culture between here and there challenging for if the. traditionalists think it was worth it for me to come to germany. and figure out my license to work as from an instructor and. our 2 children $100.00 just robbed us of just. what's your story take part sheriff on in for migrant stuff. our planet contains many treasures we extract metals and minerals from the ground to use for building roads machinery and computer chips all our technological progress depends on these resources but supplies of raw materials are not infinite in many cases mining them poisons people and the environment and yet the

electronics industry critically relies on them how can we continue to develop technology without draining our world's resources. welcome to read so morrow it's a day this is science so i'm c.w.o. . this is gordon moore chemist engineer and entrepreneur back in the 1960 s. he formulated what is becoming known as moore's law roughly speaking it says that the number of transistors on a micro chip doubles every 2 years that means computers steadily become more powerful more predicted that the trend would continue up to now it has computer chips are getting even smaller as a team of scientists in germany has now found a way of downsizing microchips still further. it's a simple fact of mom. life electronic gadgets get smaller and smaller and they're

able to do more and more that microprocessors a constantly becoming both tiny and powerful but getting computer chips to downsize is not a matter of magic it needs the brains of people like these pay to curt's as an sich a union together as part of an international network they've taken a huge step to even smaller chips. but how a computer chips made in the 1st place in principle it takes something like a slight project into the chip circuitry is stenciled on to the side but instead of projecting the picture on to a screen you focus it onto a silicon wafer with a light sensitive cutting place. the image can then be developed much like a photograph and at the end you have your computer chips. with technology we can now integrate over 16000000000 transistors onto

a microchip that's smaller than a finger chip. but what kind of components do we need for a projector we need a light source and an optical system feet consisting of lenses and mirrors. let's start with a light source light is an electromagnetic wave and waves have a wavelength red light has a long way flanks blue light a short wavelength and ultraviolet light a very short wavelength but what does that have to do with chip manufacture roses mohan copper tatas put simply a long wave length means large structural size a short wave length means small structural size. and you are trying to extreme ultraviolet light or you really has a wavelength of 13 member half nominators. that's less than a 10th of the previously arched wavelengths. you can create images of

structures in much sharper resolution. but. it takes a laser to generate evy light but how does that work to begin with you have to build the world's most powerful industrial pulsed laser it's a technological masterpiece it produces a high intensity light bayne but not even yet. to get that you need to trick a laser beam is aimed at a droplet of liquid tin the high energy light heats the tin 222-0000 degrees celcius transforming it into a plasma which radiates the desired. the pulse laser does that $50000.00 times a 2nd. so that takes care of a we have a light source what's missing is the optical system being. glass lens is

a no good for the task they only transmit certain ways lengths and u.v. lights not one of them. the solution is to use curved mirrors instead of lenses the light only has to reflect on the surface it doesn't have to pass through. the mirror as the ground from glass blocks like this and then polished the surfaces are incredibly smooth. if this marrow was scaled up to be the size of germany its biggest irregularity would be barely a 10th of a millimeter deep. but it's not just about grinding and polishing a mirror requires a coating. and this equipment gives the merest glass surface extremely thin coatings of silicon and molybdenum. they're only a few atoms thick but the researches apply as my. 100 layers why is that.

if the mirrors coating is too thick then it will absorb too much of the light. this is but it's still a huge struggle to get good reflection using layers. should. theoretically the maximum reflectivity 75 percent as far as i know. in practice. reflectivity is a measure of performance and 70 percent is a great value. the magic lies in constructive interference which works like this and. part of the reflected for the rest penetrates the top layer to reach the next. reflected the rest penetrates to the next layer and so on if the

layers all have the correct think ness the reflected light is. now the light reflected from the reaches the silicon wafer and the next generation computer chip take shape. so. for 20 years it's a great feeling to hold the gadget in your hand with an e.u. reach ip inside and to know that we helped develop the technology that made this kind of chip possible. the trio of scientists was awarded the christie just german future prize for their innovation that technology is already in use the latest smartphone scarry chips fashioned with extreme ultraviolet light it's just one more confirmation of. what he says the number of transistors that fit on a chip doubles every 2 years. in the 20 people started saying that the limits of moore's law. would be reached in order to get

