this is for a new monarch. and to see. this one tragic. secret. december 25th. this is d w news and these are our top stories outgoing u.s. president donald trump has vetoed a major military spending bill that had passed congress with broad bipartisan support mr trump had previously criticized the 740 $1000000000.00 national defense authorization act saying it would benefit china congress members could now move to

override the president's veto. the scuffles broke out between police and truck drivers stranded outside the british port of dover thousands of trucks have been waiting for days to cross into france british authorities started testing the drivers for covert 19 those with negative test results can enter france but authorities warn it could take days to deal with the backlog. gunmen have killed more than $100.00 people an attack in ethiopia's western been sangam let's region that's according to the state run human rights commission the identity of the attackers is unknown is the latest episode of unrest in ethiopia following a deadly conflict in the teeth in. this is g.w. news from berlin follow us on twitter and instagram and t w news or visit our website w dot com. another

day another record coronavirus death toll here in germany and of course around the world on today's show we'll take a closer look at the situation here and we'll meet one of the doctors whose votes influenced america's food and drug administration to approve 2 coronavirus vaccines in record time i'm phil gayle and this is the day. visit and we are going to happen to most decisive phase of the epidemic. hobbies are difficult times for many people in germany or indeed if you aren't careful germany will become the problem child of europe that all we must take action. isn't she these difficult days there is also cause for optimism vaccination is the way

out so it's fun to make them and we will get pat. we will overcome this crisis we have to succeed and we will succeed. also on the day the human volunteers willing to get infected in the search for new drugs against corona virus. i think for me the benefits of challenge trials so outweigh the risks and i have to take the risks on. quickly. welcome to the day germany has reported its highest daily coronavirus death toll figures released by the country's disease control agency on friday show that 962 people died from with the virus within 24 hour period overall the total number of deaths attributed to the virus now stands at nearly $28000.00 undertakings in the

eastern german state of saxony say. reaching capacity. they have been working round the clock at mice incriminatory i'm the coronavirus means have had to deal with many more bodies this year. this year coffins have covered 19 victims inside with a safety precautions in place it's nearly impossible to have direct contact with the dead cannot come. here in the state of saxony maximum capacity that half the coffins have a coronavirus highly infectious the state premier is warning residents the next 10 weeks will be the most difficult. and. there will be a 3rd wave the question is how high. and everyone who is dealing with this is

worried about how much higher than the current peak it will climb. the number of new infections might last be leveling out to people in mice and what answers from their late is using they just kind of gray there were no clear rules no one is going outside anymore people are infecting their own families and some people are following all the rules and others a coming up with their own theories they say there is no corona virus. but every day there are more coffins in the criminal containing the bodies of covered 19 victims. well as infections increased some parts of germany are affected worse than others the 1st hot spot emerged in the far west of the country in the town of heinz back that outbreak was attributed to regional conical celebrations well as a year draws to a close d.w. has been back to heinz back to reflect on the impact the pandemic has had. as a priest marcus pones has guided many people from heinz back through this difficult

year. a very exhausting. it took a lot of strength about you can already see how it is weighing on people. now president i think we've really been burdened by all the economic consequences and repercussions by the whole situation. and people have fallen ill and died which is the worst kind of burden of stock is. the situation is not easy for him either speck a small almost everyone knows everyone always had to bury people he knew who had died of corona. whosis him farewell all the experience when corona hit us back in february and the numbers begin to rise in the high spec district all the numbers very quickly became names and faces so you know the families you know the people who are affected that was very challenging and. in february hunchback

was confronted with one of the 1st major outbreaks of the coronavirus in germany and in effect a couple had attended a kind of a party soon after high spec became the epicenter of the pandemic. for many residents this was a very difficult time. a model from one was really very affected specially since the 1st infected people and when my own acquaintances and we experienced it 1st hand that the virus kind of addressed it affects us also can have to feel both. sets and. cries among our relatives and acquaintances some people have fallen ill and one lady has even died that was an eye opener for us and it had little in the social cohesion and heinz back has become much better. but in the beginning the whole situation was really bad because everyone pointed their fingers at us for me although being over to feel all the interest. that time priest

marcus pools also witnessed how people from high spec were ostracized people were insulted because were vandalized. about bashing by a kind spec'd. rushing became an expression and that really hurts because nobody is responsible for it in the 1st place even the one who was identified as the 1st one who was in fact that nobody can be blamed for that yes does it in defeats yet is. that it was stuff in the meantime heintz back like all of germany isn't locked down again it has not yet reemerged as a hot spot but marcus almost knows that corona is far from over. united states has announced the purchase of another 100000000 doses of the bound tech pfizer vaccine the consignment should arrive by july and will allow the u.s.

