my idea is hopelessly to bring you more conservation. how do we make cities greener how can we protect habitats we can make a difference to the region. to series again global. g.w. and online. pay you there stop keep your distance. for months now the coronavirus pandemic has forced much of the ball to practice social distancing. just hanging out with friends or giving someone a welcome hug has become rare in times of lockdown and self isolating. what happens to us when we have to give up closeness and physical contact. keeping our distance yet staying in touch that's our topic this week on tomorrow today the science show on t w. moment

in the fight to end the coronavirus. this is the news that the world has been waiting for for nearly a year several biotech companies have filed with health authorities to have their vaccines approved. results of clinical trials sound promising they are records of more than 90 percent efficacy. how do the various vaccines compare. we've heard a lot about the african c. rates of covert 19 vaccines u.s. pharma pharma durness says it's covert $900.00 vaccine is 94.5 percent effective. pfizer biotech over 1000 vaccine has an efficacy of 90. 5 percent in final trials.

russia's sputnik 3 corona virus vaccine trial shows encouraging results but they are low on specifics astra zeneca covert vaccine up to 90 percent effective data shows but what does this mean unlike the history of fixie it's let's explain the 1st ever vaccine was for smallpox it was introduced in 796 the disease was then declared eradicated nearly 2 centuries later in 1900 and the vaccine was 95 percent effective in preventing small pox measles 97 percent effective but in spite of the strong maxime measles continues to spread looking at you and i doctors polio has nearly been there ready cade and the vaccine as 99 percent effective the flu vaccine is a tricky one as the virus mutates regularly so people have to get flu shots every year to help protect against the most common strains generally the effectiveness of the flu shot hovers around 50 to 60 percent when scientists started work on covert

19 maxime's the world health organization said it would accept a vaccine africa see of just 50 percent so with these recent phase 3 clinical trial results showing vaccines that have north of 90 percent efficacy we have lots to be hopeful about well yes but neither but just because the results have been good so far it doesn't mean we can instantly go back to live as we know it not everyone will be able to get vaccinated that includes people whose immune systems are compromised or weakened by existing conditions and it will take a while to get vaccines to everyone who can be vaccinated so masks and social distancing are the way it's going to be for a while yet. sensual distancing is hard for many people. touching others and being touched does things to us in those.

when touched the skin sends electrical signals to the brain that can cause the release of certain hormones and neurotransmitters. they're transported in the bloodstream around the body with they have many different effects. they slow the heart rate and lower blood pressure breathing becomes more regular. they really feelings of anxiety and stress which in turn has a positive effect on the immune system. and that's what we miss when our close social contacts. psycho therapist memory by tolomeo says people talk to her a lot about the pandemic their fear of getting sick worry about their friends and family and social isolation as i am someone mentioned as if suddenly people have lots of time on their hands because their work hours have been caught or they've lost their job. and they have to find a way to cope with that and shapes our days while others are suddenly subjected to

much greater stress trying to work at home while also looking after that children can have a toy. she works at the market clock institute for psychiatry and has thought about ways people can cope with the situation. i would ask her to better ask my go for it after the 1st step would be to get a sense of how you're really feeling right now if you can do it in writing keep a diary and answer certain key questions. she says it's important to acknowledge and accept whatever you're feeling. and then to think about what it is you really enjoy doing hobbies and pastimes and then do them if that's not possible because of the pandemic then look for alternative sources of enjoyment. i like to party so a lot of clubs have set up online platforms but i'm still a far short instead of boxing at the boxing school we've got a rescue kit. a small spot with all the necessary equipment like bandages and

whites so we can shadow box alone how your mind chatter box is going and. can't go dancing anymore so we watch videos on you tube my wife and i practice at home. for total mayo's also recommends remaining in gauged and maintaining social contacts if meeting friends isn't possible then talk on the phone stay in touch regular physical exercise is beneficial. what's also really helpful she says is to give your days a structure this specially if work or school have fallen away at least a stab at is this man don't just fill your days with commitments to do nice things to me we often don't focus enough on what we enjoy diary's a full of things we have to do and not things that are good for us i manage to the i'm good to. the world health organization recommends not reading or watching too much lose if it makes you anxious and getting information from reliable sources.

that it's also a good idea to look on the bright side see how much kindness and solidarity people have shown in this crisis. enjoy the clean air during lockdowns we need to find ways to cope emotionally the pandemic is far from over. and social distancing is not uncommon in the animal kingdom. that part of bats like these are normally social creatures. but when some of them fall ill they maintain a distance from the rest of the colony. this was demonstrated by a study from an international team of scientists in belize. using tiny senses developed specially for the bats they monitor the mammal social behavior. that's given a substance that made them feel sick spent less time with the group than those who

received a placebo. that helps prevent diseases from spreading through the colony. so by social distancing the bats protect their entire group clever creatures. to learn more we spoke to one of the face of that study. what gave you the idea of studying social distancing and balance. the. research group i work with investigates the social behavior of. a quite distinct from most of the species. exhibit very complex social behavior. like you see monkeys and apes doing in the zoo they share their food. only if about comes back