some endless and it wouldn't be possible to go any further before. you fronted up and with the technology we now have the technology with which we can continue pushing moore's law over the next 10 years. a lot. telling me more. one valuable commodity used in modern electronics is gold it's a highly efficient conductor that doesn't rust and hardly reacts at all with other elements. an estimated 200000 tons of gold have been mined to date. the search for gold has led to bloody conflicts in many regions and the process involved in extracting it pollute water and soil in danger people's health reason enough to come up with alternative ways of striking gold. there's

hidden treasure in this trash. germany alone generates a 1000000 tonnes of electronic waste every year and the scrap is a gold mine literally just look at this computer circuit board for example. gold conducts electricity better than copper take this gold plated edge connector the gold is used to ensure the best possible connection for high quality fast data transfer. these connectors have to be technically sound meaning the gold plating prevents oxidize sation and guarantees the best possible connectivity throughout our devices lifetime so i'd best move to be a laptop or smartphone most electronic book would be function without gold. the electronic waste from 5 computers contains

a total of one cram of gold that's actually a lot it's the same as the amount contained in 2 tonnes of. but mining it would generate huge amounts of c o 2 anough to drive a car 3 times around the globe. the greater the ecological footprint of a material or product becomes the more important it is to recycle but does recycling make economic sense and doesn't. we protect the environment our group uses a company that recycles medals including goals. the 1st stage involves shredding the waste in separating plastics from metals that beams a mixture of metals which are melted down together in a furnace at $1300.00 degrees celcius the heavier metals gold silver and copper sing together to the bottom of the melting vessel and can be cored off separately from the lighter metal so both. the

heavy metals end up in plates like these they're mostly copper but they do contain quite a bit of gold. going on for stents why few of these plates weight just on the 800 kilos as one troy ounce of gold is distributed throughout those plates 31 point one grounds our aim is to extract it with a minimum of loss so exciting. each strachan process uses a lot of chemicals the plates are dipped in a sequence of acid baths each of which dissolves a different metal from the mixture 1st the copper then silver the last of all the goals. oh ruby's won't let us film the last stage of the process that's a commercial secret. recovers 18 tons of gold a year from electronic waste it's evidently

a lucrative business but it's impact on the environment just less beneficial the assets have to be disposed of in an elaborate process and the smelting furnace churns out large amounts of c o 2. but recycling gold might soon become more environmentally friendly industrial biotech company brain is working on a completely new method it's using bacteria to recover the gold from the electronic scrap even though by. tyria normally avoid the precious metal like the plague. it emits highly. even noble metals a not very reactive and that anti microbial so it's a very special property if an organism can survive in high concentrations of the metal but quite apart from being able to get the metal into solution esther got bore and her team experimented with thousands of bacterial strains till they found a suitable candidate they've dubbed it pseudomonas mittal solvents meaning metal solving pseudomonas bacterium. the researchers at brain demonstrate how the gold is

extracted in a plant they've developed and dubbed the bio extractor. the biological miracle takes place in this fact. in the. first polarized electronic waste this black sludge is mixed with a lot of water then the mixture is an ocular lated with the bacteria which are suspended in a yellow the quick. thanks to nutrients in the water the bacteria thrive and we can colonizing the electronic waste particles and leeching the precious metal into solution. the gold rich water is then simply pumped off. but how do you get the gold out of the water. that's the job of the

2nd type of bacteria in these pellets they soak up the gold like a sponge. the pellets are then burned off that leaves a residue of small but very pure gold nuggets. the process takes place and the very gentle kind we work at mean temperature the bacteria become active at $26.00 degrees celsius the biological process releases half the amount of c o 2 compared with the melting process the bacterial approach is safer and more eco friendly than the smelting and chemical processes the next stage is to scale up brains bringing solution it may look very promising but it's too soon to say whether the bio extraction methods will win out.

