the solution for an eccentric monarch. fantasy. this is when you trade. secrets. storms december 25th. this is news and these are our top stories. britain has become the 1st western nation to begin vaccinating its population against the coronavirus it's also the 1st country rolling out the biotech pfizer vaccine the 1st shot went to a 90 year old grandmother. gemini's instead of saxony has become

the latest state to expand its lock down schools and most businesses to close on of germany's leading health institutions now says the government should consider a 2 week hard lockdown beginning christmas a. nation wide pharma strike in india has shut down a large portion of the country's infrastructure shops and markets tens of thousands of families have been camped on the outskirts of the capital delhi for days demanding a repeal of agricultural bills. which prime minister bars johnson will travel to brussels on wednesday in a final push for a price post break that trade deal with the e.u. meanwhile london has withdrawn clauses in its legislation that reneged on an early agreement in a move seen as a positive gesture. this is news from the ne can follow us on twitter and instagram the handle is at the w. news or you can also visit our website to be found that dot com.

medical history was written today it happened at 631 this morning in coventry england 90 year old margaret keenan rolled up the sleeve of her merry christmas t. shirt looked at the nurse holding the syringe and said go for it was the 1st shot in the 1st mass vaccination program using a clinically tested vaccine against the corona virus today's injections are no shot in the dark more like points of light that in time will in this long and dark winter the winter that is this pandemic i'm in berlin this is the day. time from the top. down it. for me if i took.

any of off the water that march or april would have given anything to think that we would be at this point to make them and they found. that steak i can't wait to take that route but. also coming up 4 decades ago a gunman shot and killed the singer and former beatles member john lennon tonight the man whose music and its message how do they sound and translate in our world 40 years on. the lead and that's one of the make. and what happened. but to our viewers on p.b.s.

in the united states into our viewers all around the world welcome we begin the day with a mammoth medical marvel taking place in the u.k. a race to protect as many people as possible from a virus that less than one year ago was unknown and unnamed today the u.k. became the 1st country to begin a mass vaccination program against the corona virus that causes coded 19 the 1st country to use a vaccine that has been clinically and fully tested the vaccine administered today was developed and tested at an unprecedented speed by the german firm by on tech in the u.s. from a pseudocode giant pfizer it received approval in the u.k. last week since then $800000.00 doses have been transported at south pole like temperatures to 50 hospitals nations are watching and hoping to roll out their own vaccination soon as the virus continues to claim wives every day by the thousands we have this report tonight beginning in england. with one prick the largest

vaccination campaign in the history of the u.k. was launched. 90 year old margaret keene was chosen to be the 1st recipient and she played the role with grace and gratitude. i say for the 1st group for secrecy this phrase i miss the best is the 2nd. one so did a few friends. from london to edinburgh thousands of elderly patients were vaccinated on what the government dubbed the day the u.k. has secured 800000 doses to be administered in the coming weeks. british prime minister boris johnson visited a london hospital where staff were administering some of the 1st jazz. what i would say is that there are those on the street who. feel that a back seat is something they need to. leave for ideological reasons or for medical

reasons i think that. i need that they're made to people who call themselves empty boxes just to be the approach it's see it's the right thing to do it's good for you and it's good for the whole because. it wasn't just a big moment for the british that same vaccine developed by by on tech pfizer is set to be rolled out in europe and the us pending approval there that could be a matter of weeks. but many other countries are pinning their immunization hopes on china chinese authorities are preparing a massive rollout of their own coronavirus vaccines beijing is already negotiating sales to countries in asia the middle east and latin america they've even sent out the 1st shipments. for more i'm joined now by dr on carr so how did he is chair of the london assembly health committee dr so hard it's good to have you on the program i understand your committee found out via a survey that

a quarter of longer nurses are unlikely to get the vaccine do we know why that is. but of course this figure is consistent with other service also the 25 percent people don't want the banks and the reason they quote half of them quote the reason being that they don't trust the government or they don't trust the drug companies get up people who believe that this is a vaccine doesn't exist throughout all the bars of business but of course we need to win them over and we need to reassure them that this is a safe vaccine it can be saved liver and is a game changer in the fight against global back to the over $9000.00 pandemic m how do you plan to convince these skeptics that they should get the vaccine i think this is an exercise in public communications we need to reassure them this is a safe we need to make sure that people are expanding the risks of not having that seen and reassure them that this is safe about tested let's not forget some of the

