government of khaldoon its didn't recognize his claim to leadership. american lead prosecutor robot. jackson completed his preparations in washington and then flew to london. jackson wanted to convince the allies of his vision of an international court while avoiding any appearance that the victims were abusing their power. meanwhile, his team was sifting through evidence. he finds out that there's no case ready to go, and there's really not very much evidence connected to individuals. and it's one thing to have a general sense of atrocities and misconduct at the governmental level. but a prosecutor needs individual specific items of evidence, witnesses, documents, etc. to go forward into court. investigators in berlin were making progress on that front. they discovered that the germans had documented many details of their crimes

. it seems they hadn't been able to destroy everything in the final stages of the war. searching for incriminating documents among the ruins of the 3rd reich's capital required initiative. i was assigned the prosecution of eric's call for that was my individual defender error scholar. it was a head of what is known as the r s a chair, the right set, right. how that agency include the gestapo, for example. and yesterday i visited a medical stop or offices and i found documents lying around on the floor saying this man should be executed by our scholar byrne. i picked them up, brought up the floor, but it is true that there were many, many documents that were not destroyed that we obtained and were incriminating jury in his visit to hitler's chancellery. even jackson himself found useful

material files or correspondence that soviet forces had thoughtlessly left lying around during the capture of berlin. in london, the 4 victorious powers struggled to decide on a statute for the trials. the soviet delegation rejected a fundamental criminalise ation of wars of aggression, demanding the court's jurisdiction, be limited to german crimes. the involvement of stalin's lawyers was becoming a handicap to the proceedings. the soviets themselves were clearly guilty of crimes against humanity and criminal military aggression. one aspect that was completely ignored in nuremberg was bombing campaigns. the british and americans knew all too well what they had done to german cities, including nuremberg, 90 percent of the city had been destroyed. nevertheless,

robert jackson was determined to hold the spectacular trials there. he was located in the american occupation zone. it'd be known around the world as the site of hitler's party rallies, came and during had proclaimed the anti jewish nuremberg race laws there. in early july, 945, a delegation traveled to the city was devastated, totally devastated. the rubble was everywhere, buildings were down. those that were standing, were guarded. the stench of bodies was in the air, buried under the rubble. however, the palace of justice, i think of the land of franconia, was standing and was relatively undamaged. it was chosen, even though it was in the midst of considerable chaos. the

courthouse was ideal. the adjacent prison could hold 1200 prisoners, added to this was the symbolic significance of the city for the nazis. for robert jackson, it was the scene of the crime. the horrors of nazi germany could end where they began. within 3 months, room 600 was transformed into a perfect stage for the international tribunal to create space needed for hundreds of spectators and journalists. the rear wall was removed. the allies agreed to initially tried 24 of the most prominent suspected war criminals. they were brought to nuremberg from various internment camps while detained. they were subject to strict regulations. speaking was only permitted during interrogations. there were also fears that fanatical nazis might attempt to free them. back in

bad mando of hammond during had already aligned most of his fellow prisoners to his defense strategy. we saw nothing and we knew nothing. the murdering of jews had been himmler's affair going claimed, killing children. he said was unsportsmanlike and ungentlemanly. let's make it brief. he added, i take responsibility for everything, the government has done. robert jackson and his team had by now moved into offices in the palace of justice and were questioning the accused. it was a frustrating process. the nazi leaders put trade themselves as both ignorant and innocent. the prosecutor has heard nothing that would be of use in the trial. the us lead prosecutor made an important decision. the whole trial would be conducted primarily with documents as evidence. jackson's concern was that the

defendants and during 1st among them would use it as a platform to stimulate some resurgence of naziism in germany. that this was a virus that was not dead, that the defeat and death of hitler did not mean forever the end of naziism. and that jackson was dealing with a very volatile, dangerous prospect of the nazi future. as he dealt with these defendants, scenes like these had not been forgotten in many riefenstahl's propaganda film triumph of the will. it was deputy rudolf hess, lauding the fuehrer as the savior of the german people. did not. then, under, under you know, your enemy then? oh god or god. if you get your own god,

leader was i in 1941, rudolf hess had spectacularly flown solo to scotland, apparently to negotiate peace with churchill on his own initiative. hitler considered him insane. has remained in british custody for the rest of the war. on october 8th, 1905, he was flown to nuremberg and reunited with old friends. prosecutor john a man had the tasca of questioning, has he seemed mentally disabled and wouldn't admit to remembering anything. back in america, a man had made many a criminal talk, but has wouldn't cooperate. in nuremberg, 20 ride to nuremberg, he said he'd lost his memory and it was impossible to get him to remember anything