to mine gold or other precious metals you usually have to blast your way through masses of rock. but how did these raw materials get there in the 1st place many chain from hot fluids flowing through cracks in the earth's crust these deposits got pushed up with other layers of rock to form impressive structures if you are from kenya wanted to know more. the rocks grow. up the cracks like these consist of hard compact stone often impose our formations they're considered immovable and immutable like the old saying solid as a rock. but snow and ice wind and rain gradually wear away the rocky peak of a mountain. it gets ground to pebbles then sand and finally to celt the process of erosion the silt is carried away by water and often ends up in the ocean as

a settlement on the seabed. over millions of years the must become stunts and cement into sedimentary rock. where 2 or more of tectonic plates are pushed together the sedimentary rock on the edges of the plates pushed upwards to form a mountain chain but the rock doesn't grow again maps it nearly all to shake. back at the peak again erosion begins itself to work the geological cycle starts over. rocks to form and grow when for example calcium carbonate precipitates out of the water from a spring like this one in southern germany. this forms limestone deposits which together with moss and blue alkie create a firm crust that is impermeable to water. thus the rock does grow a few millimeters a year thanks to the calcium carbonate. in.

the same process can be seen in caves. they the water borne deposits forms that look tights which grow downwards from the roof and stomach might switch grow up towards. the right crystal or quartz found in the alps can also grow in a similar way as does limescale in the shower. and even the tartar on all teeth. it's formed by the mineralisation of dead bacteria and dental pluck. the oldest known rocks on our planet are located in canada the accustomed nice complex is more than 4000000000 years old a look back into our planet's prehistory the outcrop was formed what it was over 900 degrees celcius. the earth was pretty wild back then a multitude planet bombarded by meteorites the salt that we now use to season our

food was also formed back then. 4 and a half 1000000000 years ago our planet was a red hot mass as it cooled volcanoes hold matter from its in a most court to the surface liquid rock rich in sodium gushed from fishes in the earth's crust and the gas clouds from the volcanic craters contains not only water vapor but chlorine. it remained in the atmosphere until the air cooled enough for the 1st rays. the chlorine was washed down with the rain into the rivers as the water flowed from that into the sea it passed over volcanic rock containing sodium. the water leached out the sodium meaning the primordial ocean now contained but sodium and chlorine.

as the sea of actor. rated in many areas over the course of millions of years it left behind sodium chloride otherwise known as salts. and the process continues to this day the sun evaporates the water and sea salt is left behind and i'm very hot sunny days with steady winds to take you to the fine crystals form the coveted just said. today's celts from ancient oceans is also found far from the say the movement of the earth's tectonic plates pushed the salt i the to high at elevations. bone deep into the ground. so all our salt originally hails from the seas and oceans one of the oldest ways of harvesting this vital material is by allowing sea water to evaporate in basins salt

crystals are left behind. but much of the salt formed millions of years ago now slumbers would meet the earth's surface we visit a walk salt mine in western germany to see how it is extracted. from that we'll need about 100 seconds to get to the bottom we're moving at 10 meters per 2nd. move of left him on heads the salt production here 900 meters below ground today they want to extract 8000 tons of salt from the mine and that calls for some unusual measures. if we are going to blast chamber $9101.00 of our biggest a bit specials let's see how it goes. checking in and out is especially important when blast work is being carried out underground. first the work has to be planned

this is chamber $910.00 and lasting here requires an entire team. but they'll also need to work at 2 other locations in the mine to reach the day started at 8000 times. the mine is a vast labyrinth of tunnels and chambers 900 meters underground each day expands a little further. before blasting can proceed in chamber 910 more work is needed elsewhere where the team won't meet its target. let a man doesn't need a g.p.s. to navigate down here but i know i've been doing this for 32 years i'm in my element down here in the salt we're nearly there like there's the load at. the wheel loader can pick up 20 tons of salt at a time it's so pure you could sprinkle it straight onto a boiled egg and eat it. as soon as the salt has been loaded up the roof of the

