who is benefiting. from borg. in 45 minutes on t.w. . i'm not laughing at the germans because sometimes i am but mostly i'm laughing with the german i think deep into the german culture. you didn't see him take his grandmother to you because it's all about who you know i'm rachel join me for me to get some people. wherever we go they're always with us microbes are everywhere. on our hands before and after we wash them behind our ears. on our little toes on t.v. and yes inside us too especially deep in our gut. today we'll be talking about our micro biome the countless tiny ovum isn't inside our bodies and in our

feces it may not be appetizing but it turns out these organisms have an immense influence on our health. well come to tomorrow today the science show on d w. microbes are believed to colonize the human body millions of years ago it's been a large you can learn your symbiosis. the tiny creatures have their habitat and we profit from their activities they keep us healthy. and there are a huge number of them. it's said that our human cells put together would take up the space hump the leg the rest is microorganisms that make up our social micro biome.

as a baby is born it encounters a whole lot of bacteria probably for the very 1st time in the birth canal or comes in contact with virginal and got bacteria from its mother which then colonize the baby. they form a kind of protective shield and lay the groundwork for the development of the baby's own immune system. to vary when we're born our immune system is not yet fully formed. and i still learn over time to recognize disease cancer pathogens as atoms viruses and bacteria and fight them out there when i got aggro biota plays an important part in this maturation process so that we can eventually recognize after john's an attack on. biomedical research or stephanie going out on our blog byrne university hospital studies the impact of

a mother's microbiota on the immune system of her child. in one investigation she demonstrated that what a mother eats during pregnancy impacts the features that is her child before it's born. 'd signals from the mother's micro biota reach the fetus bio the placenta. influence the development of its immune system. 'd 'd and with it it was then there but one should choose one's food wise i was definitely not servicemen diet and plenty of her writing i think twice before eating that piece of chocolate or candy perhaps you can do without it so eat normally but stop and think about what you want when you eat and how much you eat invasion making. a young child's diet also has a big influence on its immune system the researcher is now. investigation the

development of children's micro biota during the 1st few years of their lives she visits her test subjects to take samples. when i was fin we want to find out how the baby let's micro biome develops right after birth and over the course of the next 2 years we're especially interested in the role of breast milk and. whether it has any long term improvement on the child's health and susceptibility to certain diseases unfenced had to skin this system to. the mother provides a sample of her milk. marburg swabs the baby's arm to collect bacteria living on the skin. and takes a sample of feces from a diaper so she can identify the good micro biota. from the plant you know. the end their own from kingdon else the child's diet in the 1st few years is

crucial that we know that what we eat influences our intestinal flora we now know that we got flora develops over the 1st 2 or 3 years of life i was we also now know that during that period we could shape and change that micro biome. that can affect the long term composition of the micro biome and the health of the child because later in a child's life we no longer have the capacity to influence or not. the scientist says breast milk is the best option to feed a baby for the 1st few months but mothers who don't breastfeed their babies should also benefit from her research. months i know that the 1st invasion back to we need to determine which bacteria are beneficial in early life and then develop ways to administer them to babies that are breast fed as probiotics. on the undersides condiment one can also imagine improving a formula for bottle feeding. this research still have

a long way to go but it's already clear that the tiny bacteria in and on our bodies play an outsized role in our health from the very start. and that's a challenge to reset because every human being has their own personal collection of my questions your micro biome is unique to you just like your fingerprint. we are not alone each one of us is home to a vast population of other beings microbes in an imaginable numbers we host more microbes than we have cells 39 trillion at last count. mainly bacteria but also fungal viruses and archaea representing thousands of different species together they sustain a complex ecosystem it's like a jungle in there and each person's jungle is custom made the trick is the mix it

has to be just right. within a family the members personal jungles look quite similar because microbes are always zipping back and forth. the variety of species is greatest in the gastro intestinal tract if everything is ok we get along with our guts micro biota extremely well we need them and they need us some help with digestion others produce vitamins for our benefit. they conspire to neutralize pathogens and keep us healthy. but that's not all they also influence our brain and our mood they are absolutely indispensable we wouldn't be what we are without them in an average sized adult they went to whole kilograms. one of the studies on participating in micro biome research. scott kelly is an

