that everyone in the netherlands contributes to flood protection through the taxes they pay. even those who don't live near water in a pool for more than a 1000000000 euros goes into the flood control program every year. and then the government also finances, if it's to help parts of rotterdam, city center, collect and drain excess water in an emergency. there's lots of open space, seen parking garages. they're designed so that they can take all and run off water during floods. rotterdam is particularly vulnerable to storm surges because of its coastal location. and because it sits in the delta created by the rhine and mass rivers, he is an unusual design floating pavilions. they are covered with

a special for oil that's $100.00 times lighter than glass. and they're environmentally friendly. cooled by surface water and heated with solar energy. the pavilions are now home to a floating cinema. nearby, a floating park hexagonal islands made of recycled plastic. they've been planted with vegetation and already seem to be drawing a crowd for a unique city getaway. you can rent this small houseboat called a vehicle boat. it's wrapped in $24.00 layers of corrugated cardboard, which makes it light and just about soundproof. the interior features a kitchen, bathroom living room and terrace. this vehicle boat is located near the rotterdam

city center, easy access to sightseeing and restaurants. despite all the comforts there are constant reminders that you're living on the water. we now return to amsterdam and the iceberg district with its $75.00 unit housing estate. well, that is same boat, it's not a boat or a house. it's a hybrid of 4. we have 3 units built at a shipyard on the, i saw mer, a big lake east of amsterdam on the territory, but here and in the winter that way, construction work wouldn't be interrupted by bad weather, even in winter shipyard, and in a storm or meds that summer when the units were finished, they were shipped through the logs to us here doors at a cult and are those out of there. and they're encouraged to steel poles that were driven 16 leaders into the lake bed. and we designed the connections so that they could bridge the difference in height. both of are still going over her and hope

that difference is caused by the tides. but it's not very big like 60 centimeters. just a centimeter and the unit still 1000000 of that includes the jetties which cover the utility lines for gas, water heating and so on. we put the lines in flexible tears, which are connected to the units, and they can handle the rise and fall of the tide senators of dots out open here. and at the top, he has to have a different levels were also designed to adapt to the time it's in our home long day. the units actually sit on a floating foundation that's composed of air tight, concrete tubs. we chose the concrete because it's heavy and displaces water based on archimedes' principle are depending on it's waived, concrete can displace many cubic metres of water. and so it's to haul her and ahead

with we made concrete dumps in different sizes to balance the weight. both camera, its heels for our sample data bathroom is heavy. so we need the concrete base and thinker on the opposite side to offset the increased weight loss. and sarah, we explain all this to the residence. so if someone has a heavy sofa and a piano on one side of the unit, they can alter the balance by installing air filled tanks underneath the structure . look better that lopes about in the house. what else can the netherlands teach us about finding new ways to build on and with water? again, tout, you have to have the courage to try something new. people in other countries could use our projects. as an example. you also have to be willing to experiment and open to the netherlands, also drew on an example. the famous houseboat community in the city of sausalito,

california, which dates back to the $950.00 s. . like many communities built on water, its legal status remained vague for years. it was lost on me, but we also had difficulties getting a mortgage and house this of the banks couldn't decide whether they were dealing with a boat or a house. so we had to come up with new solutions and in july 2019, paris recorded an all time high temperature, 42 degrees celcius city residents are learning to live with climate extremes, from high heat, so heavy rain and flooding. harris hosted the un climate change conference in 2015, where delegates set a goal to limit the global temperature increase to well below 2 degrees celsius in

the century. renowned architect and oceanographer. jacques rouge has lived on this houseboat in the heart of paris for more than 4 decades. it's located near the plaster, la concorde, and also includes his design studio. yet they're gone. they're the 2 great adventures of mankind, our space and the sailor at the 11th. this is the future of humanity. and the rouge area has been working on this futuristic project for decades. it's an ocean based research vessel called the sea orbiter. it's shaped like a seahorse. the project still only exists as a model, but its plans call for a total height of 58 meters, with those he one meters below the water's surface. up to $22.00,