44000 people have already had the vaccine before it's been given a license and the red last that has been given by the independent regulatory authorities there's been tested by an independent body who looked at all the evidence it's been trying to whom beings is safe and i've every trust in the vaccine and i think we need your reassurance and communicate this information to all the public what about the argument that this is these vaccinations are the beginning of the end of this pandemic i mean that should be a convincing argument should. absolutely i think the only thing we have so far was social distance that was the only tool we had but this is a game changer by giving the vaccine we're going to do 2 things one is we could have kept ourselves the 2nd things we have kept new other people in the community because once you know that the nation the life of such a population that is the vaccinated you get what's called herd immunity so when you take a vaccine you are yourself and you have in your community and what how long do you think it will take before we get to that level of herd immunity. well of course

that differs from different these different did it for me though is that 95 percent is 80 percent we don't know what the figure it was probably is but if you said and i suspect they'll take about 89 months get there i suspect that we'll have that need to the most cutest people by the by may june of this year and it off that list but i think of kate move us about next 9 months to get to the head of energy dr on cars so to chair of the london assembly help committee we appreciate your time and your insights tonight thank you think about it. the u.k. mass vaccination program comes as the virus is surging yet again from a midsummer viral madness to the winter of our discontent how bad thing that today the 2nd person to be given the new vaccine was an 81 year old pensioner who goes by the name william shakespeare shakespeare received his jab at

a hospital in coventry not far from where england's great dramatist him poets was born the famous name inspired some wits with comments like the taming of the flu and the 2 gentlemen of corona. some asked if the woman who received the 1st jab if she was patient one day then was shakespeare patient to be or not to be. here in germany the country's top scientists are recommending a much tougher campaign to stop the corona virus one that does not allow any exceptions for christmas or new years today the country's national academy of sciences known as leopold dina's said the government should consider a 2 week nationwide hard lockdown starting on december 24th several states including bavaria have already announced curfews and stay at home orders. with the

christmas shopping season in full swing many people are probably thinking more about presents than hospitals but statistics say more than 4000 patients are being treated for cope with 19 and germany's intensive care units due to its high number of infections saxony has taken a decisive step. even if it isn't essential a schools and daycare centers will be closed from this monday december 14th. germany's influential national academy of sciences leopold diena recommended that the holiday season be used to impose a heart lockdown across the country this would include lifting the otherwise compulsory school attendance from december 14th and banning all groups sporting and cultural events access to public spaces would also be more restricted from christmas until at least january 10th and beneath treason but in fact if we do not shut down and the infection numbers continue to climb then we will probably have to impose even stricter measures for an even longer period this lockdown as

a kind of investment also in the economy so that we can ease restrictions again in january or february the chairman of the state premier conferences calling for a new subsidies programs should businesses be forced to shut down again. to the programs we already have would certainly have to be more flexible so that businesses that are affected by further measures can also be covered by the support programs and a meeting between the federal and state governments concluded that the states can unilaterally impose stricter measures. well i'm joined now by professor ralph head think he is a psychologist and one of the co-authors of the report that was published today professor i think it's good to have you on the day your report calls for tougher restrictions or calls for a harder walk till now that's what chancellor angela merkel wanted weeks ago she's a scientist so are you are you confident that the country's other political leaders will follow the science this time. present already winning i'm more confident

than i was a week ago and i think you can already see the 1st signs you just reported of saxony and similarly they are you know they're also pretty harsh measures announced but mostly i believe that the numbers are very powerful and speak for themselves and i do think that i do hope that the political leaders. here of science and to some to the numbers you know the the current plan here in germany would allow an easing of restrictions between christmas and the new year your recommendation calls for this hard lockdown to be implemented on december 24th christmas eve why is that. yes correct actually what we are proposing is the 2 step procedure locked on would already start before teams and the idea there is that if you start with them or don't 24th you may and during the family possibly

with symptoms but the virus so actually the people who really want to see there are enough ones to think about self finding themselves 010 days before the 24th and the reason is all of us who are christmas and if we are doing all the things that are we to reduce it to the spread of the virus very close together and your insight eating together we are possibly seeing together and then of course president. and at the same time the very same period also present is a huge opportunity because in general. some read it shops are close and we tend to be told so in a way these tunnels and presents itself as a great opportunity to actually have unlocked although you know a way that at the same time we can we at the same time we can appreciate the things

