must defeat the virus and respect rules always whatever it takes. for the future with it will be a difficult year and new year's eve as well and i'm placing all my hopes on a better a pet funny. officials to hope to relax the rules in the new year but with household committed to keep mixing in the coming days there is no guarantee that the end is near. 0 for more on this i'm joined by journalists a maggot from italy same italy one of many countries across europe tightening restrictions can you give us details about what will be happening there. yes the prime minister made this announcement saying that he had no choice the virus is continuing to circulate in days very serious concern about of attentional 3rd wave a sudden surge over this festive period so yes the put in place this measures and this includes from christmas eve right up to the 27th as well as from the 31st of the 3rd and then again from the 5th and 6th which is the

a feast of the epiphany those key dates all of it he will be in a so-called red zone the riyadh what that means is bars restaurants and shops that are nonessential what all be shut up only you can only leave your home for essential activity and you have to carry a cell declaration form to explain what it is you're doing and where you'll go in a maximum of 2 people from one household can go to another that does not include children under 14 on those festive days and in between those days it will be an orange still where you will be allowed to move within your town but it across this period there will be no internal regional movement and that curfew still remains in place for 10 b.n. radical 5 and saw a very strict lockdown indeed but as the prime minister said the idea being to prevent that the wave coming up in january and davao italy has recorded the highest covert death toll in europe with close 268000 fatalities why is that.

well it is it is very very distressing figure to see such a massive debt top end that is in large part because of italy's elderly population italy has the 2nd oldest population in the world and the average age of the victim here in italy is 80 years all in so with an older population you're going to have unfortunately more deaths on top of that certain the religious have said these are the this 2nd wave perhaps the restrictions or the lock down wages could have been put in plays earlier like for instance countries such as ireland that took it put in place those measures earlier on in the 2nd wave but of course it's he suffered greatly in terms of its economic impact due to the lockdown the 1st time around and so that's why the government held of that perhaps years and decades of cuts to the

health system and as recent investigative report also show that it's a leaf did not update its pandemic response since back in 2006 so it's a variety of reasons as to why we have this very unfortunate number of deaths to decode 19 right say make of test making to us from persia italy thank you a 2nd covert 19 in fact same has been authorized for emergency use in the united states millions of doses of them a dern of vaccine are expected to be added to the massive american vaccination program which began this week with health care workers all the people in long term care facility the next in line for the jab the approval comes one way carter the u.s. food and drug administration authorized the vaccine developed by bio on tech and pfizer. now let's take a look at some more of the latest developments in the pandemic german health department's report of 31300 new cases on friday and more than 700 deaths related

to covert 19 well the 25000 people have now died of the disease in germany in france that toll has passed 60000 president emmanuel mccall is asking people to remain vigilant after he tested positive for the virus in india has surged past 10000000 coronavirus cases the 2nd highest in the world although new infection right appear to have fallen sharply in recent weeks in australia the sydney to hobart yacht race has been cancelled for the 1st time in its history organized organizers say border restrictions forced by city's new corona virus outbreak have made it impossible to stage the rice. this weekend germany marks the 4th anniversary of the terrorist attack on a christmas market in the heart of man and is the most extremist hijacked teton truck and killed the driver he then rammed the vehicle into the crowded market killing a number 11 paypal and injuring dozens more terrorist sky and shot dead by italian

police for days light. fell and was unprepared for such an attack and had to learn how best to help those affected in the aftermath. eustis minister is an emergency pastor in the days following the december 26th terror attack he met many of those traumatized by the event he says their grief was made even worse by the disastrous response from official support agencies. why doesn't it did not work as well at that point from people understood very clearly that they were on their own fun to a certain extent that's because the berlin agencies and institutions were themselves overwhelmed but you know that sort of i noticed on offer before upon as a result people waited a long time for financial and psychological help a public memorial service however happened very quickly the day after the attack

