for our 19 special my colleague chris covert takes a look at how fairly 1st vaccines will be distributed are. difficult you can always get the latest news and information around the clock on our website that's at the top cop us on social media at u.w.s. and by richard entering the whole team thanks for joining. the fight against the corona virus 10 damage. has the rate of infection been developing what does the latest research say. information and context the coronavirus update 19 special. on t w. children to come to this. one giant problem unless you get in on it to see the big.

divide it is a little deeper into do they really trying to get it. how will climate change affect us and our children was. w dot com slash water. the rollout of the colbert 19 vaccine is the moment to millions have been waiting for in the hope it will mean a return to normality. but many factors like some of the vaccines being difficult to store mean there is no guarantee they will be distributed fairly around the world. as people in rich countries such as britain get their 1st shots how can those in less developed areas get bears as well.

this is not his special here on w. i'm chris cobra welcome african countries have been faring much better in the pandemic then many experts have feared the spot and shoot outs for example about the impossibility of social distancing in communities where large families often share is single room but with the coronavirus vaccines are allowed to developing nations could now run into logistical financial and cultural roadblocks. the race for a call that 19 vaccine is almost over. 3 inoculation candidates are in the final stages of approval. and former announced of african scientist professor shelby i'm idea the road to a vaccine has been difficult. it's already been said 12 months since we 1st discovered the 5 is of course discovered banking and that once beat it what you've been able to achieve with sanctus is developed not one of the vaccines that they've

not been shown to be safe as well as to be effective in preventing cope with manky and that is a phenomenal achievement in the cent fit community to include at the monkeys 3 vaccines 2 of it seems that they actually being evaluated in south africa. south africa has bore the brunt of called in 1000 devastation on the african continent. at the beginning of december the country had officially recorded over 802000 infections and 22000 deaths infections are again rising amid worries of an imminent 2nd wave. and south africans taking part in vaccine trials are determined to play their part in fighting the pandemic. but it's one thing from the words he wanted them to know from getting i want to take part in this trial to prevent myself and others from getting corona that's what i want to change. but not all of the potential vaccines are suitable for the developing world

and wealthy nations stand at the front of the queue. for more benefits and at the time that this part of operation was speed is unlikely to go outside of the us in the foreseeable future and that the conditions of the us funding if it seems to fry the vaccine which needs to be stored at all for low temperatures minus 70 degrees celsius unfortunate there needs to be unlikely for that scene to be deployed in its current information in a country such as south africa so what's left behind is really the s.s.a. nicotine which is a vaccine. your theory can cut it in south africa because being the preferred candidate for immediate deployment in the country even if south africa can secure enough doses for its population of nearly 60000000 community work and still need to convince a skeptical public. the firm i'm scared of the state if it since there are 5 to know much more because you know all of us to be not there we are seeking in

different ways we want we don't need to tell us maybe out of the tell me how what i say. to the advocacy work is must also compete with the daily realities of one of the world's most unequal societies. with some of it is not one of the major issues they have to worry about they most of the time so worried about bread and butter issues but professor magdy remains resolute that south africa will lead africa's charge for a safe and sustainable solution to the global pandemic. he was going to finish or to today that food that's being accumulated. during the provide evidence to make an informed decision as to reject scenes so it's good for south african context that it's really up to the government to manage the process to ensure that such africa gains access to vaccines and its effect there for an appointment of fixin's in property government inefficiency as may mean mass rollout

will only be reached in 12 months time. for more let's bring in ruth faden she is the founder of the berman institute of bioethics at johns hopkins university and a member of the world health organization's kovan 1000 vaccines working group welcome to you where do you see the biggest challenges for a fair distribution of these vaccines the challenges are enormous at a global level and also within countries. the global challenges have to do with the fact that poor reasons we can. easily understand it's not completely defend wealthy countries of the world have made their primary commitment securing vaccines for their own population this has resulted in a state if it can't lock on supply for some vaccines for the forseeable future

countervailing. challenge is the existence of something called the kovacs facility which is a global commitment to provide vaccine to all peoples of the world what kovacs needs is more financial support from wealthy countries more money coming in to kodak's and also we need more wealthy countries who are not currently part of the kodaks collaboration to be at least thinking about an bilateral commitments to low and middle income countries also we need support for the world bank on that note the g. 20 nations recently said they will quote spare no effort in ensuring equitable access to proven vaccines how much is that commitment worth. well let's put it this way it's worth a whole lot more than the countries who are high income who have not yet begun that