. once even had the idea to bring s. and during together has he already had as upstairs in the interrogation room. and then we got going and going with his old self. he came in and said, oh you know, you don't remember me. i was the rice marshal, i was the commander in chief of the loo, fluffer. i was the interior minister of prussia and so on. and to all that has said, i'm very sorry. i don't remember. and i think we need one of the former nazi foreign minister joachim phone. ribbentrop was accused of helping plan hitler's military aggression. he was also accused of involvement in war crimes and ordering deportations. he claims not to have known about these things and took no

responsibility. ribbentrop was ambassador to britain until hitler made him foreign minister because the furore appreciated his serve iowa b.d.'s. hitler enjoyed taking him on walks at the nazi retreat in oversells bag. after the fall of the 3rd reich, ribbentrop spent weeks in hiding in hamburg. before british investigators tracked him down. by light oct. 945, the list of the accused was complete. but not all were present in nuremberg. the whereabouts of hitler's secretary martin bormann were unclear. the industrialist gustaf, croupe phone, bolen hubbard was unfit for travel, much to the annoyance of lead prosecutor jackson, who wanted a member of the crook family to stand trial. he tried to charge group son alfred as a substitute, but the british stood in his way. the british officer gary neve handed over

indictments in the cellblock ribbentrop, said the charges were directed against the wrong people. rudolf hess wrote on his copy. i cannot remember. and goering wrote, the victor will always be the judge and the vanquished. the accused for calderon, it's the trial was just a whim of the americans. none of these charges affect me in the slightest. he said he named a naval judge or 2 crowns. as his defense counsel and book shift, i was in hamburg and head of the legal department at the german mine clearance service. and i was called in to see the chief of staff and english captain. he told me he'd received a telegram. dennett's expected me to be prepared to defend him, and would i be willing to take that on? i immediately said, i'm ready. i didn't want to show the slightest hesitation on such an important

question. help shortly afterwards i wrote a letter to my wife in bavaria because i knew she'd be asking herself why i did it, because i always had the greatest reservations about dunnett's is political statements. i wrote to her that i did it because i wanted to maintain the loyalty that at that time had collapsed in many cases, to go to oversee the accused were able to choose their legal counsel from lists will make suggestions themselves. the lawyers could even be staunch nazis because the court wanted to avoid any accusations of unfairness in the proceedings. from the outset, the defendants complained about the inequality of resources. to next, at 1st, we had no employees at all. but about everyone had to look for employees, which wasn't easy, was the 1st you had to hire a secretary. and then we had no documents whatsoever. we'd all just been in the

wars, at least most of us. we had no files, no writing materials, nothing at all. so you started with the most primitive of things, getting paper and pencil and so on. we didn't have personal offices either. we sat together in a big whole world for the whole defense. that's $22.00 lawyers. there was a single telephone and a long corridor and 2 to 4. so you can imagine what simple tools we were working with. the palace of justice had become a high security facility. access was only possible with a special pass in room $600.00. the accused sat opposite the judge's table. in between, there was space for the tables of the prosecutors from 4 nations. among the accused was albert speer. once hitless favorite architect should be a, had been minister of armaments and responsible for a program of slave labor should be

