as it arctica. one of the most important projects at the one carlos the 1st station is its study of the herd and johnson glaciers. within reason is moving evaluate at the stage of the mass balance of the antarctic ice sheet and found the gains of us have been greater than the losses that would stimulate laziness if it leaks just out of the proverbial what the exact opposite is the 0 is it getting colder in antarctica. says then for the end of yes it is getting cold but our measurements and emitted to the last 15 years following. scientific studies need to examine a punitive at least 30 is if we'll close so we can see that it was a gradual temperature increase 15 years and a temperature drop in the subsequent fish deniz but globally the trend is towards only.

on our trip we didn't see much snow but the year before there was so much snow that the 2 metre high stakes used to monitor the glacier disappeared to find them the spanish team had to dig. and dig. and dig. located next to livingston island is half moon island. we made a discovery in this miniature sized antarctica the weather here changes very suddenly .

within minutes the snowfall turns into a blizzard. clocking winds of 80 kilometers an hour. the next stop is deception island home to the station gabrielle because. this island is the caldera of an active volcano last erupted in 1970 huge glaciers are concealed beneath the ash.

because d.s. station is run by the spanish army. wait didn't we say the antarctic treaty bans all military activity. due to the island's difficult terrain and the danger posed by the walking of it was decided that the army was best equipped to operate the station but above us all and all. our mission is to make the visiting scientists feel that holds the medal in gaza that they come for a very specific time period to work on research take samples do experiments and collect data. and i think you know so that our job is to ensure all the logistics are in place so they can concentrate on their work but i mean. and don't they so there are no weapons here at last you know none that i know was. deception island is home to a large colony of chinstrap penguins. and they spot a bossa has been studying these animals for 20 years. i specify what if they were

no other species like the article a penguin those populations have decreased dramatically on the antarctic peninsula about 60 percent of the chinstrap penguin is also threatened by extinction. but other species like the gem to penguin have profited from present day conditions it's populations of increased by about 15 to 20 percent that's basically what's been happening over the course of full 1000000000 years on our planet you know it's cold evolution. and the what it is is that if there are species that thrive on the positive conditions then they vanish and are replaced by others so you know all this. fundraising installed a camera to monitor the penguins all year long the images track the birds and their offspring as they gradually flee the onset of colder temperatures. we see siegel's fly by. the drifting icebergs.

the arrival of storms that bury the camera in snow and then blow it free again. in the long lonesome winter. the formation of sea ice. sunsets that no one else sees. in october the penguins return soon they begin to lay their eggs. and a few weeks later chicks are born. one of the spanish navy's tasks is to map the undersea topography of around these islands. drive a deeper. than 08 seats. amendment. 4th and that's because the antarctic coast is so american less than one

percent of the area under water has been properly going to tell us yeah i go there i differ example you have to change your ships because of an iceberg it could be dangerous to leave the zones for which there are accurate data. so we need to produce more maps to prevent shipwrecks oil spills or other accident. not just to protect human lives but also to prevent damage to the environment here because you can bet they were off and we really have lots of work ahead of it will take. every country with the ability to cooperate should pitch in on me or get them to bicycle . to british captain william smith made the 1st recorded landing in and article in 1819 an accident after he was blown off course by powerful winds spain claims the honor for god because dia who it says discovered the continent in 1603 though that's never been proven. it's probable that seal hunters set foot on these

islands before william smith but they kept quiet about their discovery so as not to have to share its treasure trove of fur. up a 100 of us. the photos of organisms from the web will see a nobody knows what family genus species they belong to but they have yet to be classified. which is true of lots of completely different types of animals but. despite its remote location far removed from almost all human life i. on earth the southern ocean is a vital and precious region of the planet. that team of modern day explorers has been dispatched to the region by the university of

barcelona. and that's about south africa people thought that because it's so cold with few resources in terms of food there would be little phone on the seabed that's not true. but all good muslims adapt the ecosystems in antarctica the oldest on the planet so species have had a long time to adapt. and there are a species that are in fact unique to the ecosystem here. plus i do you feel a bit like explorers. while yeah i do think. explorers of antarctica today and in times past.

