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the planet is training on to view the facts of climate change many researchers believe we have to intervene to prevent must from happening which why so many people it might sound a bit like playing god. manipulating ocean seeding clouds. creating a sunshade for the oft out of self these are just some of the ideas. you can't tackle something of this scale this girl moving this fast. just science modifying our climate is it hubris in iceland researchers have already timed greenhouse gases into stuff then you can see sort of white spots and that's what they see it to be injected into the part of the reservoir that's the solution

to apply definitely in my opinion this if you want to see the life of a large scale. scientists want to interfere with the ox process and. can geo engineering save us not just by getting harmful c o 2 out of the atmosphere but also by cooling our planet. we're on our way to meet some research just pursuing radical ideas. out more of the climate change has become a kind of political abstraction it all has lost track of the drive to protect their bar but they love david keith a harvard university as one of the most controversial climate researchers in believes it's high time we had an emergency plan his idea is to create a sort of screen using dust particles which would reflect the sun's rays weakening

or even holding global warming. first big pilot project names copecks keeps being postponed and there's still not too much opposition. what if yes is it something that might in combination with emissions cuts reduce the overall climate risk maybe substantially that's the evidence we have acquired calls so the question is to what extent that solar church or reduce climb everest actually harm people in iraq that like extreme storms extreme temperatures sea level rise those are research questions that we don't know the answer to. so called solar radiation management is a gamble little research has been dom on the risks and yet it could be a last lifeline when it comes to curb global warming. in practice it would mean at least 10000 aircraft injecting the stratosphere every 2 years the planes would

release sulfur particles as evenly as possible at altitudes of more than 10 kilometers these particles would reflect one or 2 percent of the incoming sunlight . the fact that danced in the stratosphere cools the planet has been shown by powerful volcanic eruptions such as pinatubo in the philippines in 1991. time the global temperature dropped by normal point 4 degrees. so much that you have to put in there well it depends how much solar we wants so there's no right answer to that but you know the quantity we measured it something like a 1000000 tons a year which is that a lot well it's a lot of not a lot. it's we're putting billions of tons a year of c o 2 in the atmosphere so one of the ways to think about it is there's a $1000000.00 to $1.00 ratio between the amount of warming power of c o 2 in the atmosphere and the amount of kind of cooling power of say so if you're

a gas or some other material in the stratosphere so a 1000000 times it's not technologically a lot it's doesn't cost a lot but it's a real direct perturbation to the environment there's a net tell us also that the stratosphere is just a place you should not interfere because it's so sensitive you're speaking as if the alternative is now on interference but the c o 2 is already in the atmosphere even if we cut emissions to 0 tomorrow which is basically impossible but even if we cut emissions very quickly which we could do that doesn't make the client all them go away. and humanity is a long way from 0 emissions once we started pouring some fine into the stratosphere or some shade would have to be replaced regularly otherwise temperatures could rise to levels even higher than they would be without the many pilate. the technology present skeptics. my biggest fear is that climate change

will advance to the point where this planet can no longer sustain human life. to various true jan a few years that so no geo engineering will change weather and precipitation patterns. damage the ozone layer and produce more ascii drawing some studies show some interest for dru geo engineering is watch the climate change itself and even researching the matter sees dangerous governments are watching this closely well companies are watching this closely the military is watching this closely. so there's a political experiment the topping that says you know what what if we could go this route and you're opening up a pathway and the further you go down that pathway and the more you make it seem real so so an experiment is is is an is is research but it's also political theater you have that you will never stop people from thinking and from searching for ideas and solutions so the idea of the engineering is already in the world so you can't stuff that. you can't stop the idea of do insuring from existing but but what you

can stop is that it being considered a good idea many people including me have talked about how an equal solar geoengineering is how it would help one place and hurt another but actually in climate models when we put it even amount of solar geoengineering in it seems like really every major region in the world has their climate risk reduced fermentation with this leads to a planetary wide experiment you have one planet and you're risking the whole planet to do that experiment for sure solar geo actually has risks but not doing so are jewish or it also has risks. we are increasingly aware of the a factor of climate change we can't accurately predict the consequences of geo engineering. we are on our way to visit an environmental activist who's committed to strengthening nature's own capacity. to know what my biggest fear is.