kind of a pledge and i include in that the united states my own country so while of course we never know until we really see what happens what a pledge like that from a group of wealthy countries is actually worth i have to applaud this collection of countries the european countries for even making that commitment now we see the biotech fires are vaccine being rolled out in several countries the latest being the united states we need we know it needs to be stored at extremely low temperatures now doesn't a prerequisite like that in itself hamper a fair and equitable distribution absolutely this is a better day in the united states very 1st people will be receiving the pfizer back prize or biotech bechstein today in the us but it is not a vaccine that is just part of the solution to global equity at least not in its current form elations so if you were to grade that accident right now in terms of

the likelihood that it will contribute to global equity it would get at a poor mark reformulations perhaps otherwise but right now we have to look to other bechstein types to address the needs of people living in low and middle income countries as until workers and senior citizens are among the 1st to be vaccinated from an ethical point of view is that the right thing to do. it's an important framing and it is as defensible as that we can think of the problem comes with the competing interpretations of equity there are at issues in the world and there are profound background in equities preexisting in the copulation with respect to health and well being so if you think about countries like the us or britain or south africa or pretty much many country more broadly and those

inequities are reflecting themselves in disproportionate burden of the pandemic now so the challenge from an equity point of view is to how to use to make sure that your prior to the station strategy addresses these gaps. rif adan of the berman institute of bioethics at johns hopkins university and a member of the world health organization's kovan 1000 vaccines working group thank you for your thoughts. my pleasure. and now it is over to our resident coronavirus experts to w. science correspondent derrick williams answering your questions about the pandemic . if a vaccine is not 100 percent effective can you still catch the virus after vaccination. first of all no vaccine that we've developed for any diseases ever provided perfect protection to everyone although although

a few like those for measles or for polio come very close but because every person's immune system is different in some people exposed to sars cove to the new vaccines will not stop the corona virus in its tracks trials in healthy volunteers indicate however that the candidates now being authorized for use in countries around the world are highly effective at doing so in most people it's kind of complicated but a simplified way of quantifying the efficacy demonstrated in trials would be to say that if you haven't been vaccinated you're around 9 times more likely to contract symptoms of covert 19 after an exposure then you would be if you got the shot so it drastically reduces that possibility. but what's really interesting is that for a return to something like normal vaccines don't actually have to prevent copd 19

in every one if they can just stop the disease in many or most people and that's half the battle especially if they also limit its spread so if they keep most vaccinated people from transmitting the virus to others for every person that can catch the virus and then subsequently give it to someone else one step closer to herd immunity as the virus finds fewer and fewer unprotected hosts that will slow the speed of the pandemic and eventually stop it and there's another possible upside which is that even if getting a vaccine isn't an ironclad guarantee that you won't get covert 9000 later there are at least some indicators that if you do the vaccine could limit its severity so you might then very well have milder symptoms.

now do you have a question for derek let us know simply send an e-mail to feedback dot english at d w dot com and type expert in the subject line or simply leave a comment on our you tube channel that's all from us for now face watching you tomorrow for stacy. fighting against guns and against a denial of the genocide in tripoli that's haasan one of the churches mission she was 19 during the mass murders intrapreneur and he survived today he's working to raise awareness about the genocide and to commemorate the victims 25 years after the massacre close on the. next.

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i. this morning a tragic. i mean strange secrets cast starts december 25th. i. think i am back. 25 years after the genocide in srebrenica our son his son of age is taking on the genocide denial he works in the memorial center which commemorates a mass murder in the serbian part of bosnia although he survived his father and his twin brother were both killed their remains only discovered years later somebody called my mother and so. our father was alive and. the same thing was

when my member other found it was very important that they were files it was very stressful for. them and they were very. we understood just as a closure 'd ringback ringback ringback ringback. i started walking and they were shooting going from everywhere. 'd bullets were hitting what nearby tree trunks. of course and both kids are going for thoughts but they would look to me before. thank you again if they would chop off my ears they called my. and i was afraid of

being tortured and because i heard the stories of of torture. i was thinking if i would ever see my family again and i was 19 and i could not believe that my life was ending in 1995 here in nice words both an insurgent soldiers gunned down hundreds of unarmed muslim refugees from stripper and they were trying to reach the town of tuzla 100 kilometers away which was under palestinian control the wounded were. screaming for help and nobody could help them while hundreds were lying down here dead and while you could see to feel that stench that smell of dead bodies on all. of the park july.