chamber needs to be secured. first any loose rocks are scraped off the surface. supporting anchors up to 3 and a half meters long are driven into the roof to prevent collapse. conditions are tough it's a stifling 40 degree celsius and the salt makes the air dusty and dry. at least that also means that nothing down here rests. just one hour to go to detonation. because it looking. good we are on schedule but we need to get over the chamber. $110.00 to prepare for blasting. the tunnels and chambers here in the salt mine are usually 7 meters high. but this is the one big exception. chamber 910 is 20

meters high. they're going to blast this ridge holes have already been drilled for the explosives. it's the moment of truth the explosives team moves into position. they normally blow up smaller walls . for this one they need half a ton of explosives. first detonators are placed in the drilled holes then explosives are inserted deep into the wall. the detonator wires are magnetic so their fragments can be retrieved from the salt afterwards. then it's time to move to a safe distance 3 kilometers away. all the leads come together at this central ignition point now they just need the final go ahead. you go

hello yeager here is everything clear. ok we'll get started. at. ohms reading good let's go. then. wonderful that was very good. we drive back to the blast site to my now needs to check the loose material that's been created by the explosions oh that looks good.

so please happy yeah that's a feat and yes very happy it worked with you to flee the size and shape of the boulders is ideal a very good result. to be able. and we're the 1st few months to ever hold the salt rock in our hands it's 250000000 years old there you go a gift for you thank you. you know if you know how some of us here are the nearly this is 1500 pounds that's what we needed to reach our goal of 8000 tons for today i'm a very happy that. if your old one is right why are they bottom if you may never know if you have a science question that's bothering you send it in as a video text or voicemail if we answer it on the show you'll get a little surprise as

a thank you just asked we look forward to hearing from you. for more science stories check out our website e.w. dot com slash science or look for us on twitter. that's all for now from tomorrow today your science program m d w thanks for joining us we'll be back next week until they stay healthy and stake here yes.

personal drama competition private marketing numbers that was here 5 at a time and traditional thanks to mike ashley and i as the fans friends fans and and fans only. because we

love football. to go off on you tube joining us. the finding against the coronavirus pandemic. has the rate of infection been developing. what measures are being taken. what is the latest research say. information and context. the coronavirus of data the co the special monday to friday on t.w. . and the fact that the back of most of.

the us at. first but i have i am. i'm. hanging. there. i have told them. that. they're my i want. well we're arming. it's.

a rare appeal from germany's president says the country heads for a new lock down with covered 19 number still rising from val fish die my urges just to go christmas shopping and to cut back on social contacts in order to save lives also on the program united states begins the most ambitious fascination campaign in its history doctors nurses and other vulnerable groups received doses of the biotech pfizer after on a virus vaccine. i'm real back on the life of john. dill life spy through his name became synonymous with the cold war espionage novel has died aged 81.

i'm still guy welcome to the program. a bitterly serious situation is how germany's president. has described the country's worsening coronavirus crisis health officials reported more than 16000 new infections on sunday 4000 more than a week ago than a week ago and fatalities are increasing in a rare public appeal presence dima urged germans to limit social contact as the country prepares to enter a strict lockdown on wednesday because in q. dropped in via was nish 6 on have we are not at the most of the virus it's up to us and we know what to do. you can postpone celebrations friends and relatives will also be happy to receive their presence at a later point. what matters now is to preserve health and to save lives

our most important goals must be to bring down infection numbers as quickly as possible and then keep them at a low level. of need or we can leave would survive as we get more from d.w. political correspondent simon young welcome simon what do you make of this unusual intervention from germany's president. yeah fell and i mean germans were expecting an easing over christmas they've been promised that by the politicians but it's not going to happen the meeting yesterday of the chancellor and the regional leaders has produced this closing of non-essential retail from wednesday and also school pupils significantly most of them anyway will be told to follow lessons from home and stay at home so it's