that we would otherwise appreciate christmas let me ask you about the psychology of this pandemic perhaps you've noticed here in berlin that this year more homes and apartments are decorated for christmas much earlier than usual light in this very dark season what does this tell you about. the desire for hope and the mental health of the public after a year of this pandemic. but i'm not sure that i would read too much into it i think at the same time we also know that we all became kind of interior decorators and holmy chris because we're spending so much more time inside and at the same time it's also true is that in times of uncertainty and this is really a ton of uncertainty we also like rituals other rituals we like to do what we always do because you personal to some extent safety. possibly i think that is me the more a reflection of the uncertainty around us and also much unnecessary all the healthy

and i want to pick up on this point you made about christmas if people are going to get together with family that they should quarantine or isolate for 10 days is that realistic most people i think would say that they can't isolate for 10 days. the idea here is that he made a very very firm effort to really mean more as the context that we have and the way that could be made possible is for instance trying to read him work from home which requires for instance they think lawyers to really encourage the use to work from home the same holds for compulsory school attendance we are giving people and parents a choice to not send their kids to school. for kids to be homeschooled and in that sense we should do everything we tend to make it more possible that people can read even in a more just a context that they have 10 days to christmas ok ralph think of germany's leopold

an academy of sciences mr haven't we appreciate your time in your insights tonight thank you as well better thank you. oh my next guest is professor andrew oldman he's a member of the german parliament and the advisory board the g. 8 j. the german help the lions dr owen is good to have you on the program again this is the german government's leading scientific advisory body today sending a clear message that we need a harder walked they want it the german trance or has been warning it for weeks what about the other political leaders are there are they going to finally listen to the science but i think that thank you for 1st of all for having me back again but i think it's not a question of seeing the signs or appreciating the increase of infection rates in germany i think everybody is aware of that and nobody's putting this into question

and the question the real question is how we could how should we approach the situation it is a pandemic a crisis that is very serious. measures have to be taken however many politicians have different ways to approach this problem and one of the ways you could do it is make very easily everybody goes into lockdown and then everything is fine but the collateral damage that is done psychologically and economically has to be put into the equation as well so the national academy of sciences put out a very strong paper of their opinion scientifically it was more weak paper to be honest i see this as a scientist myself i would have liked to see a lot more explanations besides we need to go into a lockdown where is your view of the countries that did that or are you in favor though of what is recommended that being a harder walk down beginning on christmas eve december 24th. i'm in favor of about

80 percent what's written in that paper which is already in effect in germany that has to be followed because what we have as a problem in germany and this was actually addressed in this paper from the national academy of science that control of the implementation of quarantine measures are not being done in germany on a wide scale and if we do not control quarantine or isolation measures then even a hard lock down would help us to stop the infection rates so i think everything has to be put into this caution and we need a wider discussion it is not simply done really scientists throughout germany basically clinicians and allowed people put out this paper but again i think there are other countries in the world that did better for example taiwan or south korea does that's true that's true but they have a much stricter follow up when it comes to quarantine as you say which we don't have here in germany are you finding political support then to to take on measures

that some people would consider to be a violation of personal privacy well personal privacy. and a secondary role with our infection control laws in germany because it's the public to the official public health institute if you are infected the problem is that the manpower is missing to control those people who are got infected or even here in berlin i heard about stories that people were sent to quarantine 14 days after they had their disease far too late and probably has caused more infections that he set up i would be very much in favor of more control of those measures all right dr andrew allman as always our girl no we appreciate your time and your insights tonight thank you. thank you for having and.

this was john lennon in his adopted hometown of new york city where he spent much of his adult life and where his wife ended 40 years ago today outside his luxury apartment building a gunman shot and killed blend in front of his wife next door in central park is where lynn's ashes were later scanned. well for more on lennon's legacy i'm joined tonight by lesley ann jones she's of music biographer and author of the book who killed john lennon it's good to have you on the program leslie and john lennon is like elvis presley one of these artists whose music lives on after they've died but also an artist who becomes even larger than life in death almost like a pop cultural deity if you will is our perception of john lennon today is it anything close to the reality of the man when he was alive. i

think it's often sad isn't it that the most important thing a rock star can do to ensure longevity and methodology is to die young and not that john wouldn't wish this upon himself but because he is canceling all his legacy has gone through the roof and it's big it's a day that it's never being my children my 3 kids no beatles music they know john lennon music they didn't necessarily know very much about the man which is what inspired me to write this book i also wanted to approach this subject very much from a woman's point of view and to tell john story through the emails and it's like well i'm glad you brought that up because what struck me today in preparing for this talk was that you know there are reports of looting physically abusing his 1st wife and also physically abusing his son that's not something that we hear a lot of the singer of the massage of this. why is there in your opinion.