in 1011 norwegian explore ruled amundsen of norway and britain's robert falcon scott race to be the 1st to reach the south pole ahmanson triumphed while scott's team perished trying to return though his expedition ended in tragedy scott was celebrated as a hero. on his way back scott had picked up a fossil from a tree also found in south america and india. to find support of the theory that the continents were once joined and had drifted apart. and so the race to the south pole contributed to a better understanding. our planet's evolutionary history. the remnants of an old whaling station can still be found on deception island long

ago the location was referred to as bread day because of the blood stained water or stinking day due to the stench of rotting meat and processing oil. it was shut down in 1931. and international ban on commercial whaling came into force in 1986. japan was allocated a quota for scientific research purposes. it was long suspected of violating the terms of this quota by pursuing commercial whaling in antarctica. we support sustainable use we'd like to see ways for over. it was not the only way so that you know. now it is we. do have

to have. the animals in nature and culture. in 2014 the international court of justice in the hague ruled against japan's whaling program that called concludes the special permits granted by japan for the killing taking and treating the whales in connection with the 2. are not. the seas of scientific research. to articulate but i doubt one or the convention japan complied with the court decision. but only for one year after which its ships were back out whaling in the southern ocean again. whaling is not the only problem we should be concerned about. the patagonian tooth

fish is an antarctic treasure it's subject to cash limits but amid high demand poaching is a lucrative business. says poachers ignore quotas and on fishing to. mandate the use of a long line in which allows for a selective fishing obviously the quotas used children drift nets and indiscriminately kill tons of other fish as well. in 20142016 spanish police interpol and the new zealand navy took joint action against the dollar out of my daughter as a spanish company accused of illegal fishing when it went off the mia but it is sparking up it was a milestone internationally because spain issued a public acknowledgement saying we have knit this is a spanish pirate fishing company and we know there are many others but this story didn't have a happy ending yet the dalai lama dollars appealed a little clips conviction the supreme court decided in its favor ruling that the

alleged poaching had taken place in international waters and spanish courts had no jurisdiction to try the case. from here the s.p.d. to head south. it sails into the galusha strait one of the most spectacular locations on the entire continent.

this is the aren't. the prima vera station is run by the army of the us is that unlike other stations the market has a system of raised walkway us so we have oil trampling on fragile plants including martin algae as to cause the least possible there. why is it that international cooperation works here but not of the e.u. when. you're much of one of i'm not a foreign policy expert so i can't say but the antarctic treaty works very well. if you ask me why i can't really say it just does. i wish the rest of the world this way but probably there is more egoism in other places the same here. there is there cooperation between argentina chile and the united kingdom 2 and

last yes yes in fact i arrived with the phrase station there's no problem in that respect. here in antarctica it works perfectly happy to show you a bit more of the station. the commander mentioned the phrase station which is chilean but nothing specific about the u.k. it may just have been coincidence or maybe he was avoiding a sensitive topic. in 1902 argentina and britain went to war over the falkland islands. for many it left wounds that never healed. and for days we watched otherworldly scenes unfold before our eyes.

during those weeks we discovered and arctic as infinite beauty and one of its biggest threats. and that you know that we saw all right court president numbers in 20082009 with some 46000 tourists the financial crisis hit the tourism industry numbers dropped to below 25000 recently they were back up again to 46 ounces it is one of the numbers keep rising as in greece the rate if we don't know what will happen i think numbers will increase but these trips on cheap. cost between 5 and 10000 euros

you. know i'm not a lot of people can afford such luxury and look all that any of. you for every researcher in antarctica there are now 10 tourists it's a business that rakes in some $400000000.00 euros per year. a few years ago an ngo opened a muse. i'm here inside a british station dating from the 1950 s. . but out up there are rules of conduct for visitors but more needs to be done and it would help if tourists were required to make a monetary contribution to regional conservation opera it's currently only 10 of the find to $10000.00 euros they will pay for the trip you're going to order raising their footprint but on goes to conservation management. often it's the tourists themselves who found complaints against the tour operators who flout

regulations. do you think tourism may have a negative impact in antarctica personally you know we were we were able to have a lot of time to walk a child and then spend a lot of time walking around the island and so far we've found some trash which is very surprising in a way because you know in our mind at least in my mind an article will be a very prestigious and remote location would be untouched but they're looking at you know a milk carton from china and chinese every that and looking at different water bottles and ways. just it's shocking in a way. it's not just tourism any human presence in antarctica can pose a threat. that they are looking for aliens.

