being stretched by the time dammit. and you are of course watching t.v. of your news live from berlin up next part 2 of our doc film germany and the cold war for a while have more news headlines for you at the top of the hour i'll make spicer thanks for watching. can you hear me now oh yes we can hear you and how lost it is gentlemen songs that will bring you an angle a makeover and you've never had to have surprise yourself with what disposable who is magical really what moves back and want. to talk to people who follows her along the way maurice and critics alike join us the metal saw stuff for.

you called war was an ideological war people said you know it it's not clear what system is best what system will prevail. in fact of it which are long time the issue of who was more calm economically change was not totally clear to spend in the west the sputnik shock cost total panic sets and for the. how surprising was that now it's us who are showing the west showing the americans what technical progress is taking issue from the. dogma it's got to say i mean you get to the military doctrine at the time was mutual assured destruction we were the perfect think it's a. really we're. just going to throw in the 1st 15 minutes of a war germany would have gone up in flames like a tool which. yet we were really scared because it could all kick

off any time someone goes crazy and bam we are in the middle of it to find it. in the early 1970 s. the world was largely divided between 2 superpowers and for moscow and washington the fight for supremacy remained an ongoing battle with upgraded weapons new proxy wars a new perceived threats there seem to be no end in sight to the out of control on strips. the plans of the united states in the soviet union still saw germany as the main theater of a potential new hot conflict. this would be the stage for any devastating 3rd world war. both east and west germany were awash with troops tanks and countless other weapons with each superpower blaming the other for the arms race.

meanwhile people in the west were watching events unfold on television and a new proxy war between the superpowers in southeast asia as the us waged war in vietnam. in the form of. the remember the triumph of and the need was an incredibly savage conduct like we did with napalm domes that the fully aided entire swaths of land if not. the vietnam war was far away but all too close. it was a conflict that would also have a major impact on the cold war changing the perception of america in the west while reinforcing the country's image in the eastern bloc.

safin of the time i was deeply shocked by some of the footage we were shown that he shouldn't put pictures of people lying dead in the street hopes to a terrible. vietnam had been a divided country since the pullout of former colonial power france and 1954. min the leader in the north wanted to establish a united communist vietnam with the support of the soviet union and china determined to prevent that scenario the us sent in troops to support the south of the country a new proxy war and suit in which both washington and moscow were involved whether directly or indirectly by the end of the 1960 s. at the height of what a stance of lee had been a civil war the us had half a 1000000 men stationed in vietnam it was a war waged without mercy more than 50000 american troops died half of them under the age of 21 the soviet bloc supported the men with east germany providing medical

assistance and domestically to the one party state in east berlin insisted on its people helping the north. health vietnam side. its cut so shocked you would fund raising campaigns were launched asking us to donate money for vietnam do you feel vietnam to spend it not inside cannot thank you family simply ma'am we are you sure enough about. would get cindy palin make a fall when you're. in new york edge and then check one maybe comment. afai discovered that most of the money was used solely to buy arms however people really did send packages i can remember that we too took that seriously i thought it was a good thing when she was. in 1975 the war ended in victory for the north vietnamese

and a further blow to the supposed that moral superiority of the west estimates of the casualties of the war primarily been the means civilians range between 2 and 5000000 people peace in vietnam was at. east followed by a period of detente between the 2 superpowers culminating and the whole in ski accords in 1975. the $35.00 signatories pledged to settle disputes peacefully and to observe fundamental freedoms and human rights including west and east german leaders and which schmidt and monica human rights invoked by east german activists . the hope now was for at least a slowdown on arms escalation and closer economic cooperation between the 2 blocks . and it was the germans who benefited most from these agreements. the berlin wall was perforated and labeling the passage of

goods and loans and for germans to visit relatives on the other side of the divide . to what was now in each case an alien country. this country on the whole environment was extremely oppressive acquitted by a man evolved so just the visible every last in fact. it was difficult. to simply get such a little printed matter we had with us this regarded as propaganda material it respective of whether it was the stand news magazine a women's magazine or a novel that made no difference it was seen as i began the material. due to material shortages in east germany relatives in the west would often bring particular foods and consumer items with them as presents a range of goods were unavailable simply because the east german authorities sold them to the west for hard currency. some were openly displayed in shop windows the

us was well aware of this growing source of income. we forget for example that if you were a west german citizen in you wanted to visit the east you had to pay a large fee even go. oh across the wall and and if there were all kinds of subventions and subsidies that the rich west germany paid to east germany and in my judgment that kind of that kind of economic support those subsidies simply prolonged a very corrupt in affective inefficient regime. it was a regime that continued to invest a large share of its budgets in new weapons such as the r s d 10 a new generation of soviet missiles known in the west as as as 20 s. they were faster and more accurate than the missiles of the 1960 s.

