in support. of. delivery of. thanks. some noises make your skin color a nasty sensation which some people seem to enjoy provoking fights other noises induce a pleasant change for example in a s m r video what do scientists have to say about that. hello and welcome to a new edition of tomorrow today. before we explore the phenomenon of suv in

a s m r sound let's find out how we hear sound in the 1st place. anatomically speaking we have an out of here a middle ear and an inner ear and that's where we pick up auditory signals in the form of vibrations in the cochlea to be precise. the cochlear is a bit like a spiral staircase that bassler membrane and hair cells make up the carpet. it's those cells that enable us to hear from the high notes. to the low notes sound tribe or asians deflect the here cells it's like flattening the fibers of a carpet. that generates an electrical signal which is sent to the brain and we perceive a sound or so then stand up again and are ready for the next sound.

the different pitches are registered in different parts of the cochlea. i know it's are detected by the hairs at the bottom. lower ones further up. in the lowest notes at the very top. enabling us to hear a wide range of pitches. and hair cells are very sensitive if they're exposed to too much stress or for too long they can be damaged and move on the real sounds the hair cells that register high notes are especially susceptible to all frequencies passed by their stretch of the cochlear including the low ones so it can get quite a battering like the bottom of a staircase. the carpet on the lower flights tends to wear out faster. in the cochlea the corresponding hair cells stop working sooner so hardness of hearing usually starts with the high notes.

now get comfortable and look and listen carefully. in recent years as a more videos have become an unexpected you teach and. ask them are stands for autonomous sensory meridien response it's a relaxing tingly sensation that starts on the scales and moves down the body and is it a real effect or pseudo science they tap gently on objects. patty. run their fingers over various textiles for hours on end and millions of people

watch them. videos like these are uploaded to you cheap every day francisco likes to watch them turn if you're off on one of the applicants this one features an artist from asia and she brushes her hair with different brushes and combs it too i think i've watched it around 20 times. that there's this video by s m r blossom where she makes different scratching noises it was one of the 1st videos that i watched over and over again if there is one part where the scratching noise was so pleasant that i had to watch it again. the lot of cats go watch the show. you know watch it go back to the beginning and then watch it again. these videos are a mass phenomenon but so far there's been little research on them. the

clips soft calming sounds clearly represent a counter trend to the fast paced videos with short chalky sequences. there's not a lot going on in them but more than you may think. like in the beginning everything seems samy and monotonous and it is but only for a few minutes then something changes and usually something adverse or stimulating starts before everything again then it returns to the original habitual sounds and then something new happens again like the viewers know they're going to be stimulated and then relax that's why they stay. on they keep watching because there's always something new. it doesn't just lead to sleep loss was this is nothing new up i am new and.

the effect that the videos produce is called mark which stands for autonomous sensory muti in response. it describes the present tenderly feeling on the skin that the videos can trigger. then. you know when i watch the videos and hear these noises hand movements or whatever. well it starts in the back of my head and i get goosebumps under my scouter the whole. that's how i describe it the tingles thought. about. travel from the back of the head down the spine.

they can be triggered by light scratching and knocking sounds. whispers or other gestures that evoke a personal connection. past wanted she's extremely close to the camera you can see her hands up close and at least part of her face up close and you really get a strong sense of her presence of the protagonist in the video that creates a feeling of closeness privacy or even intimacy. intimate it. in some of it he goes the view is addressed directly they put sounds front and center at the to normally just in the background. but i guess i'm off a dios don't cause the same physical reaction every one for a long time it was unclear if the effects were physiologically quantifiable. but a study by the university of sheffield showed for the 1st time that the heart rate

of people who experience a s.m.r. actually decreases significantly when they watch their videos. the productions and who are consistent with the idea that it's more something that's physiologically deactivating so it's relaxing and in the same way as you might get you or your heart rate so i know you listen to the likes of musical when you are on the beach just shit and now heart rate is. an index a preoccupation. critic if i as a mass calming effect is scientifically proven could phidias like these be used as part of a treatment program. but. now whether it's something can be used clinically i guess is is an open question i mean people are already anecdotally using these videos for things like. depression but whether you still

think something which we don't know but we do know is that asthma is a facility physiologically rooted in response so it appears to be something that's reliable in sick. and. that might be too early to know if videos could have a clinical application but francisco for one is going to keep watching them when she needs to relax. now it's time for our viewers question some animals are amazing acrobats they manage to keep their balance however during their moves. back up ray hanania is from bangalore in india wondering. how do some animals climb walls the methods vary. answer for example are excellent free climbers they have grooves in their feet that can cling on to even