astronaut who has an identical twin brother studies they carried out on him and his brother to see how the micro biome responds to differing outside influences and what could be more different than living in space so scott flew to the international space station while his twin brother stayed on earth a subsequent comparison of the 2 micro biome showed the ratio of some microbes had shifted slightly but the diversity remained the same but the micro biome is not the only interesting fact here in riyadh or from ghana wanted to know why some pregnancies result in twins. twins are 2 children of the same mother and father who were born and sure succession at the end of the same pregnancy. there are 2 kinds of twin categorized by how they are conceived monozygotic and dies i gotta.

use i got to communes that one egg is fertilized by one sperm but divides into 2 embryos early on. while developing in the uterus they share the same placenta. the resulting twins are genetically almost identical there for same sex and look very very similar. their fingerprints are a bit different however. and i can have different moles or birth marks on their skin. as i got it twins are the result of 2 separate acts maturing at the same time and being fertilized by 2 separate sperm each embryo here has its own placenta. these twins are genetically different and don't have to be the same sex they're just regular siblings who happened to be born about the same time at the end of one pregnancy. one in 40 births steals twins about

a 3rd of the twins amano psychotic and 2 thirds of times i gotta fertility treatments make multiple births more common with assisted reproductive technology multiple births often result from the transfer of more than one embryo. some cultures used to think twins were frightening or unnatural nazi doctors abused twins for cruel experiments. nowadays prejudices are less widespread if anything twins are considered fascinating they start playing with each other in the womb and often brain close throughout their lives there's nothing unnatural about 20 even if they are pretty special. incidentally the number of stars that scott kelly could see from the eye assess was smaller than the number of microorganisms in his body. our digestive tracts contain more microbes then there are stars in the milky way. scott kelly spend one year in space his micro biome

may have changed slightly because of the diets of freeze dried food consumed astronauts what we eat directly affects the composition of microorganisms in our intestine. without body draws from the food is determined by millions of nerve cells in the intestine this so-called brain in the guts can even effect our mood and thinking if the walls of our intestines were smooth on the inside they would have a surface area of just 1. 1 square meter but millions of finger like projections called vinaya increase the surface area for absorbing nutrients. intestinal flora play a vital role in our digestion they're made up of billions of bacteria and fungus that can weigh up to 2 kilograms all together they train our defense systems over 70 percent of the body's immune cells are located in the gut so we need them any deficiency can lead to chronic intestinal disease. if worst comes to worst

a stalled transplant may be the only remedy it's a procedure that gastroenterologist deafened valve recurve performs very rarely it's not very appetizing and it can be risky for the patient. but it's definitely not one of my favorite procedures it stinks and it's unpleasant as you'll see something i do with only very few patients. a fecal micro biota transplant as it's also called is usually done only when other therapeutic options have failed the procedure itself is straightforward dr vereker takes feces from a healthy donor and say one solution and purees the mixture with a hand blender. now it's ready to be administered ready. when. we 1st have to screen our donors very carefully to find out whether they have hepatitis b. c.

a or other relevant diseases they need to be ruled out before we can accept any stew and use it for transplantation. the diluted stool preparation contains a wide range of gut bacteria from a healthy individual they are the key to restoring the patient's intestinal flora. ready ready ready ready that recurred delivers the fecal matter via. that part of the procedure is simple and in most cases the patient will be restored to health within days. 'd micro biota transplants are very high success rate with a positive effect in up to 96 percent of patients. and we're talking about people who are suffering from a severe inflammation of the colon and have been through countless treatments with antibiotics. only for to return later. and then suddenly they're healed