a big shock for many people around germany is part of the german president's job to protect germans from shocks and to help them deal with them so i think christmas in germany is a family celebration normally but it's also i think right to say that it's a festival of commerce and now you know he's just telling people well forget about that part of it for a couple of months i think it's a big ask for many germans right well this street lockdown which begins on wednesday follows the current sort of lock down light which clearly has not worked inevitably people are saying that this was predictable. yeah i mean the plan that was introduced the small the lockdown at the beginning of november was really based on appeals to get people to observe the distancing of the bay the rules and just you know hope to reduce contacts that way it didn't happen. the

infection numbers have continued to rise they were held in check for awhile but now they're rising exponentially again according to chancellor merkel she was among the 1st politicians to warn that tougher measures will be needed some regional leaders were reluctant to close shops but now they've decided that they've really got to react and impose this stricter shutdown though of germans have been generally supportive of the government's coronavirus measures so d.w. has been asking whether the support is likely to remain. then for if everything had already closed at the beginning of november it would have been ok then maybe we could have had a normal christmas. i think it's good that the lockdown is coming now if it had taken another week i think it would have been too late it's better to get it over with the next now and to wait longer if not longer it's about. we have to go shopping now because stores will close from wednesday but it's understandable that stores will have to shut down the same distance basically all of the i like think

it isn't good for anybody to close everything the week before christmas. let the my mom and most shops make their biggest earnings right now and the list of all right now tickled financially for a lot of people. in that their own back to d.w. political correspondent simon young well what do you think simon does uncle america's government still have the public support for its handling of this crisis . i think they generally do but as you heard it is a lot of disappointment about particularly these closure of retail shops in the run up to christmas and the economic impacts of this decision are going to be very significant the industry year organizations are warning about that meeting before this latest decision 40 percent of germans were saying that the measures to deal with the covert 19 had had an impact on their income so this is just going to make

that situation worse at the political level most of the opposition parties are supporting the government but they are saying a clearer and more structured plan and approach going forward would be helpful so i mean broadly i think there is support but the next few weeks ago to be tough let's talk about vaccinations. common vaccinations have already begun in britain and the u s where is germany in this race. well of course a lot of people in germany are impatient to get the vaccine they've seen that some other countries are already rolling it out there wondering when they're going to get it among them the health minister against spahn himself who's been tweeting he's saying you know every day counts the vaccine could save lives and he also says that all the data about at least the bio on tech pfizer vaccine is currently available so it's been seen that type of talk at as putting pressure on the

european medicines agency germany is waiting with other you e.u. countries to hear from the european medicines agency whether they approve that vaccine they in turn have said that they're going to complete an approvals process by the 29th of december for some people that will be a bit late but of course it's also important that people have confidence in any approvals process and from that point of view the type of pressure from politicians maybe is counterproductive doubly political correspondent simon young thank you for the largest fascination campaign in u.s. history has now begun sandra lindsay an intensive care nurse a long hard and jewish medical center in new york state has become the 1st person in the u.s. to receive the coverage 90 battery health care workers and residents of nursing homes are 1st in line to get treated shipments of the pfizer bomb tech proxy have

been arriving at hospitals around the country. let's get more from d.w. washington bureau chief in a spa welcome back interest so we have a mental event which is begun with a single injection tell us more. right phil while germany and europe are still waiting this huge huge vaccination cum pain began today the government promised that 20000000 people will be vaccinated until the end of the year the 1st who get the vaccine will be frontline workers and here in d.c. we just learned the 1st people who get it by the end of the big will be 5 fire department workers so there is for those who applause who support the vaccination there's a lot of excitement going on that we finally overcome this really grim time ok so health care workers people in the residential homes. i'm wondering about the

american population do people want to get vaccinated. that's a very good question i think this is true all over the world and especially here in the united states so the biggest or one of the biggest challenges i shall say is really getting people to take the vaccination they have been many misinformation campaign is about the effectiveness of the vaccine and they also have been concerns from people that the vaccine was over politicized and was developed followed too quickly so the latest polls say that only 60 percent of the americans are willing to get vaccinated and it might be interesting for our international audience this is especially true for african americans who were often used as a vaccine testers in the past and have a mistrust in the medical system in the u.s.