will ask aliens in the sense of species that didn't exist in the region before they arrived check out the local conditions and if they meet their ecological requirements they settle and propagate. we want to identify the invasive species that have displaced local populations. see last you know if the temperature rises even slightly species that would previously have been unable to some fine. propagate if you can invade and occupy the habitats of native species and supplant the need or. how do these invasive species reach end arctica or not they arrive through different natural channels either on the wind by sea or tree trunks or other floating objects or on animals natural routes the main source of invasion it's humans soon inadvertently carry them on very cold we also. many species die in the harsh conditions but other more hardy ones becoming

a vase of it all. i got what i mean by you. that's why we were required by the spanish polar committee to carefully vacuum each one of the items we took with us to antarctica. he will tell you solve this problem alone if you know what i'm going to know what the great thing about it arctic as the cooperation between the many countries active here what if employed a good example is our success in eradicating an invasive species 2 years ago when i got enough it was a coordinated effort at the spanish british argentine polar communities. and that despite the fact that britain and argentina have a history of conflict in the region i mean they're going to read a k. to the invasive species and it actually does a lot of. russia corner was full of many ecologists of the earth doctors now we have diagnosed it is us. now the onus is on society to follow the

doctor's orders because. after a week on the gallows straight the s.p.d. just makes its way back to the spanish station from there it will return home. but i couldn't leave antarctica without investigating the world single biggest threat to peace and the environment in government then one part of the great article from without a doubt there are mineral resources in an article on your hand there is oil. and there are not just hydrocarbons in the form of not has gasoline petroleum but also minerals like nickel gold and silver i have written this for you some recent publications even report findings of the times you broke my heart the dominant. color with my fuck if you're coming creasing the easier and cheaper to reach at arco there could be minerals here with a value so great that my justify their exploitation in even in such

a remote location and hostile environment but if this was brought up your name of a lot of paragraphs i know it when i'm going to kind of thing david if that i witnessed the prestige oil spill firsthand we conducted research to determine the school's impact along the entire coast of northern spain and the findings were devastating. let's get the oil isn't just hard to remove it's impossible and i think we take off the upper layer but the rest stays stuck. with that it's because me and the oil spill in antarctica on the scale of the prestige would be a total asshole catastrophe. if the oil impact on the ice sheet would be far more dramatic than any of the effects of can have in other regions and in others not but why. would you 1st of all because it would be impossible to reach all of the affected areas in a 2nd here. when it freezes the oil gets trapped inside the ice so if you much time out of the marine coast you just spaced it all into other areas and the last one in

the above you said is the best on us. in 1909 signatories of the end arctic treaty were poised to open the door to limited oil and mineral prospecting that had new countries lining up to join the club. but then once again a miracle happened there that i thought we were going to motor today saw the signing of the madrid protocol and one of the agreement aims to protect the environment of 8 arctic are the only remaining pristine territory on our planet one of em up expect to stay in force for the next 50 years. or so often the world's most powerful countries were divided and more around erupted between the more environmentally conscious mostly european nations and the united states soviet union china and britain for the millionth of what i remember. in the end all agreed to a 50 year moratorium on the exploitation of mineral resources the ban can only be

lifted with the unanimous agreement of all signatories which is virtually impossible so i would prefer the protocol was a compromise between the interests of the 2 sides and the exploitation of resources that could cause severe pollution and irreparable damage to antarctica but it failed to impose a permanent. europe. the madrid protocol will be subject to review in 2048 what happens then. achieving consensus on anything is a very hard thing to do so as long as you haven't convinced all of the countries the change from current policy is needed then the current ban on mining. that may be but some are still tempted in 2007 britain asserted new claims to a vast area of the seabed off antarctica is set forth and there's