plus the launch pads were mobile. the arms race entered yet another new phase. the us responded by deploying a new arms arsenal for europe the pershing 2 and cruise missiles medium range ballistic missiles said to be highly advanced. yet dominance moved him so viewed to have a time i spoke to soviet ambassador fallen about the issue of ogres he told me nightmares stories about the capabilities of the cruise missiles from the person that they're so accurate he said that they could fly through a soccer goal and through but to a few. now you can understand how close we were to a nuclear disaster. at

the same time it was becoming increasingly evident that the soviet union was arming itself into bankruptcy the economy was stir. well its industry was outdated and shortages became the norm not the usual sad news and this was a country that had won the war and built up communism but it couldn't feed its own people it's unbelievable. the stuff the prob the newspaper or the truth was the main mouthpiece of the soviet regime one journalist writes ply can arrived in moscow in 1970 he quickly realized that reporting the truth would not be easy be a bit tough to know your endorsement in west germany we regarded every soviet citizen as a k.g.b. agent whether they were a diplomats or a journalist or whatever to describe you can bursley in moscow we were seen as agents of west german intelligence or the cia this being and they did this so you

got used to looking in your rearview mirror to check whether you were being followed or not. and it was with satisfaction that you noticed you weren't driving through moscow on your own mission. in moscow now with landed at the helm the military continued to showcase its arsenal on official parades western journalists were prevented from gaining insights into the soviets military situation. rise of a day into a good views and i was always keen to get footage of the legendary s.s. 22 famous own tog and i would often use liquor or little leather items to make this or that person more inclined to help me and lead to commission feeding arson but i still couldn't get a look inside the wooden crates and their hoard screws to vanished some good west german journalist prince pike and spent 7 years in the russian capital. he also looked for stories otherwise hidden behind the propaganda sought in the process

establishing contact with political opposition figures and dissidents such as andre sakharov. under his soft above but at the. and that i snuck out of was the central figure among soviet dissidents soviet hujan a nuclear scientist who had now turned his back on the regime as he's done now before newman regime could one tired to whenever i went to see i've been stunned oddly enough the light in the hall of the building where he lived was broken i was in my. house for your cup point as i climbed the stairs behind and again i encountered shadowy figures. of i had to work my way around by to diminish duration. the west also had a chat away figures as both sides conducted a clandestine conflict. the cold war had its fair share of real life james bond stories. in one case an insurance agent made copies of classified west german

defense documents over a period of 2 decades. and passed them on to east german intelligence. a full of feel good i also photographed of course with a daylight developing technique and sometimes there would be 4 or 5 strips hanging down in my shower to dry. when they were then cut up into sections like this which could easily be slipped into a wallet with a secret compartment when he called them on and of least close to the wall it was then simply exchanged for the one the courier was carrying when you wouldn't let him call you the tallest. attended a number of protest marches in west germany in the 1960 s. and came to the attention of east german military intelligence. it was tough turn your mind as i met someone who said are you going to let yourself be beaten up by

the police from you tube you can do a lot more for detente if you go to bond and inform on the ministry of defense clearest it was during this time that pop med. his new friend was a reservist officer in the west german armed forces and was hoping to get a job at the ministry of defense and bought an ideal recruit. at 1st i couldn't believe my ears a clerk on the planning staff stuck. as a began taking photos of documents forwarded them to the authorities in east berlin . he would meet his contact officer in hungary or other countries just behind the iron curtain traveling via and direct routes or sometimes under cover. different crews don't want to leave it in those days passenger flight data were evaluated that's how it was so at the time i had 5