is that the history of the collapse of civilization. is really repetitive. and we're seeing the tail end. the most expansive. civilizations. in human history. in remote south america chris tomkins and her husband doug have given vast areas of land to nature together with the governments of chile and argentina they created team national parks an area the size of sorts in. the past was partly go in your pocket since the death of her husband chris tomkins lives here alone. she's told us to come right on into the house and to please take our shoes off. so there it's the. locals.

yeah christine tomkins was head of the outdoor clothing company patagonia husband had founded the brands as free and a north face yet in the 1990 s. they left the business well and went on to invest around $350000000.00 in nature conservation. i don't believe that technology is some sort of techno fix that will fix all the technology that got us here in the 1st place look if i thought that was even remotely possible in the short term i would say great and then i really do say well then why are you showing up so late because the party started a long time ago there's no way to turn it better there are no messiah. when it comes to this you can't tackle something of this scale this go moving this fast.

just science would wilson said we should give i think having earth. back to nature in this size and scale you do it can there make an ecological difference you can enter these places and you understand what is was could be. and that's an enormous enormous contribution. i have begun to see the value in things or major the value of things more by their absence. chris tomkins amends the destruction and inequality in the wild in her mind entire regions should be protected from humans and especially from the clutches of a globalised economy. cannot save us from climate catastrophe probably not

but maybe there's more to it than that it's about spacers where natural systems can regenerate where we can save the things that represent life on this planet. we believe that all life has intrinsic value the non human world is struggling and much of the human world is struggling so we see the health of all life on the planet guy in their own direction and have done for the last 30 years say. they call this. the age of the n.t. . and it is. in the interest of. i don't believe that gets us where we want to go it's humans are in the new world

they're not even sure i. want to start mean for our approach to fighting climate change is it better to leave things alone or to intervene and try to limit warming to give ponds and animals in their present climactic zones a chance. in davos a meteorologist is investigating another way of cooling. item a no go zones are one of my biggest fears about climate. change is that the water supplies will become even more unequal more droughts floods and especially in terms of our droughts that they'll be moved climate refugees and more wars food because of climate. greater low money thinks it's possible to manipulate cloud formation in such a way that global temperatures fold the likeliest candidate seem to be cirrus clouds so's more serious clouds have

a greenhouse effect because i hold more heat radiation in the earth's atmosphere than they reflect sunlight. it's the only type of cloud that we know has a warming effect. cirrus after when streaks of ice counted for many kilometers above the earth's surface as a t. of the radically if you got rid of all cirrus clouds you cancel out the doubling in c o 2 levels above the. count's have a big influence on climate and temperature the lower one is cool of the un they should definitely stay but serious counts have a woman a fact they formed when i snooped li i am present in the yam might when an airplane's turbines condense water vapor. cirrus clouds form naturally in cold humid conditions although they do reflect some sunlight back into space they only allow some of the thermal radiation from the ark

to escape so on balance the heaters are in order to cool the planet cirrus clouds would be prevented from forming likely parts of the atmosphere could be seeded with desert danced for example the ice nuclei would grow faster become larger and fall to earth as hail the radiation balance would change and the temperature would drop a little. live for the whatevers have the advantage of her a dust would be that we know. it wouldn't do too much to the ecosystem it would have no side effects. but when it comes to testing this method out a small scale test would get lost amid the noise of natural variability of the clouds you would really have to do something on a very large scale to see if it worked i'm not sure that that would be possible political. because who would make the decision was in the end which bodies would decide which individual countries would do something like the land.