a sought to set himself apart from the others. saying he believed the trial was necessary. as chief representative for deployment of labor for its zokol was in effect the slave driver. he's knowledge presented the greatest danger to be as cunning defense for field marshal vilhelm keitel, the matter was black and white. for a soldier, orders are orders. he'd been a useful tool to hitler. his nickname was let keitel meaning a lackey. when the indictment was handed to and culture and bruna the head of himmler's rank security main office, he threw himself on to his coat and cried for his family. you'll use trying to describe the upcoming trial as a triumph for world jewry writer rebecca west would one day describe him as a dirty old man of the sort that gives trouble in parks. after surviving

a suicide attempt hunts frank, the butcher of warsaw had become a catholic. he considered the tribunals kind of last judgment willed by god. robert lie went berserk when he was presented with the indictment in the cellblock in nuremberg, he shouted. why don't you stand us all up against the wall and shoot us lie had been head of the german labor front, the nazis puppet trade union. he nickname, rank strong, can bold the imperial drunkard. on the night of october 25th, 1945, all was quiet in block. see if the nuremberg prison, the sleeping prisoners were constantly monitored by the gods. i was on duty that night was summoned by the guard. there was something going on and i had to get the guards couldn't get into the cell. and i hope the cell

went in, and there was laurie. he had strength of himself on the toilet by using the edge of a towel, wrapping it around his neck. and hanging there over the standpipe with a flush button. he ripped his underwear under the covers of his bed, even though a guard was watching him all the time. they were as it would make a noise when gag. then they literally strand of him. so he was short enough that he could do that. he had been taller, we had been very difficult, and that was the end of robert lines committed, serious and after that incident, a guard was permanently posted in front of each cell door. so lights were left on day and night. the accused were only allowed to sleep on their backs, with their hands over the covers. were able to enter cells within seconds. it was hoped these measures would prevent further suicides. strict

security measures were also imposed in the courthouse. on nov 20th, $940.00 fines. the international military tribunals at nuremberg began its proceedings against $22.00, representatives of the 3rd reich. the accused head to one, so for 12 years of dictatorship. in the eyes of prosecutors, they were conspirators against civilization. as one newspaper put it, the last judgment was in session. the procedure for bringing the accused to the courtroom was precise and elevator, carried them directly from the prison to room 600. always. 3 is the time initially, only journalists from the victorious side were allowed in the court room. the

appearance of the nazi leaders had a big impression on legendary newsman walter cronkite. then a young reporter come into the dark as if this was not a fair proceeding, as if they knew they were going to hang through. this thing that the allies were being most unfair about this occurs during clearly the number one seed in the front row, sat there as the boss. i mean, you had no doubt. he felt that he ran the show cronkite would later write. i wanted to speak on them. i thought them lower than the dirt on the street . the stage was since many germans believe that the trial was nearly allied propaganda.

it only remains for me to direct in accordance with the provisions of the charter. that the indictment will now be writ, summarized over 85 pages. it was an e, a endless list of german crimes. here in the respect here, and after said, crimes against peace crimes. i'm crimes against humanity and of a common crimes all as defined in the charter of the tribe and according name as defendant. and i have it on the account here and i have set out

rudolf hess, him from ribbentrop villa. have asked hans frank for your views thrice your shock erich ritter and chirac martin or mon franks, for for the 1st time in history, interpreted simle tenuously translated court proceedings. he took one and a half days to read the indictment. then the accused were told to respond to the challenges. jackson's son,

william was assisting his father. he was in the courtroom that day was read. we've called upon to plead to plead guilty. not guilty or guilty with an explanation. try to be a little called daring as the 1st friend. and he stood up with a piece of paper in his hand and said, before i respond to the indictment, i wish to say the following. for a discovery, as i thought it over to be sure you need what i need to try to speak at tribal cutting short that you were here to plead guilty. not guilty or guilty with an explanation that remonstrance shouted. nick, surely you can't. mr. bennett,

i can enjoy that. that was an indication of his ability to try to find an opening to present what he wanted to say, rather than what he was being asked. rudolf hess heatless former deputy was brief. i'm as a peace not guilty is because i missed the choice then it was let's get to understanding commission spot, but what i should step heedless,