hungry from the hunt other bats in the roost will sometimes regurgitate the blood they've consumed and share it. one interesting aspect of this research on social behavior is the question of how social bonds change when a disease breaks out how does that change a social network. do you think that's really consciously maintaining a distance when they're sick. what we observe in vampire bats is what we call passive social distancing the animals become lethargic they don't use you as many of the contact calls that would initiate social interactions. proactive on the social distancing that we humans do when we're diagnosed with the disease and actively self isolated home to protect the group. so what makes this behavior interesting for research. but give little noise and

even though vampire bats don't actively distance themselves just exhibit this passive urges manifested in lethargy computer simulations show that a potential pathogen would spread more slowly through the social group so this change behavior would protect the group. how do you plan to use these 3 centuries ounce. by aspect and then as i'd like to mention 2 aspects. one is related to vampire bats themselves. we're doing the studies in latin america where vampire bats mainly feed on cows and other domesticated animals. and in this region the spread of rabies is a problem for farmers and also causes them financial losses we want to gain a better understanding of the dynamics of that spread. the other aspect is that we can use the same technique to study any other animal species that's our study shows

that this kind of very high quality data could enable us to understand model and possibly prevent outbreaks of diseases in the future. x. rays revolutionize medicine and not just meds and x. ray scanners are used in many other areas. the images they generate provide deep insights into the body and a host of objects. x. rays give us a glimpse into the past they can tell us for example what fits the romans 8. the x. ray machine inside this event could help to answer some tantalizing questions. and certainly exciting and a unique opportunity we have today i've never had one like this before with x. rays becoming an increasingly important factor in archaeology having this here on

site is great really super. the small mobile device has been brought along today by patents from the founder for institute. looks. at it weighs $160.00 kilos most of that's 2 to the lead shielding inside. the lead prevents x. rays from escaping. the device has been brought to the limit named after the fortified border defense built by the romans in germany. the team at the museum is examining organic matter dating back to that time. i mean these are small fragments of what is probably carbonized roman porridge there's a cherry sitting from the roman era found in a well 4 years ago from woody and here we have a number of fly larvae preserved in the same place and some colleagues extracted them during their akio botanical investigation from. the features 1st up is

the cherry picked. the question is what does it look like on the inside and are there signs of germination something could have happened in the most environmentally the well cherries are interesting because the romans brought them to germany we've been growing them ever since the last 1800 years. here because we try to. cut is preparing the ancient cherry pit for the 1st analysis. to be really careful. because sometimes i need to what. i like now i'm using tweezers. you don't want to come into contact with greasy fingers that's why we take extreme calf. will the x. ray machine reveal any secrets from inside the cherry pit. and then i'll start the x. right now this is. the machine enables the

researchers to gain without having to. 30 minutes time. x. rays were discovered by. 1905 by accident the german physicist realized that they could be used to make the invisible. x. rays are normally used to create an image of the inside of a human body or as in this case an archaeological find. other hidden structures are revealed. generates the high energy radiation that passes through the body or object and forms an image as it hits the detector. the heavier the elements in the material and the denser it is the more radiation. structures such as

calcium rich therefore show up. in the case of the cherry it will be the shell. such as muscles. and there. are other areas with a lot of air transmit the rays. back in the. the cherry pits can complete. my 1st look inside. a fascinating. it reminds me of using microscopes at school. but this cherry stone is very impressive enough for an expert to work with think be able to give us some more information about the cherry which is very.

when archaeal botanist who will hopefully get some insights into the kind of cherry and therefore the plant diversity in roman times. are these in conspicuous looking pieces. remnants were found during a dig in the outermost for 15 years ago a piece of the believe it's hard cheese and i'd love to know if that's the case and ideally to find out which cereal it contains when off. half an hour later the x. ray scan was successful and the museum director is confident that it will bear fruit. by from him you know there are some relatively big pieces of mineral material i'm looking at it in detail i would say it does suggest powerage. the romans used to grind their cereals in stone mills on the volcanic rock would wear away. and so. i might be very small pieces but they are clearly detectable

which is evidence that this really may have been powerage. a 100. this i was not here to they have to wait for the report from the arche obama nest just the same color coded as i was a falling for might never have imagined such a huge detail for such tiny pieces i assumed we'd have a far cruder resolution of this isn't this. doc. it's now up to the archaeal botanist to examine the scans and say which kind of cherry the romans grew back then near their forte and whether the morsels really were porridge. calling all star trek fans science fiction has a way of becoming science fact mr spock's communicator was the model for the 1st flipside. to tennant who as it appears could almost be one of today's bluetooth headsets. and the visor well they're still working on that.