the smallest holes. snails release a layer of mucus on flat surfaces so they don't dry out and to protect that sensitive skin. snail slime isn't rich with proteins that make it extra sticky making snails well equipped for higher things. this gecko by contrast doesn't need sticky stuff to let it walk upside down on a glass surface thanks to attractive forces between the glass and its feet. and electron microscope reveals hundreds of thousands of tiny has on the reptiles toes . the hairs widen the tip for maximum contact with the climbing surface where the has on the surface made electrostatic forces between the molecules make them attract had the force is very weak but multiplied by hundreds of thousands of has

a gecko could hang in there with the best of them. those so-called fund valves forces are also what enables this robot to pick up items. nasa is currently testing a climbing robot for particularly difficult tasks. its feet are inspired by the geckos. for climbing if uses small hooks that can crawl into rock faces. one day this super climber might even be able to scale mountains on mars. if outlet is red white are great but only thing you. do you have a question that's been bothering you send it in as a video text or voice mail if we answer it on the show you'll get a little surprise at the thank you. come on just ask.

for more stories from the world of science and technology go to our website or find us on twitter. have we reached peak meat health scares and environmental concerns are making more and more of us think twice about our meat consumption. in germany a growing number of people are switching to a vegetarian diet. in global terms india has the largest number of vegetarians in the world 38 percent of the population if you like me but you worry about the ethics of factory farming sit tight you might soon be tucking into a fake steak. or invitro meat is created in laboratories. that could help reduce intensive animal farming. disservice to

form the stick instead of sitting. on the hudson because of the full being. produced from individual animal cells muscle tissue taken from animals by biopsy plays a critical role in the process it's cut into tiny pieces in order to separate the muscle fibers. the muscle tissue is made up of fat cells and muscle cells individual muscle cells can be removed and grown in culture media. the cells then divide many trillions of cells can be grown from a small cell sample. the cells merge to form tiny fibers called mio tubes and from them a small piece of muscle tissue is grown. all of these little bits of muscle are

layered and put simply that cell in vitro meters me. in $24.00 teams and initial proof of concept was presented to the public to demonstrate the feasibility of cultured meat now several companies around the world are working on bringing in vitro meat to the masses it's easier said than done and the science is far from conclusive and while it's normally a muscle cell is part of a bundle of cells so it's corrected and regulated by the other cells as it grows. that doesn't happen with in vitro meat so it's difficult to know whether or not these in vitro meat cells will continue to develop in a healthy way or whether they might eventually start to mutate because the regulation by the other groups of cells isn't present that still has to be studied . still investors predict that laboratory raised meat will eventually

become a lucrative business. plant based meat substitutes are i love their potentially lucrative market but it's not so easy researchers are working hard to make these meet look feel and taste convincing. in the soyuz cantona valley research is that you know. city of applied sciences are trying to figure out the best ingredients for meat substitutes michelle by if i experiment with various plants he's looking for something protein rich that provides the right flavor and fibrilation. the goal is to generate new food properties from familiar raw materials. for that we've built machinery. we can use this to demonstrate that it's possible to alter the raw materials so that we end up with an attractive food product.

because. one of the machines that the research is use is an extra under high pressure and high temperatures the raw material is compressed and shaped. the extruded screw is a crucial component in the process. it makes is and pushes along the material. it's. the position and length of the individual segments determines the properties of the final product that's expelled through the specially shaped opening. every manufacturer has its own recipe as are and configures the assembly process differently generally they have their own configuration for the nozzles to. the

cooling nozzle is another crucial element it's here that the structure of the proteins is fixed which determines the texture the nozzle itself determines the shape and size of the meat substitute measured by a fire and his colleagues have tried out different cooling nozzle forms and even built their own the plan is to start producing a new generation of meat substitute. this detective work with every new raw material you have to identify and develop its parameters from scratch. the starting point is the rule material these include soybeans some flower seeds and yellow pieces the research is extract that person and it has to be palatable. the building blocks of plant are amino acid when water is added to the extruder and the temperature turned out the proteins unfold the high temperature is key here the

higher it is the more easily they on fold and the more easily absorbed they are by humans. which out by a monitor is exactly what happens to the proteins when he alters the temperature and the length of the process then he decides how the mixture is best treated in the extruder. testing which other plants might be suitable meat substitutes is also part of his research as well as peas and soybean. algae is a promising alternative. you know he has a high protein content and it's very nutritious but it's quite sticky so we have to improve the texture for example by adding something fibrous or by using another protein as a basis that's easy to structure. where the made of algae soybeans opie's meat substitutes is still a work in progress the consumers will decide if their research is have done