and in any case who would benefit from it in order to answer that question or they can no man wants to learn a lot more about. this measuring device attached to a balloon using a laser to examine individual cloud particles it's not clear that thinning out serious pounds in central europe would have an overall benefit and if the seeding was done incorrectly it might cause even more serious to form but perhaps this method of halting warming would be effective in the far north. it would definitely make sense to see the arctic cirrus clouds especially in the winter. olympics because we have no sunlight during the winter months and so it would really just be canceling out their warming effects and yes we want to

preserve the arctic sea ice of course but there are economic interests in the arctic being never bored so who wins out. manipulating the warming series pounds you still fearing but making funda clowns rain down in order to prevent damage from hail has long been practiced in germany so called health lions like all get macone show that weather isn't just a question of thanks for what's in there or go oh. you've got the liquid. and acetone solution with 3 percent silver iodide by ports and you should get there is the attitude you're got a collar and a valve controlled from inside or behind is a combustion chamber and there's an atom iser nozzle where the mixture ignites the norm. these days people across the world manipulate the weather china has a huge government agency that sends rockets into the towns how and whether the

silver iodide works hasn't been conclusively proven it probably creates more ice crystals which become rain more quickly since launch scale hail damage in the area around. in 2006 there have been no more instances in the region but the top will enter the figure because of turbulence the plane gets pulled up towards and also pushed downwards that can cause stalling you have to make sure the structure doesn't get overloaded avoid that the clouds don't pull you into areas where you aren't in control and you have a. whole good macone finds where other pilots wouldn't he tries to spread the silver iodide into updrafts that way it can rise and get distributed into the cloud from a bomb. in one sense climate is nothing but the sum of weather events to change the climate weather has to be manipulated on

a large scale and permanently pale fires only end to influence on a local level. but beyond that vibration it's what we're doing isn't exactly geo engineering or if it's more like protection we're trying to change the material state from solid to liquid in that sense the impact on the atmosphere is relatively small if you think but in general i don't think it's a good idea to interfere with the way. there globally. that. one on. my list but you guys they're letting a genie out of the bottle and it could have its revenge if things change to the point where people can't control it anymore i don't think anyone wants to experience that. people will probably be prepared to take bigger and bigger risks as the effects of climate change while

some. see as a melting everywhere like the amish in the swiss alps the mountains a crumbling. village on the sickly a moment of it one day when i think of the climate and global warming i also think of all these steep mountains where rock falls and landslides going to happen i worry about the people who live there and. switzerland is one of the european countries most affected by climate change. only if you want to glacier yes you know who go to that song has been observing the on edge for a long time over the last 6 to 18 years the glycine amount has again accelerated enormously. so we'll just cite off to the glaciers terminus has receded 3 kilometers sense 870 now it loses an average of 50 or 60 meters of length

a year to meet the police sometimes 100. and so the size fits all how many years until it's completely gone the shrewdness. based on models i think in 80 years it'll be a long way so really tiny line about a president make your heart bleed that's 2 thing and it hurts to think of a glacier like this which is huge and very beautiful and picture at mango on. the effects of. the mounting isn't just an especially problem the mountain where on the most flu has started to move an incredible 150000000 cubic meters of rock has become to slide. since 2012 it's happening faster and faster cracks of forming dozens of meters deep in time amounts in could come down on the glazier before humans began warming the won't the on that was about 400 meters

thick a field that i use 400 meters of ice gives about 30 bars of pressure so that 30 bar pushed against the mountain dew because that pressure has now gone as the glaciers melted the mountain is sliding down to the glaciers terminus so it's just sliding away which turns its own unimaginable forces. fossett almost 2 kilometers wide and 1.3 kilometers long and then everything is moving that's unbelievably big. red zone listens to the mountains using geophones g.p.s. devices measure the displacement while satellites observe with radar even if the great catastrophe combi stopped the swiss want to be prepared when the mountain collapses they spend 250000000 swiss francs a year on securing them on tunes this is only. in the wall for us as

specialists what's happening is extremely striking because you rarely see it it's unbelievable that new fractures are occurring not only in existing weak areas but also right across the united the hard. nice sort of. nature is telling us something saying don't turn the heat up any more right right like we're being shown how it will be if we keep on like this yeah i suppose. getting the genie back into the bottle here is no easy thing in peru researches are asking how the oceans might help us avert a climate catastrophe they're also on a so i and the ocean is such a fascinating. and beautiful habitat impacts organises i worry that my grandchildren won't be able to experience it and its beauty in all its richness and for its early. fall marine research or 3 bezout the plan isn't to cool