a reason why countries go to great lengths shifting resources and people to open stations in antarctica. they want to ensure they'll be there when the continent is divided. even if no one will say so. as a researcher do you feel you're being exploited for that end. no but i'm not not not at all but. i have always believed it answer to join forces with your enemy. to take advantage of all barriers also. see the best the of course say you more if through our research we can obtain a target of it will help protect antarctica made up i guess i believe that sound best option or theory of an army that your point about of going bust the other.

and so the spanish researchers and military personnel take leave of the southernmost continent. shortly before we reach the mainland we receive footage of the penguin colony on the steps an island. the chicks were born 20 days ago. the embryo in this egg is dead its parents can't lay another until next year. it's hard for them to let it go.

and also tries desperately to protect the things it loves. and science has shown that the human heart is bigger than that of a penguin. for which you beg to differ. no that's the one thing we can agree on. the book. the in the book . the ban.

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this is news live from the global poverty under the shadow of a pandemic if i were to slot up european capitals from the world into london the world says hello to 2021 but instead of drawing crowds those empty streets with people being coach to stay home also coming up. we have freedom you know. and he's up to us to make the most of it britain ends its hof century partnership with prospects what changes are in store now the u.k. has finalized its divorce with the.

math anyhow thanks for joining us after a huff century partnership britain has finalized its divorce with the european union at live in pm greenwich mean time midnight in brussels the transition period for the u.k. . to leave the european union time 20 bricks of supporters are holding the freedoms one by the agreement critics fear the deal could leave the u.k. isolated facing you trade hurdles and red tape. i'm joined now by my colleague had a claim to have a welcome as we're seeing not only the start of 2021 but also a new era in the u.k. and the european union yes speaking as a british citizen but also as a german citizen this is a huge change it's odd because it's been going on for so long that in 4 years of

negotiations sometimes very bad tempted to go she asians it went right down to the lot to the wire in the end in order to for them to be there to be a trade deal which was secured so it all kind of felt like it was taking ages it did take ages and so the consequences of this really a going to take a little while to filter through but this is a massive change it's a massive moment really for the for the brits for the for the u.k. setting themselves apart from the european union as you said decades of cooperation now slowly being untangled and the european union has losing a really crucial member one of the 1st members and an important one that kind of built in many ways a bridge to the u.s. which is a huge hugely important relationship for the european union and the brits kind of in between were were very important part of that and now there is this trade deal there is this agreement for the divorce which seems to please nobody particularly

on either in the u.k. or in the e.u. although that you argued they got the better deal in the end we have a piece now which we can look how it shows some of the details there. from generally 1st british drivers on french or italian roads maybe needing some additional pieces of paper a green insurance card and an international driver's license and the future of their health coverage in europe is also still up in the air. not so happy holidays for sudden loving brits in spain they'll be thrown in was everyone else and must apply and pay for a long stay visa if they want to enjoy their holiday homes for more than 90 days because from now on free movement be free anymore. meanwhile e.u. citizens hoping to make a life in britain will be faced with a points based immigration system and prove their worst to the british state bad news for british farmers desperately looking for help during harvest time. traffic

jams at the borders will simply become effect of life because goods entering and leaving the e.u. will undergo new checks and require lots of new paperwork so get ready truckers for those 7 hour waits for these fishermen in the north of france breck's it is bad news they lose unfettered access to british waters known to 80 percent of their catch that means their livelihood is at risk but british fisherman should not start rejoicing yet most of their catch is sold on the european market. it's all change for benghazi and brokers how much when and where they'll be allowed to work in the european union will be totally in brussels hands to avoid nessie surprises many banks and insurance companies have already established illegal presence somewhere new european country. there is genuinely a lot to unpack there's