anyhow so therefore former presidents president bush clinton and barack obama will get vaccinated on t.v. life to convince to overcome this skepticism right just tough to nurse lindsey ago about take historic job the job of president trump weighed in with a tweet that is a 1st function nation administered congratulations usa congratulations world so is what donald trump been doing about vaccinations. well right he is the president of the united states he still is the reson for president of the united sense and the head of this operation of warp speed and he is in charge in ensuring that vaccine is distributed throughout the world but. still we have to keep in mind what he did earlier on i was just attending a trump rally for reporting on saturday and it was quite interesting to talk to his supporters because the mistrust he spread early on about the urgency of the

pandemic is still very relevant among his followers and this might prevent many to get the vaccine. the w. washington bureau chief in his poll thank you we'll take a look now at some of the other stories making news around the world the e.u. commission president on the line is reporting some progress in talks over the blocks future relationship with the u.k. because it is trying to resolve differences on issues including fishing rights and fair competition for business britain leaves the e.u. single market in just over 2 weeks. the u.s. has removed sudan from its list of state sponsors of terrorism opening the african nation up to financial assistance that could help its struggling economy washington placed tough sanctions on sudan in 1993 claiming that president obama al bashir was harboring militant groups including al qaida. the prime minister is what teenie

died after contracting company 19 ordered to a government statement 52 year old ambrose de la meany announced in november that he tested positive for corona virus but was feeling well was later hospitalized in neighboring south africa had been prime minister of the country formerly known as was the month since 2018. farmers in india staging a while now had day long hunger strike i as protests against government reforms to the agriculture sector intensify union said the changes will hurt their earnings and benefit of big corporations the government insists that measures will attract investment and those farmers incomes 7 of several rounds of talks between the 2 sides have. but a spy writer john kerry has died at the age of 89 after falling ill with pneumonia he was best known for his intricate intricately plotted of cold war thrillers

a number of which were turned into films and his real name was david cornwell and he found some of the inspiration for his books while working for the pursue secrets . for bestselling author john le carré the world of espionage was an endless source of inspiration the spider novelist had of writing career that spanned 6 decades with 25 novels to his name. the cold war was then main backdrop. for the british intelligence service a nearly $960.00 s. . many of its best sellers were made into movies like the spy who came in from the cold starring richard burton. his stories were often session germany where he had spent time as a young secret agent i think that it was in some mysterious way my destiny always to write about germany in one way or another. for liqueur

a the world of espionage was always a metaphor for the human condition he didn't stop writing when the cold war ended with the fall of the berlin wall though he was disillusioned with what came after it. tailor of panama as a novel was my 1st novel with no ideological content it spoke to the newman. to the new post war era it spoke also to my own disappointment that there was no energy for the reconstruction of the world when the cold war and. shown live caraway master of stylistics and passed away at the age of 89. and italy's mt etna has erupted providing a spectacular nighttime display of ash and explosions the obvious glow could be seen from the nearby city of tania authorities have not reported any danger to the villagers until close and the volcanic ash clouds can disrupt flights tanya's

airport is operating normally. i'll be back at the top of the hour ben falloon has your business update in just a minute. we're all set. to go beyond beyond serious. as we take on the world. where it. is the stories that matter to you. if something. good to see what ever it takes you to already know. a good number. to get to