off by reducing some light not to mitigate the greenhouse effect itself. he wants to influence the oceans in such a way that they absorb greenhouse gases from the atmosphere and so reduce the very thing that causes temperatures to rise. as an h. the guy said you do it why such as i'm excited about the idea solicited so many people it might sound a bit like playing my god let's get after all we change so much on land do you view our wildly active and don't think twice about land clearing here or creating another manmade ecosystem their system of power but when it comes to the sea we find it hard to say why we shouldn't make sensible changes the surface of. the oceans are already a gigantic c o 2 reservoir 50 times larger than the atmosphere they already absorb

a quarter of all greenhouse gases is that the limits of the oceans potential or is it possible to make them do a little more. rivers al had some international research group of 60 scientists and technicians they want to understand how climate change is affecting the special current system off peru. does best of us the best thing we can do now is to really tap these options and not wait any longer because in 10 years we're going to have to start and. slowing them in 10 years will have to begin climbing engineering measuring these so-called negative emission technologies somehow getting c o 2 from the atmosphere and storing it somewhere else otherwise we're not going to

achieve the climate target set in peril is technically not to have a. roof. is to want to officially create a system like the natural one caused by the current off peru which ensures rich algae growth fish and other marine animals benefit to a small government it's an incredibly productive system here nutrient rich water from the depths is brought up through what's called upwelling that creates a lot of fido plankton growth leading to a very efficient food chain the boat. could it be replicated as a kind of global and conditioning system to access the deep water hoses up to 100 meters long would be lowered into the scene. the cold nutrition rich wants it would be pumped up once floating wind turbines could provide the required energy. when it reaches the surface the deep water would cool the half but above all it would

fertilize the op unless a out of want to. would begin to grow absorbing c o 2 from the ass and when it die and it would take the greenhouse gas with it into the depths. there's already a lot of upwelling here but the question is could we do it in regions that are completely unproductive today we call them oceanic deserts they're not dry but they're nutrient poor so nothing grows but they make up a good 50 percent of the oceans the so-called deserts. the idea we're looking into is this if you artificially create upwelling there you could absorb more c o 2 and you could also boost the fishing yield. there would have to be thousands of these systems in the us. to make a real difference. you. mean limas military force or free bazaar shows us his experimental setups the aim of his

research is to better understand marine food chains. the floating racks mizo calls on. this is walk onto visual systems for the op whiling of deep water would look like. fish out of smoked pot technically speaking it's possible the question is whether we want to do it the potential of the oceans is huge the supply of nutrients in the ocean depths is virtually an exhaustible not so when our ship. wolf revisit all hopes that a significant portion of human made greenhouse gases could be absorbed into the oceans in this way his experiments have already yielded an important finding in order to absorb more c o 2 than is transported upwards from the deep water and the pumps and the hose systems should be repeatedly switched on and off this technique would achieve

a full fold increase in the c o 2 uptake of the oceans in these areas as a positive side effect fish populations would also be stimulated. but nothing stays on the seabed forever it would be a case of buying time time we desperately need so far governments have until the day with the topic of jan engineering there are important questions to be answered like who would decide what measures to pursue who would pay is the un the right institution so what i'm worried about is that my granddaughter who is just 2 months old she will live to the end of the century and i don't want her to live in a world where somebody else decides to spray into the stratosphere income. the planet without asking. pashto or lives on like geneva he was the right hand man to u.n. secretary general ban ki moon now he had so nongovernmental initiative to

increase the political awareness of geo engineering. scientific technical engineering issues related to these new technologies are sometimes quite challenging but the governance issues are even more challenging this is part of the the culture of managing climate risks that we have to think about we need options probably and we need more and we need them sooner because we are in. individual nations manipulated solar radiation on their own yet lost passion or fear is that it could unbalance the climate in other countries. you know what is a plausible scenario is that a country that is baby badly affected by climate change for example a group of small island countries will fix it if they decide to do it and solar