past 4 it's always was the that enabled him to switch identities and airport transit areas. in addition to forged i.d.'s he also used fake mustaches system to sure there is of course a lot of tension involved and he was and you need to be clueless when you're crossing borders with a false identity to do so so i knew what was involved and so i accepted the tension of the stress my role blog with it. was and caused. east germany referred to spies like paul as agents of peace and perhaps they actually did help to prevent an outbreak of war. brussels home to nato headquarters its offices contain top secret information on the western alliances nuclear arsenal as well as military maneuvers west german lieutenant colonel klaus gats was involved in the planning of the latter. among his aides was

senior secretary rose along ansen. she was a very hard working person. vosh she was usually in the office at the weekend as well which always earned her a great deal of respect. we were really impressed by her commitment if that's this much as always the only. one of the maneuvers class gets over saw was when tex sim acts due to begin on march 5th 1979. for hot and fan march for a c. evening before ursula rang me to say that she would be in a little later the next morning because she had a dentist's appointment so it's just. that next morning klaus gets as well as his nato colleagues and the wider world would discover that there was another dimension to his secretary's commitment and hard work. to the county when i

received a call from count door a correspondent with the events newspaper. are you sitting down he asked yes why. do you know where your ursule is fox she's got a dental appointment i replied i don't think so albany laurenson was an east german agent based at nato operations command in brussels the 40 year old secretary and a male companion had fled to east germany by a yugoslavia west german federal investigators suspected a case of sex be a notch like other intelligence agencies east germany had spies trying to seduce officials on the other side in order to gain classified information if it was hard especially the news came as an absolute shock to us because we realized that she knew that basically all needles confidential material was stored with us because of the guy must be out an octal. shortly afterwards rosa laurenson went public she

told viewers on east german t.v. that nato had plans to attack the eastern bloc with nuclear weapons you must continue to teach a long so it's the planet and others aren't. because i'm the only national summit to count. on it and we hope the new attune the. good news it's just a chanst up and i think it's both sides of the cold war had always stressed they were merely interested in self-defense but did the west intend to attack what exactly did those a launce a know and why is she telling the truth no it seems she mentioned specific targets she simply could not have known about it i didn't know them by that nobody did know because nuclear planning had the highest secrecy rating of all in nato not too fun as the language she used was not her language english there is no doubt that they practiced with her beforehand what she should say. east had scored

a propaganda coup although even today it's unclear exactly what rosa lawrence a new she remained in east germany but her marriage to her male companion and suspected spy failed after the fall of the berlin wall and the communist regime she fled to libya her whereabouts since then are unknown. as for what she did represents the most serious case of espionage nato has ever experienced not to touch. meanwhile west germany was itself swamped with weapons. and some conventional anti aircraft missiles were installed right next to public roads. in 1980 almost a quarter of a 1000000 american soldiers were stationed in the country distributed across 850 facilities and barracks the cold war was omnipresent. the nato double tracked decision of $979.00 secure the deployment of new nuclear weapons and west

germany while at the same time continuing disarmament talks. it wasn't until 983 that this highly controversial agreement. as a ratified by the west german parliament. is deep dish but i. i know that soon you're voting for massive phonies don't smitten suits or stehman eve doj name biden thought she. was there in shadow i know this mom it's business and then always leave their minds as side to side this encompassed vision goot on earth is a good common. green party politician auto shelley was referring to ronald reagan who was subject to increasing skepticism among other west germans bit that same year peace demonstrations against nuclear rearmament reached their peak the nato

double track agreements embraced disarmament talks a stance a plea at least on october 22nd 1983 half a 1000000 people protested and bomb alone one of the biggest demonstrations in german history almost as big as the popular uprising in east germany on june 17th 1053 and there were further demonstrations in hamburg west berlin and stood guard over 1000000 people took to the streets of west germany to protest against the deployment of nuclear missiles bigger fish those were of interest it was truly. it was an outcry only limited scale and of course it was incredibly impressive. you know the number i remember young men and women standing outside my home and protesting at the double track agreement the women said to me we are not going to bring any children into this world they were that radical kind and added this world