to have vaccinate to up to 200000000 people it's currently hoped that $20000000.00 will be vaccinated by the end of this month the u.s. has moved faster than many countries in certifying vaccines a giving the green light to 2 so far from bonn tech 5 and from medan is the government of georgia welcoming the news. before the. news we are morning. to. this fact in the morning in store if you want to. write off those forms you. all are all right to not really hear more than one today from. now around the world these vaccines have been authorized for using wreck or times that's months instead of years so let's meet dr levy he's director of the precision vaccines program at the boston children's hospital is also

a member of the advisory panel that recommended the u.s. food and drug administration approved 2 vaccines from bound tech pfizer and from the welcome to g.w. can you explain to us in layman's terms how it was possible to approve these drugs so quickly without cutting corners. thank you for that you know typically vaccine development across history if we look at all the vaccines that have been developed across human history typically took 10 to 20 years you know obviously that was not a timeline that was acceptable given this terrible pandemic and the daily death toll that your viewers were just hearing about luckily a technology called messenger r.n.a. or m r n a technology had been maturing has been worked on for 10 years and when the pandemic hit some months ago companies such as pfizer bio and tech and durnovo were positioned to leverage this technology and rapidly get clinical studies up and

running that said there was a very vigorous process a rigorous process i sat on the approval committee i looked at all the briefing documents that data that safety data and efficacy data for the vaccine were provided and independently analyzed by the united states food and drug administration or f.d.a. and independently analyzed and reviewed by the committee of experts on the vaccine advisory committee that i served on and we voted overwhelmingly in favor of recommending to f.d.a. to issue these emergency use authorizations given this terrible pandemic i reviewed the safety data it was rigorous and provided all the information we would ask for regarding vaccine safety and you said it was an overwhelming vote but not unanimous well what were the concerns of the holdouts had. thank you for the 1st vote of the 1st of vaccine was pfizer i believe the vote was 17 in favor of versus for

those who didn't vote in favor obviously should best speak for themselves but the discussion the concern had been about inclusion of 16 and 17 year olds in the in the recommendation i voted in favor bearing in mind that there was some safety data provided in this age group but some others took the position that since younger individuals are less likely to develop severe. that maybe the benefit risk wasn't as strong but there was no particular safety signal right or safety concerns senior 17 year olds and it's my view as a pediatrician that eventually a potential solution here for the world is to establish safety of these coronavirus vaccines in children i mean most of vaccines in the world are given during childhood most of the world's infrastructure for delivering vaccines is in childhood as parents know and so obviously we need the studies to show safety in the younger age groups studies are now ongoing but i believe in the long run that will be part of the solution here and so the u.s. f.d.a.

has now approved these 2 covered vaccines is one more likely to be more suitable for a particular demographic whole situation. thank you for that the pfizer bio antec got an emergency use authorization or in usa for 16 years and up so for the 16 and 17 year olds the pfizer vaccine will be the one was for 18 years and both companies are now going to do studies in younger individuals for example 5 years to years of age we're going to learn more as you know there are some differences in terms of how these vaccines have to be stored the pfizer vaccine is delicate it needs to be in deep freeze negative 80 degree celcius that's possible but expensive these are expensive freezer systems that exist in sophisticated bio medical centers but don't exist across the globe right the maternal one negative 20 degrees celsius for your viewers that's approximately the temperature of your home freezer that's a little more practical but still neither of these vaccines are great

a 95 percent efficacy that's a great number they're safe but they're likely not going to be the global answer in resource poor countries where that kind of freezer infrastructure doesn't exist ok let's talk about the rollout of this vaccination program because as i understand it each state will ogunnaike its own distribution and vaccination program but so does this mean that they will have to compete to full supplies so who will regulate that . right so there is a process through operation warp speed with general perna from the us military who is leading that effort that federal effort in coordination with the food and drug administration the centers for disease control c.d.c. and as you allude to the local state governments and so vaccines are distributed to each state in the u.s. and then those states will set guidelines in consultation with c.d.c. about priority groups such as high risk health care workers and elderly and long term facilities i mean infectious disease consultant i see patients in the hospital