scientists could work in the vessel rouge a recess that we know less about the scene than we do about space. yet they mean to you this for there are millions of creatures to study lead. for example, the diversity of zola plankton is a measurable we only know a fraction of it and we need back. the scientists recalls the aqua notes would leave in pressurized chambers so that they could take diving expeditions at any time where should be cruised through the mir. i've lived under water. i've been involved in a dozen projects on his habitat. and i've set world records for living under water . it's been extraordinary. probably now davis for the swiss oceanographers, jacques peacock, was an early supporter of the project ejected garr worked

in the deepest parts of the us at 11000 meters. i got always encouraged me in my research on underwater settlements. and so he and i decided to develop a research lab that would be like the international space station there let's it could drift with the ocean currents with and provide a base for scientists like a beehive. and to pick up the worker bees would fly out and collect scientific data on the marine environment. there to move from our ruggieri says he was inspired by the work of 2 of his countryman, van, and jacques eve cousteau. in 1962, cousteau spent a week in his underwater research facility, conch shells he hoped it would be the dawn of a new age of marine exploration in the 1970 s. rouge gan. to imagine these future of laboratories and entire villages on the ocean

floor. if climate change continues to progress, the idea of underwater settlements could become popular and again designed this huge floating research center shaped like a manta ray. it would be 900 meters long and 500 meters wide and could accommodate up to 7000 people. a row of design imagines underwater rooms designed for holidaymakers regulatory one day we'll have space tourism and also underwater tourism with facilities like hotels and research centers had the new reality is taking shape or because it has to the other architects are getting on board the u.s. firm solace for came up with this idea for

a marine research station to be based off the coast of bali, italian architect, john lucas, son tosswill. so developed this concept for a modular floating structure called high pick a. the individual units resemble verse or brain in the human spine. it's like a cross between a cruise ship and a hotel. the german architecture firm gave us puja ville has designed a hotel that is to be built off the chinese island of high. none of the individual suites would lie below the surface of the sea. mago cross a year, a vigil came up with plans for a lighthouse hotel that harnesses wave energy to generate electricity. some designs have actually been built. the joules undersea lodge in florida, which opened in 1906 bills itself as the world's 1st underwater hotel.

this is the atlantis luxury hotel resort. located on the coast of dubai. it has more than $1500.00 rooms, spread out over $23.00 floors, and an aquarium that contains more than $65000.00 marine animals. we eat our undersea restaurant in the mall deef, islands is located 5 meters below sea level. europe now has its 1st fully submerged restaurant. it's called the unda, located on the southern coast of norway. it was designed by the oslo based architecture firm, snow hetta, the same firm also developed the concept for this $100.00 room hotel that lies at the foot of a glacier. in the norwegian, arctic the hotel will run mostly on energy generated by solar panels. most of the plans are still dreams for the future designed by visionaries like

jacques rouge. his i'm a dreamer, but i'm also extremely pragmatic met. i make my dream is reality. of course we get out dreamers and to do that you have to be able to think clearly is a just series fit. our society has caused a lot of destruction over the last 100 years and we continue to destroy but we can't let these catastrophes continue. if we have to find solutions there and implement them step by step step, then he did another vision for living in a marine environment. the ocean spiral that has 2 main elements, a sphere and towers structure that would provide living and work space for up to 5000 people, and a spiral structure that connects the sphere to a base station on the ocean floor. russian

architect, alexander remy's old, has designed a modern day. no izaak that could accommodate up to 10000 people piece water scraper concept comes from malaysia, a floating building that would generate its own food and electricity, and house thousands. but are ideas like this truly a utopia? it's really these would be stopgap measures. i don't think people want to live underwater that humans are used to living on land. of course, it's technically possible to live underwater. but i think our quality of life would really suffer as quality of the world's less affluent regions. will be hit hard by the effects of climate change is going to impact a lot. so if they see mumbai is one of them, jakarta is one of them,