john had a very difficult dysfunctional and he said childhood and not very much love little affection his mother gave him away to her elder sister who was tired of this his father ran away to sea until didn't see him again until he was about 20 and it was a very caustic cold household that he grew up in syria the thing that fascinated me from the beginning was how come this didn't experience very much love as a child was even able to conjure up love songs how did he know that love is all you need and how does he know that money couldn't buy it but there was a hangover from childhood or obese dysfunction and he was angry he was base and he took those things out on other people he hung learn to harness his anger in his business and to get a hold on that. was it was there any moment like an epiphany when you were doing your research for your book where you thought as

a woman. john lennon i think is more or less likable than i used to. definitely and i read credit yoko ono with that i think she was his salvation she got him at a time when he was right on the nights that the fields will breaking up they were broken and she got the blame for that of course she was blamed to run out of town for having split up the greatest group in the well she didn't they were heading that way anyway they were off the road and in the studio of slighting and the other thing she was subjected to a lawsuit racist abuse in this country but the reason why they went to new york to live was to try and find her child kyoko been a ducted. the outsider or is that young because obviously a very feminist woman a very well educated on cystic musical all the things that people don't want to know about she brought something to john's life that was missing for his entire

life and he made him a nicer and i found at the end of my research that i liked him a whole lot better than i heart you like him because of his wife. pretty much although i think he did replies quite a lot of thoughts about his life you know in the early days he would beat somebody up if they dat to suggest that he wanted to get going on it sort of honeymoon with brian epstein the beatles manager he put a d.j. in hospital just saying not so much later on here and he said i must've been terrified of the in fact in me because when those things were happening homosexuality was still illegal in this country on 167. you know the descriptions of this man and his wife reminds me of christer the artist christo and his wife song called. there were all these rumors that john called really made crystal what

he was in the same beast be said in any way with yoko and john lennon i mean you said she made him a better man. she definitely did but i think the mess in the middle he made her as a woman as well so they were the perfect match and a lot of people had bad things to say about the kind of music she was making at that time we didn't see the same things about b.s. when she came along she does not want government to liking your career just was ahead of her time and was trying to present itself in a way that rocked people up there rolling but daryn john together as musicians i think they could have really taken that experiment very full. fascinating talking with you leslie and wish we had more time unfortunately we're out of time leslie and joan's user biographer and author of the book who killed john lennon wesleyan thank you for your time and your insights thank you for having me the day is almost

done but the conversation continues online you'll find us on twitter in news or you can follow me a bridge golf t.v. and remember whatever happens between now and then tomorrow is another day we'll leave you tonight with the music of the late john lennon. imagine. seizing me in. in low. demand. oh. man.

back at me for. you to. keep. thinking. and. to feel the. band. start but only mean ones clean a few concerns for the queen it can also be felt in the financial markets shareholders want $1016.00 a point but how does that work do green investments pay off for the environment be sustainability financial challenge reveal some surprising results the. global

3000. next on t w. e ko africa. they have a bad reputation you have a cheap role in the ecosystem. which is a very much important in cleaning up the environment we call them has until many species are endangered that the project to kenya seeks to protect the unloved scavengers that means above all talking to local people and africa. in 60 minutes on d w. with him how to be done to go so ugly as well lions how you know if i had known that the boat would be about small i never would have gone on

a trip i would not have put myself and my parish so in that danger to the bottom of the theme of the open a beautifully it would. love one to look up at one with me because of what i have serious problems on a personal level and i was unable to live there wasn't going to. want to know their story inform our grid stirred fight against global information for more grants. welcome to global 3000. more than a 1000000000 tons of food just thrown away worldwide every year what's the solution . financially rewarding investment that is also environmentally sound