and therefore i received my pfizer vaccine last 30. day and on the 7th of january i'll be receiving my 2nd dose. we have a quick word as well about the situation in britain where scientists have now identified it seems to corona virus variants that are more transmissible than the one we've almost become used to and what's going on in the u.k. i ave unlucky of a cat less so perhaps 2nd up think back to testing. yes so there's more to be learned about that i think part of it as you allude to is that the british are probably the best in the world at the genetic testing of the virus they're doing a lot of it and they're doing it well and so they're picking up this nuance that as the virus spreads its genetic material you know changes and so variants have been detected there are reports that these variants may may spread more easily between individuals that suspected i don't think it's quite proven yet but that's suspected

we don't know yet if they cause more severe disease maybe not and sometimes in general among viruses if they spread better sometimes they cause less disease and then of course the bigger question is will the current crop of coronavirus vaccines protect against these variants of the short answer is we think the answer is yes thankfully but again we have to keep an eye on this and we don't have all the data we want to have we're going to have to keep an eye on coronavirus variance across the globe not just in britain and we're going to have to keep track of vaccine efficacy how well does the vaccine prevent covert disease in different parts of the globe and match it up with the viral strains that are circulating a very clear thank you for joining us dr dr levy from the f.d.a. advisory panel thank you an honor to be on your show. which of course has been a year since the 1st cases of corona virus were reported and scientists are still trying to work out exactly how the virus behaved the speedy development of vaccines

is good news for most of us not so much for researchers who are trying to map the infection process mass immunity of course is going to make the jumps haga that's why one british research companies hoping to launch a study using human volunteers who are willing to get infected the w.'s shown at chelsea reports. just 18 years old allister's volunteering to do what many of its would find unimaginable he wants to be deliberately infected with the coronavirus he's campaigning to take part in a human challenge trial to test facts seems to cope with 19. charles have the potential to do an awful lot of good for an awful lot of people with. a significant a minimal risk myself and well it's a risk the docs and nurses take on pretty much every day like on the on the frontlines of the pandemic and have been doing for quite

a while now in traditional vaccine trials volunteers may never be exposed to the virus in a challenge trial scientists hope to study infected volunteers in clinical condition this isn't rooms like this one but we could be about to see a wall 1st volunteers deliberately infected with the virus of course is. that well this is what we quarantined here for up to 2 weeks with safety measures in place like trace insistence to stop the bars from spreading child services company h b they already runs challenge chiles in the u.k. but they have to be approved for 19 so you can see we have all the emergency equipment you'd expect. strollers recalled to make the trial as safe as possible scientists would 1st establish the smallest dose of the virus it takes to become infected. and the pet will be put just inside the nostril and very slowly just putting small droplets. of of forests into the niners it would offer

a unique opportunity to examine the virus in its very early stages because these trials being set up primarily to test vaccines but there be a lot of learning benefits that will come out of these trials as well not just about how the force interacts with the immune system in the human body that would be clearly really important to be able to improve vaccines and improve therapies but also about the disease course itself about of our lives how quickly it replicates how quickly it can be cleared from the body all of these can really help the management of patients going forward with vaccines already being rolled out h.p.v. says challenge child and now more important than ever warning the traditional vaccine trials will become harder as more of us are immunize to. is that actual vaccine candidates but don't solve all of the answers to the world's problem of vaccines so we're going to need a way of testing the next generation vaccines challenge studies will be able to still be able to be used to test very effectively but the vaccine is working

because they can be conducted irrespective of how much is going on the community. these trials need ethical and regulatory approval with the decision hinges on key ethical concerns you want a select group of people who are very health think they are low risk group they are true volunteers so there's no pressure put on them or no. bribery in terms. of people to do something that really are. only 18 to 38 would be eligible and volunteers will have to be carefully screened before they are approved but not all risk can be eliminated but the long term consequences weigh significantly. oh my mind that definitely definitely something to consider. as part of making an informed decision about whether you know i want to participate in a challenge but i think for me the benefits of challenge trials so outweigh the risks and i have to take the risks on. the more vaccines more quickly.