was socketed bad news going to have a flood? so i asked for the united nations. it's a high, high alert actually the whole issue isn't a big threat to the ceiling facing sea level. some coastal areas in asia are already taking steps to deal with rising sea levels. jack out there has to move this center in an issue. no. they have to move the whole city center to somewhere else, 40 kilometers of it, which is the already walking on by 20 at think 40 or something other, they have to move their city to some other place. they already have a plant which are ongoing. i think it could be a similar situation from world. some 28000000 people live in the mumbai metropolitan region. the core of the city is built on several islands that lie in the arabian sea. this is a low lying area and rising sea levels pose a very real threat. austrian architect, ramez najah, says that coastal cities like mumbai, must adapt to these conditions. and that could include building floating

communities. as in 2 coffins of what sort this i'm convinced that entire cities will one day be built on water. you can't rely on putting up barriers, made of sand or other materials. a little bit of cities will have to be built on floating surfaces to show even in this new development would offer a number of advantages. particularly the construction of infrastructure near the city center and projects that generate energy. so it's no different about select proposes the use of floating turbines that generate electricity by taking in water . the concept is similar to that used with hydroelectric dams in the austrian alps . you take a look east and the technology comes from austria because we have a lot of experience with hydroelectric plants. and the other element is the creative side where architects can play a role. ramos and his brother,

who's also an architect, have been designing water based communities for years. and they're convinced that these projects will become reality from this point, it's realistic because it's going to be a step by step process. i don't think we'll be seeing mega projects in coastal cities built in. the projects will grow slowly and gradually we see levels rising even more quickly. solutions are urgently needed. millions could be displaced by climate change. do you know how many climate refugees there will be more than 200000000? 202300, 1000000 climate refugees. where will they go? refugees will come from developing countries. not wealthy countries. 300000000 people, where will they live? will bangladesh or india take the men?

absolutely not. it isn't len, then it isn't a thing in low lying coastal countries like bangladesh, they can't do much to stop the rising water. they can't build dikes or other club protection structures like we have in germany and the netherlands. does all this for one thing. they don't have the money and then it's simply not realistic to build dikes along the entire coast. so even if the sea level rose by just 50 centimeters, millions of people would be affected by 9 of the world's 10 largest cities are expected to be threatened by rising sea levels by 2015. they will have to develop a long term plan for adapting to the new reality. through do you have to set a reasonable timeframe?

it could be 100 years. but what is 100 years in the grand scheme of things? you have to happen magination, like our ancestors who built cathedrals. the sons of those architects and stone masons never saw the completed project that their fathers had begun or the grandchildren didn't either. but they had a vision for the future. you have to have that vision that the future is just a brief period of time in the course of human evolution. 100 or even 500 years means nothing. centuries ago, people used to take a long term view. your day comes that one of these long term projects is jacques rouge design for a floating city off the pacific island of to heat the u.s. space seasteading institute has developed a concept for a floating city project led by a political theorist pantry. friedman. the co-founder of pay pal is also on board. the idea has

a political dimension to solve or an ocean colonies would be free from state control. but floating communities must be available to everyone, not just the wealthy. the oceanic project is being developed in coordination with the united nations. the goal is to make floating cities available to the many coastal regions that are under threat. and those solutions are urgently needed. nearly half of the world's population lives within 100 kilometers of the coastline . oceanic cities could grow and adapt housing anywhere from 30210000 people. the threat of rising sea levels might be right around the corner. hamburg in northern germany could also be at risk that the home work is and it's a real danger. hamburg is located just 100 kilometers from the coast

and research indicates that if the sea level continues to rise with the risk of storm surges would increase significantly. broadly through the news reels recalled, a flood of 962 when a storm surge washed over the dikes and flood of the north sea coast. about 100000, people lost their homes, and hundreds of people were killed and thousands as a woman or girl knows the storm destroyed. dikes along several 100 kilometers of coastline. hamburg was cut off for days. local residents were scarcely able to cope . and the situation today may be even more dangerous. because since $962.00 the sea level here has risen by 20 centimeters this is the port of hamburg, more than 350000 people who live in this part of the city. a still threatened by