is due to fatigue holding torches they stood in front of my house for hours his emotions ran high not a situation was highly charged and would soon know how not a situation in which under. standing between the 2 blocks was indeed becoming less and less likely in march 1903 u.s. president ronald reagan spoke of a crusade against communism let us be aware that while they preach the supremacy of the state declare its omnipotence over individual man to predict its eventual domination of all peoples and they are they are the focus of evil in the modern world the. time when reagan's of an evil empire let's rid of the nuclear conflict was considerable these international peace programs whether they involve culture education or whatever had all ceased the political you had now with hostility and the feeling that you could already hear the guns of war. in 1983 the

soviet union shot down a south korean passenger jet after it had strayed into soviet airspace all 269 people on board were killed including 63 americans. instead of the planned disarmament talks a new escalation in the cold war looming. and the world held its breath. as the 2 sides mustered all the technological means available the arms race entered a new dimension of u.s. plans to intercept enemy missiles from outer space threaten to upset the military balance the soviet union washington assumed would surely be unable to compete with america's strategic defense initiative s.d.i. and for many hope was kindled with the appointment of a new leader in moscow in 1905. from one off. in 1905

became the new soviet leader forged and suddenly we began to imagine what changes this might range. claimed openness and transparency in discussions to. us. in in contrast to the g.d.r. where everything was still clothed in secrecy in the soviet union it was suddenly possible to talk openly about problems. in contrary opinions were also told. this one couldn't be of a. good. mikhail gorbachev's biggest problem was the soviet union's ailing economy the country was deep in debt and urgently needed to reduce its military spending. at a superpower summit and the icelandic capital reykjavik in october 1906 gorbachev proposed sweeping changes among them a call for the 2 sides to cut their weapons arsenals and half at 1st president reagan rejected the offer. and then got to the new prisoner conference not to grow

but sure was then this press conference at which gorbachev did something incredibly crazy and smart toes and he sat down in front of a 1000 journalists who had lots of questions to ask your he didn't get to ask one was because once gorbachev had a microphone in front of the goofily didn't stop talking to me oh yeah. well actually when you might you. not only. not doubt you're even in the boot but he talked and talked and his message was this was a good summit meeting goes on for this was the stars and we will achieve a good result. in the meantime reagan had landed in washington and read the news. what else could he say but not that it was

a good summit meeting. and after that they did have productive discussion on zinser . the new course taken by gorbachev also affected to change the relations between people and the east and west. earlier in 1906 t.v. stations in the u.s. and the soviet union broadcast a citizen's summit by a satellite in which residents of seattle and leningrad were able to put questions to each other. posner was the presenter for the russian channel. the discussion got off to a lively start with questions such as. who is. why this and why that. people never expected to be so many questions. and they had their own national was the reason for the vietnam war. and then they really had a go at one another you see a fisherman stood up a good looking american wearing

a leather jacket and asked him what exactly are we doing here. i wish this wouldn't be all we could get to know you i think it's a bad way to start i wouldn't have come here if i would've known it was going to be this political i thought i'd get to get a chance to know more of the russian people on. their show you've got to realize one of controversy about what they're trying to do now and i really feel unfortunate i wish we could sit down and meet with you and talk our asking. you to science we're interested in each other it was a perfectly normal discussion between people and it was as if we were sitting around a table and enjoying it. and of course it had a very special dynamic of. the broadcast was a huge success with over 100000000 viewers in the soviet union and so. 1000000 and the united states the american presenter later said we reached out instead of lashing out briefly the cold war faded into the background for ordinary people

gorbachev continued with his reforms hoping to modernize russian society and the economy in order to catch up with the capitalist west. the newly won freedoms however saw growing internal criticism of the system there were public protests by the mothers of soldiers killed in afghanistan the soviet invasion of the country had become another proxy war between the superpowers and a moral and economic disaster from moscow to the soviet union's beate naam in 1988 gorbachev ordered a pullout of soviet troops after a 10 year occupation the final phase of the withdrawal was overseen by gen boris gromov on february 15th 1909 he was among the last group of troops to cross the soviet afghan border where he was welcomed home by his 14 year old son. by number of instances a groom who wanted to collect the war in afghanistan had a huge psychological impact nationally that they were able.