alister isn't a leg tens of thousands around the world have expressed interest in challenge child in the hope that the risk of the few will benefit the many. a year since this pandemic began it was at the end of 2019 that china alerted the w.h.o. of a new pneumonia like illness in the city of. what followed was an unprecedented response to contain the deadly outbreak the city and its population of 11000000 was sealed off from the outside world in one of the harshest lockdowns in history new coronavirus claimed more than 4000 lives in blue hand and it spread rapidly and overwhelmed medical staff but china's response was also rapid new hospital sprang up within weeks nearly a year of life and we will return to normality in cities outside china can only

dream of shops are open people are out and about and confidence in the communist party is high but there are dissenting voices. it is almost as if nothing had ever happened here life is back to normal in the city where the coronavirus 1st emerged at the time the government reacted with one of the most severe lock downs in human history now old and young enjoy outdoor activities children are back in school with their grandparents waiting to pick them up. what i don't cite is mine still have the virus but will have people done to a.o.s. because they govern well during lockdown. china has brought infection rates down to almost 0 in an exuberant exhibition the communist party celebrates victory in what it calls its war on the epidemic with tributes to soldiers and medics who work themselves to exhaustion during the outbreak but 1st and foremost the party celebrates self and the general secretary xi jinping was hailed as the man who led

the country to victory. candidate are going to hold very moved by this exhibition i feel that the people who buy a province the government and all its organizations have shouldered a lot. of. this is hala china wants people to see its reaction to the disease and how many people do see it indeed but there are other voices in this city. john high is one of them he is on his way to the municipal government. but isn't this the people's government taking pictures is not allowed. to look like the country by means of i think they should change their name from the people's government of one hand to the bureaucrats government of. john high normally lives in the southern city option that returned home to one hand in

january when his father broke his hip the elderly man received free treatment at a military hospital this was where he caught a cold it and later time. john rice says his father would still be alive if the earth or eighty's in one hand had not covered up the early stages of the outbreak he is trying to file a case in court against the government. i've been very upset since i came back to work. he is also i'm sad and angry at the same time you know food that's my current state of mind body. and soul that i can't stand all this propaganda about the achievements in the fight against cove it was a joke but out of all the people who died the innocent people who left this world have never been paid proper respect. so you will go to the war and government has

never apologized given so much and we don't know you got. the me without it. but few people still speak publicly about their grievances many others appear to have put the experience behind them night life is back on the streets especially young people enjoy their newly returned free there's. almost nothing else what do you feel energized we've stored up in a g. for almost half a year i've been exercising and taking care of my health every day i feel healthier and more alive than ever before or do you. think i don't feel the need to rest it all my fears we had a rest that was way too long there's no excitement a high note email reading young life by many places in the words to struggle with the pen dammit the city where it all began is moving on.

a course in turkey has sentence one of the country's most high profile journalist more than 27 years in jail on espionage and terror related charges charges against a john doe and center on an arctic. well he wrote in 2015 for opposition newspaper job on it when he was editor in chief he presented compelling evidence that turkey's intelligence service illegally sent weapons to syria mr duff lied to them 4 years ago and is unlikely to serve any sentence. b.t.w. spoke with him and asked him if he was surprised at the length of the sentence unfortunately not surprising because from the beginning it was the kind of bench attempt by the government it was me at all was promising to. give the most. possible price for this

new story which was a true story. so they wanted to punish me because of this true story and at the same time try to intimidate the other journalists into icky who dared to touch that sense that kind of sets the issues i've already spent some time in jail because of this new story i was shattered into a key i came to exile. my efforts were confiscated and you know i propose a mall most of the prices so. i don't think that that's new one new punishment would change anything in my life so i will keep on reporting from germany towards turkey. i'm not was the day as ever the conversation continues online you'll find us on twitter at w news to get down to the day i would. it's

taking lives in more areas of society. artificial intelligence. gaps in. word health. even eternal life to start to be possible. to see a gigantic future my cat but what are the limits. made in germany.

is a master of the art of confrontation and this is wrong. of verbal combat doesn't mean you're going to see a flying leap undisputed champion of tough political talk trying to frighten people you know there's a fact everybody understands it except you'll enter the conflict zone and join tim sebastian as he holds the powerful to account this is a fix for your whichever way you like to spin a conflict zone told. 60 minutes. people are looking for me. there are many answers.