possibly to suit their what the scenes the memorial service was meant to be for victims' relatives but many of them had no idea at the time that they were actually the relatives of victims it was far too early. officials understood that there were not structures in place to deal with this kind of event a central liaison now coordinates support for victims and their families who will also get more financial help in the future. and we all know that money can't make up for the terrible pain that people have experienced it can only help with immediate problems. for the victims of the 2016 attack we've retroactively increase the pay. even triple 0. frank says that the victims of racist and anti-semitic attacks in the cities of how now and how they have had quicker access to support he says the agencies have learned from their mistakes. that was put to the test earlier this month

interfere where a driver fatally rammed 5 people. that's the perspective of the victims is what matters are the perspective of the victims' families. every step of the process you have to say slow down don't hurry thinks. many people who are suffering after an attack get immediate aid and then you have to come to an agreement with the victims' families and also the families of the. 4 years after the 2016 berlin attack us this monster still stays in touch with many of the victims he just wishes the changes in victim support had come in time to help them earlier. as taken out some of the other stories making headlines this hour a fire at an intensive care unit treating covert 19 patients and something turkey has killed at least 9 people state media said the place with spot 20 an oxygen tank

on an artificial respirator exploded at sankoh university hospital in the city of. several rockets have been fired in a major u.s. base in afghanistan officials say they hit back on the airfield in the country's northern part i'm no casualties were reported and no one has a media any kind responsibility for the attack. super psycho yasser has flattened entire villages as it tore through the pacific island nation of fiji authorities say at least 4 people were killed climate change is made cycle and stronger and more frequent with the 3rd maximum strength storm to back to the island in just 5 years. u.s. secretary of state mike pompei oh says russia is likely the souls of the worst ever cyber attack on u.s. government agencies and businesses he's the 1st trump administration official to link the attacks to russia moscow has denied involvement. the

coronavirus has certainly dominated headlines this year but that doesn't mean other crises have gone away one such story is migration countless people trying to reach europe in hope of a better life and this year has seen a shop increase of migrants in the atlantic trying to reach spain's canary islands off africa's west coast it's a dangerous voyage as we see in this report. mash yano was born just a few days ago but she will never know her father. he died a few weeks ago while trying to reach the canary islands by barge on the sort of cold atlantic route. the mother were told he wanted was to improve his living conditions also i am sick and he wanted to provide for the main his wife and children sent to go west africa one starting point for the atlantic route this year 10 times as many people have attempted the voyage as in 2019 hundreds of them lost

their lives. the pandemic is one reason behind the increase jobs are vanishing way just falling tourists are staying away migration routes through libya and across the mediterranean have become more difficult many of the migrants used to make a living from fishing but they say a large troll is from the e.u. and other big countries a wiping out fish stock. so we need to normal family life is hard and there is little hope we lived mainly off of fishing and built our houses that way solved our problems sent our children to school. most of the migrants are young men driven by a desire to support their families as well as misconceptions about europe. the number the more than we do many young people believe that europe is looking for more workers because of the high death toll associated with curves at 19.

they know the voyage to europe is dangerous but for a better life they're willing to risk everything. it's a sport now on friday night honestly to match any and berlin continue to exceed expectations this season when they pulled off a stunning $21.00 victory against dortmund the winning goal started with a set pace in 78 minutes which mount martin 33 headed home for leon it was his fault all of the campaign the most of any defender in the bundesliga when put anyone in 5th place right behind and. well finally to some festive news there's an old saying about santa coles he knows when you've been naughty you know when you've been nice and that's a lesson suspected drug dealers in lima peru have fame learning the hard way there the police have tossed santa and one of his elves with carrying out raids amongst the loot the christmas crime bust as have recovered of drugs and weapons it's

unclear if suspects received a lump of coal along with their arrest warrant you. i'm rebecca reasons. and you hear me you know there's a reason you can hire all steers general saw so when you bring your uncle out magical and you never have surprise yourself with what is possible who is medical really what moves and won't also talk to people in fallujah along the way maurice and critics alike join us from eccles last stop. we cherish our memories. they help us recall our 1st love affair our 10th