to. supply. the men who fought then certainly wouldn't agree with me because they see themselves as a brotherhood and often one of heroes you're oyeyemi. know that someone did him. but our senior good but actually it was a defeat and there were a lot of lies about the number of fatalities the crew get the use of some coffins were even used for transporting narcotics of a quick to go it was a serious psychological blow throughout people should see knew that it was a disappointment and a complete loss of faith in the government but as it should you. what to do saturday g.o.p. gorbachev's new policy of perestroika also impacted on the rest of eastern europe in september 1987 east german leader every hanukkah arrived in beaumont to meet

west german chancellor helmut kohl images of the historic visit suggested a relaxing of relations while also indicating that the status quo would remain a divided germany but most of us didn't see those changes coming and when i say most of us are not simply talking about americans but also west germans mean we had meetings with with west german diplomats with people in the b. and d. and others nobody saw the end of the wall really coming. in fact i remember maybe in 198788 i had some german businessmen at my residence in bonn for dinner and they were telling me how the east german economy was the was the best economy in eastern europe that they were that those companies in east germany were were really good companies because well they may have been living and they may have been in a communist system they were still german but east germany was struggling economically

with the lappet dated factories and parts of its towns and cities still looking war torn a growing number of people now wanted not only to travel abroad but to leave the country for good in hungary also part of the communist eastern bloc the border to austria was briefly opened in september 1909 and they building thousands of east germans to flee to the west. and say. ok it's. meanwhile thousands more were seeking refuge in the west german embassy in the czechoslovakia capital prague as communist regimes in eastern europe and the cold war itself appeared to be close to an end. but many. he stayed behind in the hope of bringing about change back home by voting with their feet in a different way the now legendary monday demonstrations in leipsic grew in size from one week to the next but there were fears that this opposition would be

crushed the uprising by east germans in 1953 had been suppressed by soviet tanks. if the east germans wanted to do in the east germans debated this they call this the chinese solution. are we going to do our own tiananmen square but will it be unliked sic that they could roll in the tanks and put them down there at the hospital beds ready and they'd come to the russians or say we're join us and support us if we start killing a lot of our people frankly the soviets no longer believed in that and i think it's to their everlast to everlasting credit of mikhail gorbachev and others that they no longer believed that their vote they were so sure they were right that they were willing to kill hundreds or thousands of people to impose their view of what was right on. they it was great statesmanship at

a very difficult time. on november 9th 1909 the berlin wall fell the ultimate symbol of german division and the cold war a momentous event celebrated by germans on either side of the border and on it. once again the eyes of the world were on berlin. the spark for change in communist eastern europe had come from poland in the early 1980 s. and now various regimes were succumbing to the calls for freedom. in december 1909 romanian dictator nicholai ceausescu was toppled in a popular revolution hungary saw peaceful and successful uprising and in contrast to the prague spring of 1968 soviet troops did not intervene in czechoslovakia. but in moscow mikhail gorbachev himself was at risk of being removed by hardliners. we could always feared this danger i remember during the winter of 190-9991 of the

conversations with chancellor kohl we talked about the danger of what might happen if the if you know we thought it any time there could be a coup or an overthrow of power in the soviet union we began worrying about this in 1909 and even developed a secret planning group to work on this. and cole had a wonderful expression in this call so. it's like the farmer who needs to quickly gather in the hay before the storm because the storm could come at any time and we knew that. sensing a desire among germans for reunification the west german leader was eager to seize a golden opportunity. although he needed the go ahead from the superpowers. in the immediate end of the cold war when i think helmut kohl who understood the yearnings of the german people called for leader for

a new goal and got the support of president george h.w. bush for that despite the fact that margaret thatcher and friends form in iran may have had some 2nd thoughts i think it became inevitable i think the majority of the german people wanted to see it happen but where would a reunified germany stand between the cold war fronts helmut kohl began negotiations with gorbachev and promised to help with the problems his country was facing i'm seeing on february 10th 1990 cole was in moscow to give he was promised that if he provided generous help and support a united germany could be a part of nato and another to side. with the soviet union was desperately poor. helmut kohl ordered donations of food to help the country heading into the winter of 1990 s. . and also to further the cause of german reunification. in

july 990 cold visited gorbachev and the latter's native caucasus region of southwestern russia. footage of the 2 men in casual clothing seemed a world away from the cold conflict that had pitted west against east for decades. that was good news dusty for him. and he's trying to hide the ranch t. bone the president gorbachev it's windy i live in for talking to you up there if your mention of a still in front of forage then pick up critters. that's kind of dodged around so i pulled the sign i filed a gong zinah follow on your shrink just to have any teeth found to dodge the. kind for i want service and child. oh very good this is.