a good job or not. countenance clarus. taste matters even when it comes to water but above all it needs to be clean only 2.5 percent of the earth's water is fresh water humans and animals can go in search of the water they need but what happens when plants get thirsty. we visit the botanical gardens in hamburg to find out. who is needed to sustain life. the. plants need a lot of it so water consumption is accordingly high the baton a cuckold and then humbug. hutto has unique properties that make it indispensable to plants and interesting to botanists. as

water is the universal substance animals and plants are in large part made of water we can only survive a few days without it we all start our lives in the womb surrounded by water to live in. it's also the universal solvent and transport medium in biology. and water plays a central role in bodies in cells everywhere and i'm against in parliament. as many as 30 drops of water can form a liquid bubble on a tiny 2 cent coins. anymore and gravity wins out and the water pours away. adhesion and cohesion enable water to flow up puts in a plant. capello reaction takes place when it he's into a surface is stronger than the cohesion among the water molecules. and rises

through standard cheap inbreeds and stalks all trunks. and copied. in capillaries which are tubes of less than 2 millimeters in diameter water can rise to a certain height. the narrower the capillary the higher the water can rise as a deal amendable unfortunately the chooks the elements of wood through which waters transported have an average diameter of 50 micro meters that 0.05 millimeters that's how narrow the troops are in them water can easily rise to a height of 5 or 10 meters from 14 meter who ishtar but how does it get to the top of a huge 100 meter tall tree for that to occur evaporation comes into play. if i don't see water evaporates in the leaves of the trees crowns that causes suction in the capillaries it's like what happens when we drink from a straw. also clean the function just consider transpiration the loss of

water as vapor at the top of the tree cos the pressure differential which sucks water up to such amazing heights calm comes. the if operation also has a cooling effect that's one reason why it's cooler in the round forests. in winter water can become a threat to plants because of another of its properties negative thermal expansion . most materials contractors' that temperature drops that holds true for water but only down to about 4 degrees celsius if it gets any colder water then expands again about 9 percent when it turns into ice. that's because in ice the water molecules group into a crystalline structure that takes up more space than liquid water. plants have a way to protect themselves against this expansion. sugars dissolved in water over

them plants cells serve as an empty freeze disrupting the formation of the crystalline structure and thus lowering the freezing point of the water by 5 or 6 degrees. a glass of water will turn to ice in a freezer within an hour or so. a sugar solution stays liquid for longer. some aquatic plants have developed other ways to defy ice the water soldier. for example spends the winter on the bed of rivers and ponds. by student form at the bottom of a sufficiently deep body of water. that also has to do with water as negative thermal expansion. the water soldier we see here has

developed a particularly interesting strategy because the view of humanity and it's an aquatic crushed by the floats at the surface in summer it has a rosetta leaves and white flowers. and i'm half slow enough and soon even as it gets cooler in the autumn the leaves start to sink in just sent to a depth where i use usually does and for that kind i was pretty calm. the way to form a water above excess pressure on the water molecules compacted into the result is a constant temperature of about 4 degrees the fish also went to ice free to us. this cup for example. 80 percent water and also need to protect themselves from freezing. when spring comes life trends higher towards the surface. we humans are about 70 percent water. while the internal temperature of fish can vary a lot without harming them needs to be kept constant. so when it's hot we sweat.

a cool park and now we know why it's cool under the trees. that's all from tomorrow today we'll be back next week with more science stories until then stay healthy and daycare. and.

i think. the old mind bridge is the perfect starting point for discovering verse for us from here you can feel many of the important sites and i'll be checking out those spots and on top of that i'll do some wine tasting because this region here is known for its good the culture clown let's get going in line with tomato baroque and wine

lucas take it explores and blast around the chickens. coming up on d w. there's a culture raging over the american dream. but which way is it headed artists are concerned but most of the photographers filmmakers and writers share their views on turmoil. arts 21. in 30 minutes on d w. how does a virus spread. why do we panic and. and we'll all be. true just 3 of the topics covered and the weekly radio show is called spectrum if you would

like any information on the krona laroche or any other science topic you should really check out our podcast you can get it wherever you get your podcast you can also find us at d.f.w. dot com look for it slash science. teach their hopes for spectacular pictures. it's their passion for nature. it's their complete devotion that makes them the best wildlife photographers in the world. fascinating. and. confrontational and story. 5 adventures.

one goal. the preservation of our planet. it's not is an issue of martin trees and certain kind isn't it more of. a sauce that's dangerous or are not true or realize that there's a radically different way of living it's rather. unfortunate starts november 6th on g.w. . this is news and these are our top stories spain has imposed a nationwide curfew from 11 pm to 6 am as part of a new state of emergency declared on sunday it comes as the country has one of the highest rates of coronavirus infections in western europe spanish regions also.