i have survived 6 days 6 things. i couldn't comprehend. i was both happy and sad happy that i survived that i my father my from brother my uncle were not there. and son is meeting ramis new kids at the spot where it all happened ramis lives nearby and is another survivor. for many years ramez has spent his free time searching for relics of the death march and once again he has found something her son has to decide whether the objects ramis has found are of interest for the. cocoa this is part of a parachute and i think this jacket is from the humanitarian aid in srebrenica.

this is the area where one of the worst attacks happened and where the most people were killed in one attack around a 1000 people were killed here. for years romney's new k.h. looked for the bodies of his father and 2 brothers if found many skeletons on his search later the remains of his family were found in a mass grave but he continued his search he often finds body found still today he goes on to inform the pathologist. who carry out forensic investigations on site. here is a femur a joint capsule and the bone of a hand. quarter of particular tool. i don't know if they're from the same body. the experts have to decide. ramis found over $300.00 skeletons in this area around this hill. trying to help

the families of the horrible and he'll never stop till we are in the last week to the genocide. killed and he still looks. like her son ramis no cage in some survivors the death march through the wounds. 18 years ago he returned to his house which was completely destroyed in the war and rebuilt it. he found 4 more dead bodies among the ruins. today his son's family lives in the house they make a living from farming his son record through means his story is documenting the stories of the survivors the hardest thing was when i had to run away and leave my wife and son he was just 7 years old he flung his arms around my neck and said papa

don't leave me the serbian soldiers will kill me that broke my heart. i pushed him off and asked my wife to hold him and take him away. without looking back i left. ramis fled from the bosnian serb prosecutors who were hunting down all my own refugees he witnessed a further massacre with almost 1000 men killed did you see it yes yes i saw it with my own eyes i mean. one of the wounded wanted me to kill him. i stood next to him and looked at him. i couldn't help anything i didn't have the courage to put him out of his misery. i thought how should i live with the thought that he might have survived. i turned around and ran away in

a war with. his wife and his son survived. instructor in it sir the horrors of the war are still visible today what was once a thriving miners' town in the serbian part of bosnia has become synonymous with mass murder. the memorial to the victims of the genocide is a few kilometers away it was founded in 2001 and is funded by private and state donations. her son his son of age guides visitors through 1st represented so memorial center where he has worked for many years. during the war these buildings were part of the un safe area tens of thousands of bosnia names fled into the safe area guarded by dutch blue helmets soldiers her son her son of it was one of the refugees who sought shelter here. murder and sneak expulsions by the bosnian serb

army had been happening long before the genocide. and this is where they were. at the beginning of april maybe maybe 2 this is then killing a family in the streets. and you know still kicking them after shooting them where you see the desperate place of. willing to fail i. after the breakup of yugoslavia bosnian serb nationalists waged a war of utter hatred on their muslim neighbors they shot raped and stopped them as was the tactic of the s.t.g. combat troops known as arkan's tigers their goal was to create an ethnically cleansed a greater serbia. on facebook you can find more videos with the 1st 25 years after the genocide there are large gaps in the knowledge of what really

happened especially among young people. army cameramen documented the invasion of srebrenica and the flight of the town's muslim inhabitants in july 1905 general radko murder trial later convicted as a war criminal celebrated his victory a few kilometers away the un safe area was ill equipped for the arrival of the refugees threatened by moderate cheers combat troops the outnumbered un battalion withdrew abandoning thousands of refugees to the general and his soldiers. truck and i think that the 5 this is the original truck the un truck from a key fight there did not stop the killings of civilians they did not stop the rapes of women and girls they did not stop the they said the separations of men and boys from women and children during those devolved aisha's they were just observing just looking on while the crimes were being happening here. speaks volumes about

their the responsibility of the international finance am in failing to not just go to stop to fulfill her but also to save lives. the bosnian serb aggressors separated women and their children from all male refugees over the age of 15. they transported the young men to hidden places where they were systematically murdered. their own camera teams filmed the executions which were later denied by many who were politically responsible such as rad of encourage each .