radiation modification is at least a direct costs scientists tell us it's not that expensive so as a medium sized country could do it and wealthy individual could do it to save the world it could be done by a major nation today yes. which brings in problems right of course but but that's true of all sorts of things so there are lots of things in this world that can be done you know a lot of these data are done david you're going to look people see them and i and say the u.s. government you know will do this unilaterally but it will be fair to the whole world you know i don't think that that's at all tibet's that's a realistic scenario he says vets unable to take advantage of the weather is something that of course gives the nation an advantage if they can do it is. i think it's already being done today because the moment you see the outs to make it rain then the water that must have been bound for a neighboring country is going up and on call you have a company that can that can go you know in the same way that arms dealers go around

the world and say oh well if you want to if you want to be safe you know buyer technology. such unilateral efforts could jeopardize the climate of a neighboring country although the intergovernmental panel on climate change has warned of the risks it doesn't rule out geo engineering as a last result which is something the intergovernmental panel on climate change says must happen in order to prevent global temperatures from rising century after century. or more c o 2 that humanity has released into the atmosphere by burning fossil fuels has to be removed. we've come to iceland to find out how. in iceland's largest geothermal power plant it's already being achieved on a small scale. what i'm most afraid of when it comes to climate change is.

we will have a large global refugee problem not it will turn nations against each other this is class whisper klein while x. tests its technology it's like a vacuum with circuit in here this year or 2 is sort of sticks to our surface of a specific chemical it's in this unit there on the. then we get the c o 23 years out on this site. so it all comes through here and it lowers it from $400.00 parts per 1000000 for true to less than $100.00 so less than $100.00 you know. that's really how i mean the concentration of c o 2 is a very little in the air. but still to our yeah it's not a little words which makes their cut your. think a bigger technological challenge than cutting c o 2 from point sources. c

o 2 founders will walk in a similar way there's nothing new about climb was technology the chemical processors are based on i mean it's derivatives of ammonia combined with c o 2 when the i mean math a full day heated then they release the c o 2 for final storage the process is repeated thousands of times but the method called carbon capture is very energy intensive each ton of c o 2 filtered from the air. 2 and a half pounds and can alter hours of energy a huge amount so it only makes sense in places with lots of the excess renewable energy or waste heat like here in iceland with its infinite geothermal energy. can you imagine an earth where we have hundreds of thousands of these machines yeah i can mr you can i can yeah. i can i can imagine such

a world where we start to think only locate those units we had we had the favorable theological conditions but of course you see acid test make sense of course but i mean i guess we have to we have to thank big and we have to act big if we are to be successful in getting one to. match one be cheap each ton of c o 2 films or by crime walks costs about $500.00 euro amount then where do we put it the researchers in iceland have found a spectacular with a copper fix experiments the 1st step is to do solve for c o 2 and won't water like soda so we inject down to your lawn with or to 2 kilometers. and on top of that so it's 800 meter of ground water. meaning what we have very high pressure much higher pressure than in here needed to keep everything the salt into the more or less there's a there's

a lid on to see if. this came here and then we have the the very exciting chemistry happening as well because what it quickly the c.e.o. to interacts with the purcell fits so in less than 2 years it's turned into a new type of rock and you know once it's rock it's just rock it's not going anywhere dassault contains lots of calcium magnesium and i am these minerals reacts with the greenhouse gas here at the storage capacity of post office on earth are a minimum an order of magnitude larger than c o 2 that we would emit if we would were all force and see all available. which we hope will never happen so far just 12000 tons of c o 2 power yeah are buried here. to make a difference the number would have to be in the billions concern for the state of

the art is want striving scientists and conservationists might chris compromise. but her approach to preserving the beauty of nature could hardly be more different she wants swathes of nature to be restored as much as possible to the way they walk before human intervention. so when we bought this ranch. all of the local were forced to enter the high grounds because this was all use for grazing lifestyle. so this was a big fight. between ranchers and conservationists and still is in argentina. that. ranchers see when i go to his competitors. they want to get rid of that everywhere in the world there's this inherent conflict

between conservation so. i don't have a sense almost everywhere really. the patagonia park shows want challenges have to be overcome to turn back the clock and save what could still be sanct. 600 kilometers of fences had to be removed 30000 sheep solved roads dismantled and trees planted. it took more than 10 years just for the grassers to return. bringing back 90 of animals has proven to be difficult and. there's now been success with the endangered and deer humus also back. after species have to be bred back into the area. here on the argentinean border of the park but only to south america are being raised.

