of hamburg can we believe that we would be able to see from the card whether any nuclear weapons were stored there or anything else and then on december 6th there was a headline in the local newspaper on this john missiles tested in baghdad hornets and i said right that's where i'm going even if i have to go alone this year you know when he learned you. the temples staged protests against rearmament

culminating in west germany as 1st easter peace march in 1960. the organizers faced widespread public anger. the rule of nationhood relation we went in to cure that would soon have been homeless we were soundly cursed and of course regarded as crummy nix's go back to the east they shouted to him. like that next to that that's. the peace movement failed to resonate with people enjoying west germany's on precedented economic growth. this rapid economic growth was drawing people from east germany via west berlin. and the 1950 s. easterners could still travel there easily. the brain drain that resulted was a serious problem for the easts communist rulers.

the neo messed up to much and usually come when we start of the new school year on september 1st half the class was always missing because they had left over the summer holidays among a whole and they spending it and it's too fucked for a few to give i wouldn't name us if it's right it's it cost him a comment on seder how we go batty thing to easing the troops oh i dunno i start trying to butter. intrusions its inputs to not guts as big as you can see it be did you just leave flakes on me istomin the situation in dumps hell need to shift so we did. on august 13th 1961 east germany closed the escape route by building a wall around west berlin. the berlin wall became. the very symbol of the cold war.

it was an admission by the communists that they had to build a wall to keep their people in. islam who owns an absolute shock it was an absolute shock for us my mother was born in saxony in the eastern still had family that has sister was married to a man in east berlin so suddenly she was in a different world she was just not there and i don't. germans and east and west were horrified. watch what's going to come next. in turkey i vividly remember that day in 1961 and i found it all really frightening

because i was as white as a sheet i went to my parents and said now there's going to be war this as a king the question who had been born during war time world where opens a former secret i were highly sensitive to such thing once. on done it for one year off the pants down american tanks then drove to checkpoint charlie to the border crossing point on tradition for live to be strong where they were faced on the other side by soviet armor on one piece or beautician there were only a few meters between them and we waited with bated breath hoping nothing would happen that in our tomorrow dusk looking. down. at the time there was a military doctrine of mutual assured destruction or mad for short from the storm in english a cuckoo this really was crazy because if you attack me i'll strike back and then we'll both be dead and then didn't feel i didn't. there are enough nuclear weapons in the world to destroy our planet not once but several times over. in the mere 5

indeed have to rearm. but the most dangerous moment of the cold war was still to come the cuban missile crisis in 1962 american recognizance aircraft discovered that the soviet union had built missile launch sites on cuba only a few 100 kilometers from the us the missiles would be able to strike washington and numerous other major cities with ease from the caribbean island. cruisers opposed your question to the cuban crisis was perhaps necessary because the americans were facing a real threat from outside the for the 1st time. president john f. kennedy accused the soviets of a dangerous escalation. you know being the policy of this nation to regard any nuclear missile launched from cuba against any nation in the western hemisphere as an attack by the soviet union on the united states.

voting booth to please report to. the church during the cuban crisis we too were only seconds away from a nuclear war. american the. i don't think. that one of our submarines which had nuclear missiles on board was attacked by the americans with depth charges. in line with his orders the captain was ready to press the button and fire his missiles. could see that no secret service officer stopped him and told him to wait for a confirmation signal. for what would have happened had he launched those bombs from . the world seemed on the brink of nuclear war people everywhere prepared for the worst. i'm. not.

sure remember what bert the turtle just did ben's because every one of us must remember to do the same thing and cover and cover just as you do in your school as if you had. we were all terrified that a nuclear war would stunt tomorrow who. after all there were purely psychological things that we have had to learn like hiding under our school desks the shelter even bombs started dropping outside i was really scared of things like that. the cuban missile crisis was resolved because both superpowers took a step back without losing face there was a glimmer of hope that they would talk to each other to reduce the risk of nuclear war or saluki should use 4 fifths of the oval office because it's coakley loses it

was after the cuban crisis the 2 sides set up a hotline away cos they need a new 3 way and in my view there was direct connection between the command center of the soviet general staff and in the american situation rizzoli called let's use news spoke about as a joke or new media going in that if anything happened we would inform each other it's slow chess. president kennedy made history in 1963 the speech in west berlin. he appealed to the world to support the divided city at the heart of the cold war. it's remembered by one phrase in particular. product. he will roll honest. sure.

in the world of freedom. the proudest oh so. if me i'm really. odd that's true dainton entirely in cash because a student in berlin i was there when john f. kennedy was a simpler team he was highly popular just like american music and the american lifestyle were also popular that come as nationally in the sixty's. only 2 days after kennedy's speech soviet leader nikita khrushchev visited east berlin we are in the cold war he said and i too am a berliner the us president had captured the hearts of west berliners in just one day khrushchev visit lasted 3 days and was soon forgotten. this american rocket was designed not to launch missiles but to overtake the soviets in space in 1961 kennedy had pledged to put an american on the moon by the end of the decade up

to 400000 people worked on the apollo project named after the greek god of light the massive effort would finally overcome the humiliation of sputnik. kennedy would not be able to witness his country's triumph he was assassinated in 1963 the launch site was named in his honor the kennedy space center. it was the site where apollo 11 was to blast off on july 16th 2969. the moon landing 4 days later was the event of the century viewed live around the globe. and it's not known as its in 1989 i was living investor and i was on the western ireland to ship working in a radio and t.v. shop during the moon landing we stayed open all night in case someone stevie said he needed comparing hands he always fit chris from the early everyone was. west german television and so on we of course were also able to see the landing on the

movie. i just graduated from college and was living in a small apartment house was lying i was lying on my my bed watching neil armstrong come down that ladder and announce you know this is one small step for man one giant leap for mankind i. know that. the 2 superpowers could now see eye to eye in space. for the 1st time human beings had seen their planet from the surface of another celestial body it was a giant leap for mankind and

a brief respite in the middle of a cold war in which fear of nuclear annihilation gripped the world. after. go in the. pavement and done. the dog is too often because it was a problem of exploitation indigo has since become a symbol of sustainability and success fans to a project at the edge of the him

a lens. on t.w. . what keeps us who say what makes us sick and how do we stay healthy. my name is dr carson the i talk to medical experts. watch them at work. and they discuss what you can do to improve go ahead. stage use and let's all try to stay in good shape. because 30 minutes w. . staying up to date don't miss our highlights d.w. program online d.w. dark com highlights. media and information literacy the

7th online session of the global media for a covert 19 has changed the way we communicate. this brings new opportunities but also 6. 1 solution media and information literacy. is this enough to approach the challenges in our media landscape join our discussion starts 1230 u.t.c. . this is state of the news and these are our top stories. u.s. president donald trump was briefly tall spittal in a motorcade to white to supporters gathered outside before returning. his medical team said he was improving and suggested he could be discharged as early as monday trumps dr berfield the president is on a course of steroids and is experiencing ups and downs.

have used water cannon to break up a rally demanding.