it's very impressive. stood transfixed answer only recommended as a treatment for choli associated with the clostridium difficile e infection although there is some evidence that it can help with other inflammatory conditions. there is a risk of transferring diseases so i'd be very reluctant to transplant feces for any old problem it does make sense with this specific disease pseudo membrane as colossus under has a high success rate but for other conditions i would not use it indiscriminately. gut bacteria are shaking up medical science their role in health and disease is the subject of intense research. and pharma by a start up in zurich switzerland thomas developers and his team are developing an

alternative to fecal transplants they use mixtures of intestinal bacteria to produce targeted therapies for a number of different diseases. effect we want to package the kind of effect seen in fecal transplants into medication to scale it up so it can be manufactured to ensure it's safe the aim is to give each patient the mixture that will help them the most. ready specific kinds of bacteria are extracted from human feces ready. this has to be done in an aerobic chamber because most gut bacteria can survive when exposed to oxygen. these microbes can then be cultivated and eventually put together in various combinations to recreate healthy gut flora. but 1st the various species require a lot of care if they are to flourish. the biggest

headache is that the different bacteria need very different nutrients and we've therefore developed a huge range of different growth media in order to cover the disparate needs of the bacteria and then be able to cultivate them individually. it's cool to hear. ready the team studies the biochemical roles played by different strains of bacteria in the in testing ready ready. they have developed a mixture of nearly a dozen strains that carry out the basic processes of the intestinal ecosystem a kind of minimal intestinal flora. they are also working on targeting specific diseases. first we want to look at chronic inflammatory bowel disease is because they've had the most research and where we've seen the most progress but we're also interested in secondary indications related to cancer. in recent years we've seen that the gut micro biome has

a really big influence on the success of cancer therapies. it sounds very promising packing cultured intestinal flora into pills for patients to pop. even when we have a cut our micro biome plays a role in healing you just watch how well our body fixes itself with the help of microbes in the skin within hours the bleeding stops thanks to platelets and the protein fiber and that seals the wound through closing. then macrophages eliminate dead cells and germs. cells begin to form inside the world and. then finally cells at the edge of the car to form new skin. and. healthy micro biome

promotes wound healing and a healthy micro biome develops under the influence of our diet. it's often said you are what you eat so a very dull it is good for intestinal bacteria because they are themselves diverse in nature and require various nutrients. we should keep that in mind when we choose the food we eat many food trends and diets supposedly designed to keep us bitten slim have turned out not to be so great after all fat for example was long thought to be unhealthy but is that true. to butter cheese and cream fatty foods are said to make you sick and overweight prompting many people to turn to so-called diet for royalties. but are such fears well founded. that you back in 948 researchers in the u.s.

set out to tackle the leading cause of death in the country heart attacks they recruited on initial 5000 adult subjects from the town of framingham for. what would be the longest running multi-generational study in medical history. 9 years later the researchers published their 1st results the primary causes of heart attacks were high blood pressure smoking and excess weight. and one major factor behind that weight gain was immediately apparent to the researchers americans eat on healthy food and too much of us. the subsequent war on fast was declared in other countries to west germany was also seeing a growing number of people dying from heart attacks the perils of fast foods was a story quickly picked up by the media on the food industry. in the u.s. the low fat issue became an affair of state in 1980

a senator george mcgovern launched a program of national diet reform for the 1st time ever the authorities issued guidelines for healthier food habits what to eat and what not to. not long afterwards the aerobics craze was on least on the world as people went to new extremes to fight the flop. i hope this will help me to get my fat cells under control. but despite all the low fat foods and high intensity workouts the average ways of people to west germany on the united states just kept on rising during the 1970 s. . meanwhile the notion that fat makes you fat became the consensus view with the american heart association a warning label of approval to low fat products. like dr robert atkins beg to differ peeper most of the fatty diet as opposed to one filled with low fat products which were often high in sugar. and it has steak and eggs and lobster and