introduce another w. . made for mines. high hopes of stopping the coronavirus as a vaccine is rolled out in some developed nations but what about the valid nations experts say access and financing standard africa's cost to getting the vaccine. german retailer is prepared to go into lockdown again this time many of them could be shutting down for good. and it could be a quiet time on the slopes in switzerland this winter it looks like a lot of tourists are going to be. let's do business covered 19 infections are accelerating fast in parts of africa so the confidence lead is closely watching as coronavirus vaccines are rolled out in other parts of the world

but access and financing could hold back africa the african. union says the continent needs around $12000000000.00 to buy the japs china's offered to share its vaccines which observers say is a sign beijing's trying to flex its soft power in africa china has 5 vaccines in the 3rd phase of clinical trials the 3 most important ones from syria back cancer you know biologics and scene of farm if approved which african nations will get access well these countries have signed a memorandum of understanding with china's massive infrastructure project known as the belt and road initiative it's quite likely they'll be 1st in line let's bring in deborah voigt again she's director of the africa china research initiative at the johns hopkins school of advanced international studies how do you see this is it a case of signing up to this felton road initiative and getting access to the vaccine

. at this point we have more than 40 countries in africa who signed onto the dalton road initiatives and i think that it would be problematic for beijing to select out of those 43 some to the 1st and some to follow up so what i expect i'll do is to operate through the w.h.o. demi has already gotten a plan that it's heading the co-ax and i think china has already signed on to that in october and i think by following in his footsteps they'll be best placed to get the death off power result from this because picking and choosing is really going to be a lose lose for china will whoever china does get on board what will try to want in return from those african countries. i think this is much more a matter of getting general sense of china doing the right thing and being part

of a global effort so it's going to be more like when the hiv aids crisis was in the headlines and the united states started the pepfar program it wasn't as though they said ok we'll have an hiv aids program in your country only if you're doing certain things for us so it's much more of a broad kind of public relations are or a general kind of program that reflects well on the donor rather than something that's going to be a quid pro quo or little considering the access challenges and financing challenges i pointed out how reliant is africa on china for this vaccine. well the access the accessibility is going to be a problem we have several different kinds of the vaccines and development around the world now and the ones that have come to the forefront require a cold chain that is quite restrictive and has to be very very cold temperatures

and so you have for that you have to have electricity you have to have transport so all of that is going to be problematic and here i think it's possible that china will be able to sound some medical teams to help out with that as they did during the ebola crisis in the earlier part of the decade. but that that's going to it's going to be a much bigger. transport challenge and and one just sticks challenge than china alone will be able to do so i think they're joining in with kovacs of the bill and melinda gates foundation with the dead b.h.o. and then with all of the departments of health this is going to be it's going to be a complicated aspart and the countries that can put in place a cold chain doubts dependable are the ones that will probably get the viruses the backseats 1st there are some back scenes that don't need to be chilled at those temperatures is it going to be a case of africa then having to take what other countries are and what. i think

some of this is going to depend on supply and demand to the market because some african countries will be able to purchase vaccines but right now the so many of the preorders have tied up a lot of the vaccine so they're still going to have to wait so it the ones that don't require that culture in are also further from being able to be rolled out so all of this is still a high degree of uncertainty as to when these will be able to reach africa deborah the other thing is that according to oxfam international rich countries representing only 13 percent of the global population of corn and over 50 percent of the promise doses of leading back same candidates where does that leave africa. yes it's notable that a number of countries have reserves far more vaccine that apparently they need so if they only need 2 doses per person they preserve more of their populations so so

this is again if it's going to be if the chinese have pledged that they want to approach this vaccine as a global public good but global public goods need financing the chinese are pledged $2000000000.00 to developing countries in general and that's not going to go very far we've got the e.u. putting money on japan and other countries in europe have pledged money for the kovacs program the united states house and joined so where we're standing outside of this general global public good effort which i think is unfortunate but it is true that countries other further down. the line in terms of being able to to have either market based demand or assistance through a foreign aid network they're going to have to wait longer and that's been the case in africa for some many different kinds of health emergencies that report you can thank you very much pleasure. now to some of the other business stories