is there such a thing. but 1st our planet is traveling in plastic waste how can we clean up our wells. the plastic revolution began around 1955 a nearly 7. years an estimated $9000000000.00 tons have been produced every year more than $350000000.00 tons of plastic are added to the mix and just a fraction is recycled around half of plastic products they used only once and then thrown away the majority of plastic waste goes in a landfill is incinerated or ends up in the natural environment every year around $25000000.00 tons of plastic ends up in our oceans that's a truckload of it every minute if our plastic consumption continues to rise we'll be discarding 2 truckloads a minute within 10 years and 4 minutes by 2050 then there will be more plastic than fish in our oceans. plastic need centuries to decompose said the plastic we

discard today will be a problem for many generations to come. and i delete location on the who are river in western germany but take a closer look and it's not as beautiful. kevin nowhere and their classmates have come to do some fishing but not the usual kind it's trash their fishing for. and here it doesn't take long there's litter everywhere they look. and lots of different types that. kevin and i wear show us some discarded newspapers and cigarette lighters they worry they could cause wildfires. and there's plenty of plastic. wise if you glass bottles to. the students attend a local high school and are taking part in an initiative called plastic pirates

it's a research project where young students get to do the work of real scientists. they take water samples and measure count and record the pieces of trash they recovered from the rivers and river that. scientists in kew use the data to generate a garbage map of german rivers and calculate how much trash ends up in the sea since 2016 more than 15000 plastic pirates from 700 schools have collected samples from all over germany. the project is now being launched in other european countries to stick also foretold of the great advantage for science here is that a vast amount of data can be collected by within a very short period of time that's also what plaster pirates around of you know for a period of 2 months and within the time we normally receive hundreds of data sets we could never achieve that with our small team so that great benefit of

submissions science is the amount of data that comes together. for the past 2 years the school has included the topic of recycling on their curriculum. and the teachers are happy to do their part to inspire the budding scientists. this is. something i care about myself it always bothers me when i see people leaving rubbish behind his specially when they have small children with them and are supposed to be setting an example. and it's part of my jam to treat the students to care for their environment. a hands on project is much more effective than sitting in a classroom with a piece of paper in front of them especially now in the pandemic. how they don't know. the work of the plastic pirates shows that on average one piece of trash can be found for every 2 square metres of riverbank in germany. france also has

a project aimed at tracking down the trash it's called plastic origins and goes a step further using artificial intelligence and an app we want to move you guys as much as brought us and citizens as we can to go on the reverse or you can create either through change or working on your own that we've got beds and using those data using the video footage that they are going to take over the river banks we will be able to analyze as we do detect early 2 items and uses data to my previous plastic pollution the aim of plastic origins is to get stricter legislation introduced on plastic waste and regulatory limits with the amount of plastic in european reference their garbage map is intended to identify especially polluted areas and it's important because it's going to help us. to

know exactly where we should act 1st you know the pollution is coming from everywhere but we know that most of the pollution we found the ocean is transported by regrets that right now we don't know which way ghosts are the most polluted for the pretty ones. but the app contract micro plastics in germany and down fall kilos of micro plastics per person per year end up in the environment the main sources particles from vehicle to industrial waste and household garbage it's difficult for. wastewater treatment plants to filter out the tiny particles but a munich startup called eco far we have showing how it can be done using a simple but effective method. but we'd be the last stage in the purification process because we take the clean water that would normally be pumped into the rivers lakes or sea. but it still contains

a remnant of micro plastics. and might only be a few particles per liter or it might be quite a lot whatever's left we're able to remove a large amount of it and. their perch atop is currently being tested this is how it works the waste water is pumped into the filter a powerful voice x. is generated in the pipe pushing the water containing most of the micro plastics to the top the company says 95 percent of micro plastics from municipalities and industry could be filtered out in this way but that's not enough. he's calling for a plastic revolution. to i me give you just having a few people doing things differently won't be enough to turn society on its head so that will only work with really rigorous legislation concerning areas like single use plastics micro plastics waste water treatment regulatory limits and so forth ringback legislation that specifies exactly what technology must be used and