even before the un withdrew many refugees suspected want their fate might be. $12000.00 man and use that to the words a son her son of each seen here in the picture also joins the march. you are such a despair and we were in bruises in iraq's border. we were of this point walking that. i arrived here and i found i found my mother and my uncle brother and grandparents from the mother's side you know this man are barefoot like me only one 3rd of men and boys who tried to walk that marred survived and 2 turds were killed. over 8000 people dying in the biggest mass murder since the 2nd world war.

a 2 hour drive away from schreiber in itself is a bustling multi-ethnic town of over 100000 inhabitants in eastern balls man. for her. money achieve each and has sent her son of age have known each other for a long time were mere has been living into his love for just a few weeks he is studying goal and is about to do his exams at the university of tulsa her son also wants to document me a story for the memorial. he started conducting interviews a year ago and has already done over $100.00. more mia was 11 years old when his representative found as a child he knew about the atrocities and dragged by the bosnian serb soldiers he

fled to the un safe area with his mother. gone as not to be a leg up we were there in the buildings for about $3.00 to $4.00 days a month there was no food no water nothing and nobody knew what would happen next and everybody was really frightened. i literally felt the presence of a dark power. religious people would say the devil for satan. at one point i stopped eating the little food that we had lived i wanted to starve myself to down the girls so i didn't have to take it anymore the door a door the door and i thought of being. so far neither her son nor mommy i have received any psychological support. i have it's not true in my opinion and in my experience that time is healing

scars and still almost there dime is just a lot more work for you in this way that after a while you accept you know yourself and your bad experience. you weren't going. to. sit. still. writing his own songs and making music with friends helps move me out of banish painful memories. down here i am asked. for several years together with other musicians and friends more man trying to turn back into a lively and livable town. that was. 70000 people lived in srebrenica before the war the town was also a tourist attraction now it only has around 10000 inhabitants even

today the impact of the war is on the present. moment helped to develop this youth center over 12 years for which he organized funding from holland and germany. the aim was for music to provide reconciliation and peace. but the project faint. now down it's empty no people are not coming and you have just there and then morial center and hall down it is it's getting you know and it's going to be some kind of big grave or something like that you know one big black hole what they call i mean this is my home but home like this you know empty home with all that hard

things from the best you know it's just not their utmost fear i would like to create my own family so i must find some other solution somewhere else. for. this is there anything. in the memorial center our son and his colleagues are editing a video about the locations of the massacres they're hoping to receive private donations for the documentary project. many videos are available on you tube they are also putting the interviews with the survivors online. we need to film as many stories as possible to create a database of personal stories for the future because if the story some

not to record the. people die the stories will die with them and this is why it is very important to be required every survivor and if we can. go to some of. the most. i like the way you've done this how you can see the photos behind her. husband was captured and made by the bulls in sort of marmion to call their son's name to the forest and your loved one's name. there. are some of those. you know imagine situation any father having to call a son to death and it became

a synonym of the genocide. testifying about that in the hague tribunal. they were all killed she lost her husband and 2 sons now she lives alone on her own in her house and she has been living alone for 25 years that's the hardest thing is when i'm making a salad who for why why am i bothering to cook everything is hard. ringback i feel like i've been buried alive. when he has time his son visits man of each $100.00 is stupid coronavirus how are you going for music with me and billy come on in. because she has no remaining male relatives so leah gets financial support from the state. her son prepared her for her role as

a key witness in the war crimes tribunal in the hague she trying to look radko marriage in the eye while making her statement but he did not say a word to her she is firmly convinced that the war criminals will have to pay for their crimes in the next wound she's often asked why she returned to her house after the war this fight losing her family the. parents of i decided to return to the place where i lived with my children and brought them up i felt strong enough for it i am strong. and i've never regretted my return i'm proud of it. you know it must be hard for you sometimes when everything reminds you of. but it will only be as good as course it's hard everything is hard but we think that they'll come back one day but i am still really the market is. not far

away in this building hundreds of men and boys were executed in july 995 after being captured. there is not even a memorial plaque to mark the crime. just a few minutes away from the scene of this atrocity is the hero's memorial to the bosnian serb soldiers. and just a few more kilometers away there is a monumental moral and a poster paying homage to the war criminal general ratko manage. no jad d.h. also survived one of the mass shootings of hundreds of prisoners together with her son he is campaigning against the genocide deniers who claim that no mass murder took place in trouble in spite of established facts together the 2 men have published a report about genocide denial. and iris far more and more aggressive and

denied their truth and their judgements and genocide. very actively in the last i was better. the nobel prize winner. is notorious genocide in iraq that's a big scandal the survivors that we reached there was a very left that the fight against those who deny such crime and if we continue to do so and maybe in 10 years we've really will have a kind of all the evil here and all war criminals and because of that maybe in 10 years my daughters of iraq have to say apologize to the board or the sympathizers or the war criminal this is what i had survived. you know that the mayor is going to recognize it and it just makes him. and i had.