anniversary and the rest of our life story. they tell us who we are. or do they. memory is being probed by a new generation of scientists and they're posing uncomfortable questions. can we trust how we remember our own lives. here. jennifer thompson was a north carolina college student of 22 when someone broke into her apartment. it was a night she would always remember. around 3 am when i heard feet moving around in my bedroom and man quickly jumped up on my bag and i have to my throat and tommy sharpie was going to kill me. thompson was raped at knife point but somehow in

her terror she carefully memorize details about her assailant. i will myself to actually stay connected to my skin and i started memorizing everything i could did he have a scar on his face did he have a piercing or did he have a tattoo somewhere how tall was he anything that if i survived i would be able to help the police catch him. thompson came through police procedure with flying colors she help prepare this composite drawing then chose a suspect from a lineup eventually the case went to trial in a north carolina courthouse where she was asked if she remembered the man who had attacked her. thompson was dead certain. i suggested to try it on junior caught. to doing right over there at the defense table i hated him i wanted him to die and i've been told that they did that no one had ever seen

a better witness are better than me. in court when a judge asked cotton if he had a final statement before jail cotton requested to sing a song to calm himself i just stood up and i start saying in the. room many because of my future so i'm known to mean. ronald cotton spent over 11 years in prison before newly uncovered d.n.a. evidence led to another suspect and he was released. jennifer thompson had identified the wrong man. thompson's memory error was one of many. these people all went to jail judged guilty. but years later they were exonerated and free by d.n.a. evidence found at crime scenes. d.n.a.

has helped overturn more than 350 criminal cases in the u.s. and canada alone. in 70 percent of these eyewitnesses had identified the wrong person. and the d.n.a. exoneration case just in case gets overturned there incredulous they can't believe this wasn't the person they're false memory is a very genuine memory it's the way memory works. wells is an internationally acclaimed expert on eyewitness memory. he paid his way through university as a bull shark. memory scientists had known for over 2 decades that eyewitness identification was far less reliable than thought. but it took d.n.a. exonerations like ronald cotton to start convincing the law that science was right . we knew a lot by $990.00 that memory is not a law like

a video system that changes that it's fragile but it was largely ignored by the legal system they saw it as academic and heads flying around in their lab. testing has changed everything in this field. as d.n.a. exonerations soared wells was invited to sit on a major expert committee examining the reliability of eyewitness memory. wells demonstrated just what scientists were doing in their labs what i'm going to do. in this experiment well shows several subjects a 92nd video shot in an airport and asks them to pay attention. then he interviews the subjects much as police would did you see anything unusual yes and what was that the man at the the ticketing counter there switched bags

can you. describe this person maybe like his 30. very short hair it was a white male. he was wearing next shows a standard police photo lineup and asked them to identify the culprit but i don't think can you. think so i think it's either one or such sex. they're paying one or number 6 and if i had to choose the one i would pick number one. what the participants don't know is that the real thief isn't even among the photos. but when they finally make a tentative choice wells offers positive feedback yeah yeah yeah right but you did good job. ok so your number 6 the job was 6 was biased well you're

very you're a very observant person the question is has he did their confidence i think i would be about maybe 90 percent confident that that was the man. 8590 percent that's all that's pretty sure ok finally wells shows them a photo of the real thief so this is the person you picked right suppose i tried to suggest to you that it means that person no no i would never. but in fact years the culprit this is the lineup that i showed you and that's the person you picked actually this is the guy. ok there's the guy. one of the things i did was i said you know good job right you remember me saying to us when you positively and reinforce me i don't think that i was right and so that made you more confident yes when you said that he had

a good job then yes i did right but still wells and other experts say this kind of feedback during police lineup was routine in the u.s. and canada until recently forced terrible consequences for certain. you know de officer might say something like good that that's who are suspect is that positive feedback will inflate the confidence of the witness and make them a more persuasive and powerful witness by the time they get on the stand basically i'm stamping in that person who they packed into their memory so that person starts to increasingly become their memory. why do our memories change like this is there a neurological explanation. neuroscientist and jogging addict steve ramirez says the deeper problem is that when