it's so easy to. as the new millennium dawned the benefit of low fat foods came under growing scrutiny. we have a weight problem i thought i'd try out diet products but they didn't help that so. in 2001 britain's highly respected cochrane institution took a new look at previous studies on low fat diets that research revealed only a minimal benefit in terms of life expectancy. 5 years later the defenders of proof arrived at the study involving almost $50000.00 women showed no noteworthy reduction in heart attacks and strokes among the 50 percent eating low fat foods. so after decades of marketing campaigns fashion in general was no longer public enemy number one. the war shifted to one of bad fats versus good fats such as those and vegetable oil. new guidelines

in the u.s. not only warn consumers about saturated fatty acids and cholesterol. but further studies have since shown that the cholesterol we get from food has a negligible effect on our blood cholesterol unlike the one our bodies produce. so for decades we've been told to maintain a low fat diet only to be subsequently told that in fact the research i've never found any proof of the benefits. but supermarket shelves are still full of so-called diet products and with even the manufacturers running out of scientific arguments they've resorted to a more lighthearted approach even if still lifes on substance. those who fit enjoy a reputation as bringing is a health og an oil and linseed oil are talented as soup that feeds cranberries hazelnuts and beer very similar to. broccoli

contains baseman's and minerals and substances that could help control blood shouldn't. or even protect against cancer green tea is also said to be very beneficial to health but is that really the case. green tea has a medicinal effect that's true that's because of the active ingredient at the gallo gallic the j c g it's a type of cataca a natural oxidant that protects organs from damage. in traditional chinese medicine green tea is considered effective in preventing a range of diseases. and the effects of green tea have been scientifically proven. that's true to over the last 10 years basic research into egypt has delivered highly promising results. there are hundreds of international studies on green and the research continues.

but researchers don't always get the funding they need big pharma intends to expect profits when they invest in studies. and. so can green to help prevent alzheimer's parkinson's cancer multiple sclerosis and other serious diseases. yes and no there is currently no medicinal product based on green tea that counters those conditions it takes years to translate the results of research into safe medication and a process that also includes clinical tests with actual patients. the biggest challenge is it ministering e.g. c.g. and sufficiently high doses while ensuring that it reaches those parts of the body where it's needed in the brain for example. drinking rain to you can make sick people healthy. is that really the case well. only if you believe

reports by individual patients on an improvement in their symptoms. some drink substantial amounts of green tea over a long period of time while others took the active ingredient in pill form. but council these effects are not scientifically proven. so the more green tea you drink the better. that's relative. you can drink too much up to one and a half leaders a day is considered find but it needs to be of the caffeine free variety otherwise you might find it hard to fall asleep. the problem is red white are great to move. if you have a science question that's bothering you send it in as a video text ovoid. if we answer it on the show you look at a little surprise as

a thank you. come on just ask. for more science stories check out our website d.w. dot com slash science or look for us on twitter. that's all for this edition of tomorrow today thanks for joining us. we'll be back next week and so when a healthy balance day curious. trumpet

administration imposed the crushing new sanctions on iran in a bid to topple the regime but the strategy hasn't worked and the brilliant people have paid the price. for someone who is the medical point of the sanctions

and who is benefiting. embargo on u.s. sanctions. in 15 minutes on t w. h o is for me. beethoven is free news. is for health. beethoven is for her. beethoven it is for the. beethoven is for cause. beethoven is for evermore on. a beethoven 2020 for 250th anniversary here on deal here.

in the far north. beyond the inhabitable world. it's lonely. barren. and breathtakingly beautiful the arctic our full expanse of bitter cold. and the sound of global warming. to control here on the north pole. profiteers and talk with people experiencing the changing environment of the ice disappears earlier and it keeps retreating ha shirish the last years have been snowing roughly. makes it hard but. our future depends on what happens here in one of the most fragile ecosystems on

earth. northern lights within the arctic circle starts december 21st on w. . this is due to a news line from berlin russia out rolls out its sputnik the vaccine against co that's 19 with a mass campaign and moscow 2000000 doses are available for high risk groups but amid concerns about how fast the vaccine was approved blue muscovites really signed on for the job. and after 6 years and almost so.