on september 12th 1900 the 2 plus 4 agreements finally pave the way forward to german unification. the soviets would begin withdrawing their forces in east germany but helmut kohl pledging to cover the resulting costs. germany was prepared to accept down demand. we needed 14000000000 do its months to build accommodation for the troops to be withdrawn from germany and other things through to. october 3rd 1900. after 4 decades of division germany celebrated its reunification. in berlin until then the pivotal heart of the cold war.

for germans the magnitude of the moment perhaps veiled the fact that the cold war was not yet over that the world was still full of nuclear missiles and now that too was the subject of negotiations. richard berke was among the dignitaries on the american side the last major battle of the cold war took place in a negotiating room in geneva. one of the secrets of negotiation of international negotiations like this is you're not just negotiating against the other side you're negotiating with your own capital. i mean everybody everybody back in washington was watching what i was doing and they were afraid i was going to give something away. the americans knew that their economy could cope with the potential of the arms race. but the soviet union could not a weakness that washington was able to exploit. the president told

me the president said listen rick you know you've got to be prepared if we can't get the kind of agreement we need you've got to be prepared to walk away and that's that's this is the message you got to send to the other side. and it was a message that was understood. the talks culminated in the biggest advance in disarmament since the start of the cold war the strategic arms reduction treaty or start limited the number of delivery systems and almost halved the number of nuclear warheads deployed by both sides. also in 1901 on march 31st the member states of the warsaw pact dissolve the alliance 36 years after it was founded soviet forces were subsequently withdrawn from the entire eastern bloc the collapse of the soviet union itself was now also

well underway. the baltic republics had already declared independence in 1900 and in december 1 19019 other members also ceded from the union including russia the soviet union had been succeeded by the commonwealth of independent states in the year so it gives you. some guys the. she brought see some solutions to using these human missile got us. yeah begin to show you so you didn't mr know it was too busy ginza is a sin. on december 26th 1991. almost half a century after the allies had defeated and divided germany one of the victorious superpowers had itself become history. the soviet union had ceased to exist.

and its demise marked the end of the cold war. i don't like the expression we won the cold war because the soviets did it to themselves it was it was not a regime it was a reach that could could compete over time it was not a sustainable system sustainable spiritually it's sustainable economically. and sustainable politically. smarter than george bush sr that's what george bush sr had also said if we have one finally we're out of one but in moral terms as i would just stay on the minute we would if they kept on repeating you've lost the cold war you'll no longer a major power of g.d.p. so shots often don't interfere your opinion doesn't interest us any move us.

communism in eastern europe had reached the end of the line. so surely people hoped in the early 1990 s. that would also mean the end of the cold war. the superpowers began scrapping their tanks in a new giant leap for mankind. but 30 years on the saber rattling has resumed something or a new cold war between the old photos. as both sides withdraw from old arms treaties. our relationship. has never been worse. than it is now. although germany at least has gone on to assume a new role and international affairs.

peacoat india. the b.b. taji treaties or the western ghats mountains. to protect them from deforestation project helps villages pick fruit for use in humble medicine. it's good for people and good for nature. and. next on d. w. . in good shape the topic of this episode affects every single one of

us how is the colonna virus affecting our lives what impact does it have on our spirits. our work. and our relationships. plus. what are the long term affects. good shooting. in 30 minutes on d w. every 2 seconds a person is forced to flee their home. the consequences than to say asterisk or documentary series displaced depicts traumatic humanitarian crises from the world. fuckin thing we don't have time to think i didn't go to university to kill people. that maybe again. people feel for their lives and their future so

they seek refuge abroad but what will become of us who stay behind. displaced starts october 16th on g.w. . this is to give you news and these are our top stories a russian brokered ceasefire in the disputed region of nagorno-karabakh is coming under severe strain armenia and azerbaijan have accused each other of serious violations and crimes against civilians as are by chance as it launched airstrikes after shelling by armenian forces left several people dead dozens wounded. thousands of bell russi ins have taken to the streets of.