there are many reasons. but. there are many military services. to. make up your own mind. made for minds. how much do you like your jaw and what a computer could do the work for you and learn as it goes along so that it improves while on the job what impact will that have on your working and your private life

artificial intelligence opportunity or threat that's our topic this week i'm bad i'm chris colfer welcome ai systems are designed to make our lives easier they adapt our personal habits to help improve our output at work but there's another area that developers and entrepreneurs have discovered where they are seeing huge financial potential death and how to ensure that the dead live on. come. cried miss you. i miss you too. very much here. i'll sign off now ok ok. ok. when i should die. 3 years ago.

a man's deceased mother is brought back to life thanks to a computer simulation created by a young startup company its founders now want to sell their revolutionary chat bot to a company that generates holograms of individuals essentially digital clones the 2 technologies combined promise to create a $1000000000.00 business. the german t.v. movie x it is set in the year 2047 but although it's science fiction it contains elements that are already a reality today. tech firms have been experimenting for decades with artificial intelligence building neuronal networks in order to teach machines how to learn act and react their business ideas focus on making people's lives easier although companies are well aware of the financial potential and death as well.

as societies change so do their rituals including how we relate to death a growing number of people want more than just the option of visiting the deceased at their final resting place. how tech companies are making the most of that change is the subject of a book by 2 german filmmaker. daughter caught in a guitar an entire market is opening up in the digital sector that's tackling these questions. but i think it does it says perhaps there are new options and perhaps it makes sense for people to leave behind something so their loved ones can stay in contact with them at their. genes vlahos is the founder of a company called hereafter when his father was diagnosed with cancer he found a chimp bond with text and audio messages from his father as well as interviews

with him the resulting dad bought learned how to communicate life his father in law was then turned the idea into a business model after paying for a subscription people can now send in record chats and phone videos of their loved ones the company then generates a custom chant with the voice of the deceased. family where you know you. are you facing any challenges in your life right now yeah sometimes you just need a little perspective. sure. meanwhile vine studios in south korea is taking things a step further essentially promising a virtual resurrection its website features a mother being reunited with a digital avatar of a deceased 7 year old girl 10. with the help of virtual reality gloves and goggles

she was even able to have a virtual birthday party with her daughter. how much with those in mourning be prepared to pay for a priceless moment like this and how would it affect them emotionally. i guess being the spawn of guns going to what happens with these customers and are they getting counseling often by family members maybe traumatized by experiencing a virtual clone of the dead person i think because they have trouble differentiating between reality and virtuality says you know what psychologists refer to the possibility of a morning where patients get caught in a loop of grieving and i can no longer escape the pain i was. given such as a hobbyist in a sense this is a kind of open heart experiment. extreme which is obviously extremely questionable and dangerous so all parties involved should be asking themselves whether they are

aware of the responsibility that they will have to bear and. but it probably has to be taken on a case by case basis and we shouldn't automatically condemn the transfer of our culture of mourning to the digital world last time. and effective use of artificial intelligence for such applications requires personal data scientists at the university of oxford in britain are examining the moral issues concerning the use of ai by big tech. why do users tend to disclose information voluntarily are they aware of the risks involved these are just 2 of many pressing questions for researchers at the institute for ethics an ai. can be extremely disruptive in the negative way to society it can be sexist it can be racist it can be extremely unfair. didn't want to example in 2016 microsoft launched the taney

chat bot which could communicate on its own on twitter after just one day of exposure it had to be taken offline after it began parroting massaging mystic and racist comments. and salted other users and used anti semitic language the researchers in oxford want to predict what will happen with digital clones of people in the future. that's a not unimportant question given the damage that ai can already conference. you all may have been the victim of one just as because of your personal daytime ai and you'll never know about it if you got the night if you ask for a job when you got the knive if you ask for an apartment you got denied you may have been subjected to discrimination you'll never know about it and that is a huge problem so i argue that we should end the data economy even if not in the most populous of societies we agree that there are certain things that should be

off the market votes people their results of sports watches i argue that personal data should be included in that least. of their least contends that privacy will be the most precious commodity of the future the fact is a lot of people appear increasingly apathetic about the issue especially digital privacy. they are eager to be a part of the community a function that faith has traditionally fulfilled and western societies at least the role of religion is waning. but people do still want to believe in something including life after death. dobson get picked take on then big check comes in and introduces the idea that it's not only god who can keep our souls alive form got and that this could be performed by a different almost magical entity but i'm by no marcus ai's. and i'm