nando's. they had completely disappeared from this area. to the creatures of flightless they have feathers other am only to warm them through the chilly patagonian winter. 6970 ready been released into the wild. the plan is for a population of $100.00 it requires huge after. what was once lost. the impacts of climate change and the loss of top predators and how that is a cascading effect over all habitat and how it affects human well being as well all those things. it's not something that's going to happen in the

future it's happening now you know a lot of people don't believe that's true but then not believing it doesn't make it he's less true are we going to survive and actually if you look at that process we've been through to the earth the damage i don't think that's the question i think that's a very anthropocentric question are we going to survive i don't think all of us will why is that why are we doing this. as the question and all the answers at the moment anyway lead me to think that where willing to risk everything so that we can have a 2nd refrigerator. you know and that's why people young people and of people are in the streets. because how dare you ask

that that says. and chris tomkins himself is no exception if the younger generation isn't to end up being forced into using geo engineering then climate protection efforts must increase dramatically. and yet the very prospect of technical solutions could stop me efforts to cut c o 2 emissions it's a certainty that some people who want to fight against emissions cuts like big oil or fossil rich nations maybe exploit the work we're doing exaggerating how well this works flawlessly true enough with lies and claim that we don't need to cut emissions that's of course complete nonsense we do have to cut emissions but i don't think the fact that people will put it we support this a little bit is a reason that we should hear no evil see no evil and try to pretend there's nothing here. is kathy hoffman i haven't given up hope that will

turn things around in time then is the end if we do that i think it'll be responsible to do some geo engineering for a time all just to flash in this peak of the warming a little bit of a decent have albums i say temporary solar radiation management there because removing c o 2 from the atmosphere will have to be done over a long time and it has all the cea to leave a message has to be taken out of the atmosphere would one of the deals geo engineering the terms geo engineering is a misnomer will never understand it in terms of going in there like engineers stuff has to feel our way and learn as we go and we'll have to be able to stop at any time without it coming back to bite us all of us all still that's a basic that's wireman to falls out so i'll only consider such measures if we know for sure we can stop without negative consequences were done by hope to matushka it was actually. the science is an ambiguous existing measures on to not to keep the

key. i'm stable so it's probably only a matter of time until radical geo engineering comes into play harlow we are in the next few years but it's really a sort of prop tipping point of how things things might turn out if we are ready to drastically change. our way of living on radios i mean cns. put a lot of effort going into movies filters a lot of medical but when you go apply that. huge scale and if we do that that where is it we will be successful. to destroy beauty to destroy small nice. little come around to contests just of course. it's going to be the breakdown of

social structure system and so. on in there is a whole new assessment of goodman stuff. best analysis in a. good for paying attention we should start saying that the other direction. germany's business in the middle kingdom is going well ah but frank how much longer . china as a trading partner it is becoming increasingly greater. free market access is becoming more difficult intellectual property theft she means rights violations and

how can you dismiss continued. in germany. w. . i was iffy when i arrived here i slept with 6 people in a room. it was hard. i even got white hairs and. the general language head now a lot this gives me a little bunch nipping to entrust with the same thing you want to do their story. writing and for the information for margaret. the one out of 8 people suffering from hunger in the. world food program is fighting hunger worldwide.

join the fight. this is. from. first 2nd way governments across europe tried to turn back the tide of the coronavirus the continent's records the highest number of new infections since the start of the contract also common. armenian. forces engaged in fresh fighting. despite. a ceasefire.

groups are warning of a massive crisis if the situation. is.