to change the current manner of shrimper nitsa also denies the genocide he ignores our request for an interview just as before there are processions in the town glorifying the war criminals also on the larger political stage many do not use the term genocide serbia's president the church still speaks of the acts of a few criminals. mormonism other time a mean of h. has stayed in srebrenica in spite of the genocide deniers she is a homemaker she has found no job in srebrenica many of her relatives have moved away until recently more male also lived with her in her house now he comes to visit regularly a couple nic others around us and how am i. not where. i don't know if i'm alive or dead. i have nobody to talk to their

friends we have nothing to learn not that lives have us have been stuck underneath you could you imagine moving to tuzla or would you prefer to stay here. you know follow us ramadan every time i visit here every now and then i don't want to be in your way you have to live your life without me brother in. i mean it's hard for me to let you but i know it's basic for him he has friends he goes to university his studies he's looking for a better life that fulfills me and makes it easy and it works if it's financially slatter mean of it she is dependent on support from her son most of the survivors of the genocide have still not received any states of poland. still more of you have nothing you know you never know what's know they will bring to you she's also very sick you know and she have

a hard depression you know because of all of this situation and in the last 5 years getting divorced are there but no one would never come if she asked for some help or something they told her you have son you know and he has sponsible for you all and they care about you. more man has to take care of his mother and also finance his education. i'm. sure he's hoping to earn some money with music interisland c. has not yet given up his dream of being a musician no place. was shit. no i mean those work is some kind of you beginning or you would translate for somewhere else so you know it's always you have feeling strange feeling when you are done with something and when something is finished it and you need to start something new but it's also you know it can be exciting and you're don't know

what's going to happen but i will give my best. to. our son and his brother o'meara visit pam mother who lives near to snow. after the war the family moved away from the serbian part of bosnia into the multi ethnic neighboring region. it ended their family's long story of displacement in 1992 for serbian army had already destroyed their village along with hundreds of other muslim villages in the serbian part of pounds now. just. some sign of it already had 3 years of exodus fear and expulsion behind her when

she lost her husband and one of her 3 sons in 1905. so we have we had to live and sleep in the woods we lived in huts or holes in the ground because they destroyed all the houses in our village. from serbia they shot at us with grenades and tanks. set her she. son of age is proud of her sons who are fighting for justice today omeo works as a t.v. journalist and is doing research on war criminals he is not allowed to talk about his work. some people come in day out of the blue the day they ask questions about forgiveness how can you talk about forgiveness when when there is a genocide you know well i mean. there is no an admission to the genocide from the sort of. political elites not to mention people because people are following the

regimes said that it is shameful we know what happened. what should i say what he went through it's indescribable. but they tried to conceal it and how shit up that. hasan regularly visits the cemetery for the murdered muslim victims of the genocide it is next to the memorial. so they're here. my father and my finn brother. his son's work helps him to share his grief with others and to keep the memory of

the dead alive of. the relatives of her son romney's i'm sorry are all buried here but even 25 years after the massacre a friend printed circuit there is still families whose fathers and sons have not been found her son will fight on to make sure that their fate is not forgotten. eco india. how can a country's economy grow in harmony but its people and the environment when there

are do hers to look at the bigger picture india a country that faces many challenges and those people are striving to create a sustainable future clever projects from europe and again to eco canada. and 30 minutes on a d w. i knew about the atrocities of the nazi regime and kept quiet. pious the 12th. for decades the files on his papacy were kept top secret by the vatican. the archives are now being opened. for his actions smart colored glass the pope. in 75 minutes on t.w. . what secrets lie behind this one. discover new adventures in 360 degree. and explore fascinating world heritage

sites with the. w. world heritage 368 get kidnapped now. this is news and these are our top stories electoral college has confirmed a democrat joe biden as the winner of last month's election he now.