vice-chancellor, friends, fun poppet. going to be kind of trial shortish. which plea not guilty? well, it's a criminal trial if they pleaded guilty their legs, so out of the sense they have a, they wanted to defend themselves. and many of them said not guilty in the sense of the end, but not in the sense of the end. was aware that they were charged, they were not here. they knew they were killed just to some extent, but that was another where they responded. jackson was satisfied in his view, the very presence of going into his co-defendants was a triumph the 1st step towards a more just world with jackson himself. the orchestrator of this global justice he

led to save the proceedings, were invested with melancholy grand jury. that must have been the mood when jackson addressed the court laying out the prosecution's case. it was extremely important for jackson to be the person who delivered the opening speech. that was the jobs pinnacle moment, as he understood it. when he took it to be, the prosecutor meant to stand up for the allied nations and bring this case international lore is based on custom, jackson argued. it exists because it is followed the world over. and anyone wanting to reshape international law must convince the whole world the privilege of opening the 1st trial in history. for crimes against the peace of the world, imposes

a grave responsibility. the wrongs which we seek to condemn and punish have been succulent. some malignant. i'm so devastated that civilized nation cannot tolerate their being ignored because it cannot survive their being repeated. but that set the tone not only for the speech which follow, but for the entire trial. this was not a trial of germans of all. this was a trial for humanity. this was a trial. it is to prevent terror in the racing, its head again, and any place in the world that far great nations. flushed with victory. i am stung with injury. stay the hand of vengeance and voluntarily submit

their captive enemies. to the judgment of the law. is one of the most significant tributes that has ever paid for stories. american journalist, william shire, i would write my spine thrall. does jackson use the power of language to build up his must early case against the nazi barbarism. the eloquence of it, the power of it was immediate and enormous. the defendants were, you know, sort of knocked back in the box and words of very depressed lot. as they returned to their lunchroom in the middle of it and to their cells at the end of the day. because this was really their 1st experience of jackson in action in the courtroom . and they, in a new way, understood that they were up against it. civilisation, jackson said, asks where the law is so legged as to be utterly helpless to deal with crimes of

this magnitude by criminals, of this order of importance. all documents presented to the court had to be in 4 languages, available to all prosecutors and defense attorneys. the evidence came in a steady stream. charo would note in his diary that no other trying, you know, in history came close to this one. the nazi defendants, he wrote, a going to be convicted by their own words, their own records, their own foul deeds. the idiots wrote everything down, shire added that in the chaos of the war's end, they weren't able to destroy the evidence. my father knew the dangers of using witnesses,

particularly witnesses from the hours and he felt the bedrock of the case had to be documentary because we had so many documents. there were all over the signatures of these defendants. my father said, you know, you can't cross-examine a document, it's there. and he felt that there was incontrovertibly evidence as to responsibility of most, if not all of these defendants in the documents that came from their own offices. and over there are mostly nature's way. the sensational documents soon lead to a dispute between prosecution and defense. robert jackson wanted to speed up the proceedings by using certified summaries, but the defense lawyers insisted on complete readings in court.

jury in the agonizingly long readings, the accused were left to their thoughts. one of them, hans frank described division. we sit opposite the court. he wrote, and the train of the dead goes endlessly by without ever being interrupted, pale and one without sound in the d.m. yellow, grey light of eternity. the stream of misery flows on. is this art, or is it just technologies? artificial intelligence create our future time a nightmare or a delightful dream. if i,,

as an artist are 21 and 30 minutes on w., in the height of climate change, africa's might say what's in store for them to have for their future. e.w. dot com for to make a series to the multimedia insight. click counter the missionary and a pragmatist, the diplomat who always gets straight to the point that good to institutes outgoing, director, klaus to tell a man will look at his final year in office and his in press of career

claiming the last cultural diplomat starts nov 16th on d w, this is news live from berlin. thousands of donald trump supporters gather in washington to rally against the results of this month's u.s. presidential election. and he makes a surprise appearance in his motorcade. protesters say his victory was stolen through voting fraud, also coming up. fears of a civil war, rise in ethiopia as thousands are displaced. the government accuses rebel forces in

the northern region of firing rockets into other parts of the country.