but leaving a bullet there is something very special happening in that area. a long time ago when space ships were made of wood and plastic. and it snowed element in confetti during the demon terry allies ation process people and things were being terran that in star trek films. how nice would it be if we could be ourselves around the globe teleportation instead of crowds and airplanes and c o 2 emissions think about how beneficial it would be for the climate alone in today's physics in fact teleportation is no longer science fiction. we've been looking i never cease to be amazed at what strange things occur. manuel

earhart is a quantum physicist. who is excursions into space travel are hoping. he explores the weird and wonderful world of teleportation quantum teleportation to be precise as a bus stop having watched star trek for instance people imagine that you somehow beam matter or even energy because that's how it is on the show people disappear in the teleporter and then reappear on an alien planet when. the similarity is that the system rebuilds the object identical in another place. this is going to turn future new science fiction it's often left open and someone is teleported it's not clear whether their entire matter is beamed up with them that's left open. on time cycling or has been a big name in quantum physics since the 1990 s. he and his team have demonstrated the quantum can for mysterious connections or

quantum entanglement since they're known in experiments conducted in a bar or trees packed with lasers crystals and detectors. at the minimum amount of physical energy involved in an interaction they can be atoms electrons or photons. earhart was part of the team. have a few pictures of the experiment. she was. the laser beam comes from the right side pulsing blue light. and passes through here. and in this little thing is the chris store where the entangled photon pairs are produced. and they're split apart and fly off in different directions. so to photons are produced and untangled at the same time by a laser beam. it's like an invisible communication channel which they can use to

teleport information. and fox news like a fax isn't it. going to mission is related but in this case the old fax is destroyed it disappears in the process. and the new fax looks 100 percent like the original new one looks like it's been beamed over. all things but it doesn't consist of the same atoms. nor you one is made of different items from the original going on with the thing that's rather strange because in our everyday world we can copy things we can do that very well we can produce the same item umpteen times. in quantum physics this is impossible you can never make a perfect copy of the state of a single particle in quantum physics this is just not possible that copying mission impossible and there are other things in the world of quantum physics that seem

very with to us. via quantum entanglement information is transferred instantaneously regardless of the distance involved it could be comatose all night yes. einstein thought it was pretty speakie this information must be travelling faster than the speed of light it explodes all our existing notions about space and time. ok well you know. quantum entanglement forces us to either give up our existing ideas about space and time and find new ones not all to give up our idea that everything we can measure and observe always gives us information about a reality that exists independently of ourselves. unseen for most young people and then we have to relinquish one of these 2 notions. any personally i hope or rather i feel now that he thought about these things for such

a long time that the change will probably be far more radical than we can imagine. any more feet i think our listeners will go. quantum physics is probably the most experimentally tested and corroborated mathematical theory that humankind has ever come up with. there's no doubt about it it's correct. so quantum teleportation is real 3 photons are usually used to demonstrate the process and experiments protons 2 and 3 are entangled. then photons one and 2 are in tangled. now what piece of data this is contained in photon number one could be transmitted to number 3 by a number to. the disk instantaneously deleted from the 1st 2 particles.

ok event couldn't i just split myself into tens of quantum cloud i mean then i would just need to be reassembled correctly right. for you not a simple as that it's not just quest want to and so their information to another and in of being dismantled as you see information that defines who you are and who i am is not just information stored in items there's also in the information on how the atoms are arranged in relation to one another how they interact and so on and. so this is far more than a case of disassembling something into its constituent parts and then reassembling them. as the amount of information involved is so gigantic there's no point in contemplating how it might be possible today. to think. like most thought let's just say that right now we don't know of anything that would fundamentally rule out teleportation. i want more but to make it happen we

would need completely different set ups than the ones we build nowadays. the. other way than if i could build a device that could do this and you'd asked me whether i would put myself inside it i'd say no. so mr spock will probably have to hook. up in a glittery shower like in the old days. starship enterprise was pretty eco friendly how would turn hydrogen engine with not even a whiff of emissions. by the way a piece of trivia for you the words you me up scotty were never so precisely in better form of the star trek sirius maybe other work with me apart.

that's all for now thank you for joining us. for more in grossing stories about science and technology visit our website will be back next week with a fresh edition of tomorrow today until then.

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the story of prejudice and propaganda. they were called the rhineland bastards. their mothers were germans living in the occupied dry. in land their fathers soldiers from the french colonies. in a climate of national pride and racism. list documentary examines the few traces that remain of their existence. the church. starts january 11th d.w. . in the far north. beyond the inhabitable world. its lonely.

barren. and breathtakingly beautiful the arctic powerful expanse of bitter cold. and the sound of global warming. to the journey around the north pole. profiteers and talk with people experiencing a changing environment the ice disappears earlier and it keeps retreating case here's the last years have been smelting roughy. makes it hard to shift. our future depends on what happens here in one of the most fragile ecosystems on earth. northern lights with arctic circle starts december 21st on w. this

is the news of live from but then the u.k. government unveils tighter restrictions for christmas british prime minister boris johnson warns against travel to higher risk areas saying the country cannot continue with christmas as planned a new strain of the virus is fueling fears also coming up germany remembers 4 years ago today a truck plowed through a christmas market in the capital killing 12 people.