making news south african power company eskom is to receive a $100000000.00 from engineering company a b b it's one of several cash payments of sardi's awarded to eskom from suspected of embezzlement the government found the utility group and as much as $32000000000.00 to contractors during the administration of former president jacob zuma. an unprecedented data leak shows how nearly 2000000 chinese communists are infiltrating some of the world's biggest companies reports party members employed a company's like folks h.s.b.c. and pfizer critics are concerned these placements mean a risk to intellectual property. germany is going into a hard lock down to cut the number of new corona virus infections non-essential shops will close for the remaining christmas season until january 10th the german government has pledged aid for the businesses affected the retail is one that many

of them may never open shop again. this berlin toy shop is a hot tip for anyone looking for creative games the store has it all from books to chemistry sets to haue made soft toys but from this wednesday the shop has to close and the owners are annoyed. and then not once yes indeed i of course it makes me angry they're cutting us off right at our busiest time of year a time we spent a whole year preparing for it because i think they could have gone into lockdown in october to make sure we could have the shops open no during these 2 weeks and i think the inside before you leave office often. in the state of saxony required to close on monday 2 days earlier than the federal deadline entrepreneur marts hits or is packing up his wares mulled wine and traditional christmas decorations from the f.'s mountains just 2 weeks ago he opened this christmas store in downtown dresden

as an alternative to the christmas market which is being counseled. which is the time course that he will address and loved it so having to close it again is particularly bitter with what it was all of that the. government has introduced 8 of over $11000000000.00 euros each month in which the stores are forced to close. retailers can get a percentage of their fixed costs like rent electricity and loan repayments reimbursed. the payouts are up to half a 1000000 euros per store. the german retail association says the aid is not enough it is worried about a wave of bankruptcies and the loss of 250000 jobs in inner city retail in this scenario every 2nd job in the sector would be lost. the british pound rallied against rival currencies monday of the britain and the european union agreed to yet again extend trade talks to avoid a no deal break that come january 1st he used chief negotiator. with the blocks

ambassadors in brussels regulations and fishing rights remain key issues both sides face new trade tariffs for the deal falls for several european countries depend heavily on revenue from winter tourism especially the ski resorts of the alps the swiss are hoping for good conditions but they could be in for a disappointment at the moment all of switzerland is considered a cold but hot spot. the conditions on the idea of a lead in the swiss region of engadine are outstanding at 3000 meters and still not much action but residents are hoping for a packed season full of german tourists in the valley hotels are ready to welcome guests but all of switzerland has been deemed a high risk area since september. yes yes i think people are worried because this is on livelihoods here. the infection rate has risen

dramatically even in the sparsely populated region of engadine will germans and the europeans want to spend their winter vacation there no one really knows guests from further afield though won't be showing up. there's so much of africa if you find star hotels did fine in the summer pretty easy but they're all worried about the winter no international visitors just aren't coming out of public so they're still there's hope that domestic tourists will come and measures are in full effect in all ski resorts this season that means masks on the lifts physical distancing and hand sanitizing waiting times are non existant at the moment but during the holidays visitors will have to be disciplined. we can tell people what to do but the guests have to behave as we tell them. in the gondolas the windows are open and there are fewer passengers in the snack areas there are no salads no birthday and cake under plastic wrap. we have to be more responsible and

wear a mask that's better for sure. if they close down we're out of a job but health is the priority. people here remain hopeful they're doing all they can to prevent business from going downhill. with the be.

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dot com slash water. this is the dump good news coming up today and emergency situation in south korea. that's the assessment from the country's president how south korea recalled its fight a steady increase in total no bias cases so far this year is the country on the verge of its 1st ever national look don't. try to go on about a slope tone silence to endure as slick song productions plus a new generation of do it yourself rap was on at the ready to fill the vacuum i'm sure if you found.