storm surges. a lot of new projects are underway to protect them. this new prominent along the elbe, a river also serves as a flood control structure. it was designed by zaha hadid architects. the prominent rise is nearly 9 meters above the river. walk. pember is building a lot of new dikes to pass and if the authorities are doing what they can, but i'm not sure whether we can really protect ourselves against major storm surges in the thinking here in this bizarre for example, the half and city district which was built on the side of the old horton is especially vulnerable. if sea levels were to rise by several meters. i doubt we could prevent the flooding there are trying to call to fix it. if water

levels in the north sea continue to rise, london, my also be affected goals of a top or do we? many large cities are at risk and that includes london. and if you get off on all, if sea levels rise by 2 meters, i would assume that many parts of london would face serious problems on extremely poor game of the calm. about 9000000 people live in london, which is located on the river thames. about one 3rd of those residents live in the city's central districts. along the river. the thames flows into the north sea, but rising and falling time, it's still a thing river water levels in london. one 6th of the city lies in an area that's threatened by flooding. rising sea levels would put more than

a 1000000 people and 500000 buildings here at risk. storm surges and floods have become more common in britain. in late 2013 and early 2014, southern england was hit by a series of severe storms. heavy rainfall caused widespread flooding and power cuts and disrupted transport systems. in london, the thames burst its banks and many people were forced to leave their homes. the thames barrier is designed to protect the floodplain that includes most of greater london from times and storm surges that move in from the north sea. it's one of the world's largest movable flood protection structures. the barrier consists of 10 chutes, steel, gates that are usually submerged, but can be raised into position in case of emergency. in my opinion,

the times barrier design in future as one of the best examples of adaptation. now days it's reaching the end of its lifetime, and there have been extensive studies to extent the usability of the thames barrier . there have been studies that have looked at a very wide range of scenarios up to, for example, rises to 4 metres. but some studies predict an increase of 5 metres by 2100. the barrier was completed in the early 19 eighties when scientists were predicting a much smaller rise in sea levels. but now reality is outstripping. those projections. i think london can be protected. there is a lot of investment. london is a big international hub, so it will be protected no matter how well we protect a place like, like that. so a mega city or a cause that my guess is there is always some risk remaining in case of failure defense failure. and so this is something that is considered in the design, and we should be prepared for the barrier will need to be updated. sea

levels are rising faster than anticipated, and london is at the forefront of planning for an uncertain future that's in italy, london is setting the example for megacities. i think something like 4 cities that can be affected by coastal flooding. but there are other examples worldwide and for example, the most body were invented in venice. and of course, different solutions will fit in different places. but few coastal regions have a huge barrier like this to protect them from storm surges. if sea levels keep rising, many communities could be left to make difficult decisions and get off on all the stuff munging than some areas may simply have to be abandoned. in parts of wales, for example, communities are realising, they're living on borrowed time from the local governments don't have the money to

pay for floods, action. and so people will have to start thinking about where they're going to live 3040 or 50 years from now. and then floating homes like these in amsterdam could offer refuge in a crisis. in the event of an emergency, for example, you could move house boats to hard hit areas fairly quickly to provide people with temporary accommodations. so long for now, most people here who live on the water do so because they want to you're so close to the water that you can actually go swimming or kayaking any time you want. a floating home is like an expansion of the city. cities keep getting more densely populated, and buildings keep getting taller for this dude. but as a living space in the hood, water is still largely untapped in affluent communities, floating homes are

a lifestyle, a way to bring nature into the city. but they also often new ideas for adapting to climate change could enter the untried or you can either work against the water by building bigger barriers and so forth with the water or you can work with the water and embrace it. and that's what we're trying to do with this project. this may come to work out under the sea is coming toward us. and we have no one to blame, but ourselves. we call into oaks if we hadn't pumped so many greenhouse gases and carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. oh, we wouldn't have this global warming and rising sea levels will diminish because so this really is a problem that we ourselves have created this place

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