where whether it's ours or someone else's doesn't matter. and if. the young plastic pirates agree that more needs to be done to combat plastic pollution after just 2 hours in this idyllic location they found more trash than they can even carry. shifting our world economy toward sustainability will require both a lot of cash and a good deal of support from wealthy investors there's no shortage of capital in 2019 global wealth totaled nearly $400.00 trillion dollars and. global stocks alone are worth around $95.00 trillion dollars. but the overwhelming aim of investment is to make money the impact on our planet and its people often takes a back seat but there are other ways of giving thanks. to

years 2010 a drilling rig exploded in the gulf of mexico leading to the largest oil spill in history. course revealed that the attempts by oil company b.p. to cut costs and maximize profits could lead to the disaster. mental disaster which is taking its toll. on. the incident illustrates the frequent conflict between the planners and shareholder profits. but what if it didn't have to be this way. very expressed concerns around its outsourced maintenance or was offshore wells for this scandal some investors that sold their b.p. shares concerned about the company's record on environmental social and governance issues so they avoided the stock crash the fall of the oil spill. these 3 metrics

are now called e s g and they're defining a new way of investing that promises to reconcile climate and profit. but can they deliver. as cynical as the financial world might seem ethical considerations of always played a role in investment decisions. the origins of responsible investing traced back to 1758 when some religious groups prohibited members from profiting from the slave trade ringback but the modern era of responsible investing really evolved in the 1960 s. together with the boycott movement started. the boycotts of companies that do business with apartheid south africa that was really the genesis i think. and then it kind of grew up along with the green movement through seventy's and eighty's and kind of bank rate move of tobacco stocks removal of firearms manufacturers removal of nuclear weapons manufacturing is all about excluding companies this exclusion

strategy is called divesting and despite the initial excitement it led to mixed results. however according to modern siri hurting your bottom line a little bit and you have to sacrifice some financial returns. vestments remove entire sectors like energy into bacco from investors portfolios when a portfolio is less diversified its risk goes up. 5 the 1st of such funds for example has historically underperformed the market but big money is now betting that this will change in his 2020 letter to c.e.o.'s larry fink the chairman of black rock the world's largest fund manager came right out and said climate risk is investment risk. but i don't think there is a choice between plan and profit. this in the extreme metrics that

you're scoring companies on you look at anything or is this really an s.g. thing or is this just good business policing are you wasting resources or wasting resources battle bottom line or that brings the rate back into big business. screening companies for the s.g. criteria has proven an effective way to anticipate and avoid scandals capable of wiping out share prices so for example in between yesterday mutual funds they had to hold folks who are going for a long time because there were questions around the governance structure of the company. this allowed those e s g firms to avoid the stock crowd. that followed reasonable use emissions cheating scandal. with cheating software to make the. green companies are also better prepared to face the growing threat of climate change. back to surviving the appeal of green investment. sustainable funds or attracting new assets at

a record pace. the real question then is not whether green investments can make profits the question is whether they can be called green in the 1st place. yesterday the lack of a central standard is an issue so company could in theory score very well on these . rankings but on the other hand a very large negative effects on the environment. and even if a company is genuinely green buying its shares may not translate into creating an impact. the theory of change behind sustainable investing is pretty straightforward the more fun screen companies receive the more they can pursue their sustainable. vestments are unlikely to financially starve the fossil fuel industry for this strategy to be effective it must permanently reduce a company's ability to access capital when capitalised divested this also creates

an opportunity for other investors to buy shares at a lower price when this happens the stock price can quickly pounce back to its previous level without impacting the company's valuation. it's not enough it simply isn't because the effective tiny. investments are not a magic formula. very often what is advertised as sustainable is just greenwashing . of the cases impacts can be achieved only by sacrificing some profit. in investing in our. really profitable non-green companies and then diverting the profit to environmental causes would be more effective. but similar calculations miss a more important point. it is tough to actually measure and. your conscience is clean you don't profit from there are. many people simply no longer

want to invest money at the expense of the environment and that alone is an important step forward and. investing in our future leading us self-determined life this should be a given for everyone including women on our facebook channel d.w. women you'll find stories about those taking a stand and inspiring others to do the same. d.w. women give the voice to the women of our world. this weekend global ideas we also turn our attention to waste much of what is discarded in landfills is still perfectly usable including food. around $1300000000.00 tons of food is thrown away every year at the same time according to the u.n. $690000000.00 people worldwide suffer from hunger even though there would be enough to feed everyone. most people will only see

a carpet of trash here. sees a scandal.