a memory is recalled especially in its early stages it's highly vulnerable to change. when we recall a memory is put into this weird like state where it becomes susceptible to modification or a kind of. each time that we recall it becomes vulnerable and changeable so it's a physical process that manifests as neurons that are activated neurons that are in activated. link forming between the reason our our memories change is because the brain has a form of plasticity or the ability to change with experience that is constantly. so everything that happens to us is capable of changing the brain to some extent and in some ways the retrieval of a memory is in and of itself a change that is in and of itself an experience as if you're including something completely new from scratch it's not necessarily that the justice system is doing it out of malice it's that it's it can be implanting different kinds of memories

that were not there at the time of the crime so it could be used to put somebody away from. renowned psychologist elizabeth loftus has testified that many trials to point. the frailties of eyewitness memory. she says and eye witnesses memory is like a crime scene it must be protected from any possible contamination during police interviews and lineups. if you contaminate the fingerprints then you don't have very good fingerprint data and likewise if you contaminate the memory trace you don't have very good memory evidence. that's what happened to jennifer thompson's memory when she chose cotton at the 1st photo lineup after some indecision over 2 photos. as i looked at the 6 photographs i can very quickly discount. for and i think in my mind i narrowed it down and i

picked at number 3 and i told him i was positive he told me that's who he thought and then and i really appreciated that because i felt so relieved in court it was absolutely unshakable. because he told me i was right in thompson's case she was reinforced after the photos she was reinforced again after the life line up telling her that again she was right by the time of that trial ronald cotton was remembering. ronald cotton as exoneration was big news in north carolina. it became the 1st state to pass legislation requiring mandatory reforms for eyewitness testimony. among these reforms the officer conducting a police lineup must be unaware of which person in the lineup is a suspect other states soon followed just as memory scientists had long urged.

fast changing memory science isn't only challenging assumptions in the courtroom. it's also posing intriguing new questions about the human mind. what does it say about all of our memories of our families our friendships and ourselves. are any of us reliable witnesses to our own lives. i still remember that like yesterday i was with my friend eleanor downtown and i believe as my colleague martin was shown truly she. most people have emotional memories of where they were and what they were doing during certain events such as 911. j.f.k.'s assassination. the fall of the berlin wall or the death of princess diana events that feel seared in their brains. these are called flashbulb memories and we have great

confidence in them but were surprisingly wrong says cognitive neuroscientist elizabeth phelps. in the days after 911 felt this team surveyed over 3000 people about what they recall doing that day. we asked people to how did you 1st hear about the tac who are you with where were you. then phelps gave them a similar survey after 13 and 10 years it turns out even flashbulb memories are often illusory overall people remembered the central event well the exploding towers but the rest of their memories often changed over time. if we compare memories for what you told me happened to you personally right after the attack versus a year later about 40 to 50 percent of the time the details of those memories are different almost half. here we asked people you know what were you doing

and this person the 1st time in the 1st service said i was in the kitchen making breakfast a year later they said i'm in the dorm room folding laundry we had one participant who we asked who were you with and initially she said i was with my husband the time after that she said i was alone my house was playing golf we can't know what really happened to you all we know is that you're not consistent over time so one of those stories is right. people stories usually changed after one year and from then on they were utterly certain that's what had happened. 3 years later your fairy confident that your memory is a 100 percent accurate most of the shift happened in the 1st year and then after that that sort of became the story i was in new york that day so you know i have a story too and you know that's my story right now and i'm telling it for the time i'm telling it like it's a story not like it's my memory if your story of course of course i'm sure but you

know david tells me i'm probably 50 percent. which is. part of the reason we're wrong is that we can absorb and remember the astonishing richness of every life moment. so we fill in the gaps unconsciously and create a narrative story that makes sense for now. but that can make us defective at discerning truth from fiction say scientists who deliberately create false memories. dr julius shah is a psychologist at university college london in england.