not in heaven but in the clouds. the quest for immortality is is all this mankind the next generation might manage to make life eternal at least in the digital world thanks to ai but the question remains not just how much money we would pay for it but what the true cost is. how close that is to becoming a reality is of course another question for many of us artificial intelligence is already a helpful part of our daily routine is not right siri let's see to what extent ai has infiltrated our lives and what the future might have in store. when will the artificial intelligence finally be able to operate like my human brain. scientists doubt that what's called strong ai will achieve this anytime soon

because human intelligence is so difficult to simulate strong ai systems would be able to think logically and autonomous like they'd be capable of learning and speaking naturally except that still some way off. so if i'm looking for artificial intelligence my only option for now is what's known as weak. what is weak i'll ask my digital assistant. according to investigate there are a special intelligence refers to the security state gets my question but produces a pretty rote answer. google assistant alexa and siri are just equipped with weak ai. has is this retail robot but artificial intelligence is a fast growing market and it's improving all the time. on the research front the u.s. is the world leader with 30000 scientists and engineers working on ai it's followed by china and india germany only has 9000 ai researchers.

as for what all these researchers are actually doing many of them work on software for autonomous vehicle development where self driving cars maneuver their way through traffic on their own. according to some forecasts as soon as 2030 in some parts of the world 30 percent of cars could be autonomous thanks to ai and sometime this century driverless cars could be the norm on roads worldwide. today high performance ai supported robots like to vinci can perform surgery and they're far more precise than their human counterparts and some patients can now get computer aided diagnoses. ai in the medical sector has seen rapid growth. this year also spurred by the covert pandemic and next

year the market is expected to be worth more than $6000000000.00 us dollars. but now back to digital assistants even though i'm not so thrilled with mine their popularity continues to soar. 700000000 people used virtual assistants in 2017. soon almost a quarter of the global population will have access to one. the number of users in 2021 is forecast to exceed 1800000000. well as we heard there artificial intelligence is gaining ground in the medical sector when we're feeling ill we want doctors to give us professionals who make sound decisions and can empathize with us maybe because they know how awful it can feel to be sick empathy might not be something you expect from software but artificial intelligence can deliver quick and accurate diagnoses for patients may be indispensable in the

fight against cancer dementia and even covert 19. modern medicine relies on groundbreaking technologies to diagnose many diseases one might spread method is magnetic resonance tomography it provides doctors with high resolution images that reveal the structure of internal organs like the brain in great detail but how to deal with the wealth of data. that we have the parts of target radiologists have very little time to analyze images nowadays maybe just 10 minutes per patient to look at $200.00 or even $400.00 images. they have to rely on their experience. to fix our software by contrast analyzes each individual pixel and captures pacific structures in the brain he's a bishop who spoke to a machine learning makes it possible computers are fed huge amounts of data and trained to identify the patterns that could indicate certain diseases for example

multiple sclerosis and other brain disorders in fact the more data the better think it and the task. diagnostic systems such as the one made by one berlin start up sometimes outperform doctors. you get tired eventually we'll be able to automate every part of the process there will be more and more software to address very. pacific questions and in the end a radiologist will only have to check over certain information so the software will do everything else on its own on the text of the on line mom machine learning is also playing a role in the fight against covert 19 for example in developing new tests for the corona virus and out this in the works that uses coughing sneezing and other sounds from the voice is biomarkers to detect the disease. it may not replace the p.c.r. test the gold standard for detecting infection but it's developers say its accuracy

is around 90 percent they are still collecting audio samples to train the software . to do a little bit tired of going it's about the lungs activity during coughing and laughing for example reveals how much pressure can be exerted with the lungs around and when dozens are signal processing algorithms measure these things and missing cronan when done little are submitting audio samples that we are using to train our ai we also ask them if they've tested positive or negative and if they have any symptoms you might even to as and. when artificial ventilation is required for patients with severe respiratory disease the risks are high the ventilation can itself damage the lungs driving up the death rate. a start up in munich has developed ai software meant to increase the survival rate it creates a digital model of the patient's lungs digital twin and simulates the airflow in

the lungs it can then fine tune the pressure of the ventilator should apply to each patient. the arts cunt.