a lot of changes coming to the u.k. of west as we're saying what about the european union well the european union did get the better deal as you would expect if you compare the economies of the e.u. and the u.k. the e.u. is massively bigger than the u.k. so there is never going to be any balance there but the e.u. has a lot of hassle now if you think of what's happening in this this year is going to be the last year of angola machall as chancellor of germany and a huge european figure she's going to be gone so the e.u. is going to have to kind of find its way with the how now one of its crucial members and as i said a bridge to the u.s. in many ways but also an important ally within the e.u. for west and more liberal more democratic countries like germany like france and italy and balancing out countries like hungary in poland which have been moving away from kind of social liberal liberal lety and and democracy and so that's going to be a big change within the e.u.

within the kind of balance of power within the e.u. and also don't forget the u.k. is a nuclear power so militarily also a big loss for the year there's so much to look at so how do we know what comes next it's really difficult because everything that you look at every political every social every economic factor within the e.u. within the u.k. is going to change in some ways very dramatically. some of these trade agreements that have been you know launched this this we can agree number one that a lot have to unpack see what really is in the detail there but some of them have also been decided that they'll be on a sliding scale like the fishy fishy which merely on block when they've got the whole thing they've decided that they're going to push some of those decisions on for several years so this is negotiations that are going to be going on for ever credible times and a clever thanks so much you're welcome. and if you want to dive deeper into a brace of don't forget to check out de w.'s you tube channel correspondents in the

u.k. and you lay out their windows and their loses from the deal. now the world assange could buy the 2020 and welcoming in the new year in the shadow of the pandemic not surprisingly the coronavirus has put a damper on celebrations and he says he's going ahead with spectacular fireworks displays blotches that people to stay at home to watch the show on television. paris again lives up to its nickname the city of light welcoming the new year with a spectacular fireworks display of michelin sail easy but this year's show took place without new year's revelers with police and forcing the country's strict 8 pm covert curfew. on the other side of the world new zealanders were partying like there's no pandemic the country successfully eliminated the coronavirus in 2020 combining strict measures with effective leadership and that meant large crowds could gather to ring in the new

year a rare way says in a world of scaled back celebrations. i think she's north korea claims it's had no cases of codeine team but face masks were conspicuously worn by the new year's eve crowds broadcast on state media. the secretive state putting on an upbeat performance to kick off 22 lives. and many cities decided to go ahead with their usual fireworks with tight measures in place in the australian city of sydney people were asked to watch the dazzling display on television because of a new outbreak. i and in bangkok the number of viewers was limited tile and tightened restrictions for the new year's holiday because of a surge of infections and many events were called off across the country.

in the chinese city of rwanda where the 1st cases of a mystery pneumonia emerged just over a year ago the darkest days of the pandemic have been consigned to the past the end of a year that many in the world are glad to put behind them was ok let's take a look now at some of the other stories making news this hour microsoft says its half its recently accessed some of the company's. tech giant shows customer data is safe and that it systems weren't used to attack of its it was part of a hacker campaign against thousands of. the u.s. says it will increase tariffs on a range of the new goods including one let's development in a 16 year battle of a subsidies paid by both sides to the manufacturers boeing and airbus a new charges are being imposed on plant pots as well as brands from friends and

general. police in pakistan have arrested 24 people after a hindu temple said a lot in the story several muslim clerics were among those taken into custody temple in the town of qatar but hematocrit of muslim protests minority hindu community was given permission to renovate. the vatican has announced the pope francis will not hold new year's eve or new year's day ceremonies because of pain in his back and leg the pope has suffered from the condition in the past this is the 1st time in years that ill health has caused him to miss a major papal event. thousands of migrants in bosnia out in freezing conditions to not after being forced to return to they've burnt out camp this after locals prevented an attempt to take them to new fortress prompting authorities to cancel the relocation. the camp is in live close to the border with croatia which is a member of the european union it's all

a so-called balkans ropes used by people trying to cross into the e.u. as they flee war and poverty u.n. says almost half of the migrants in bosnia are living without any shelter now boston is muslim religious leaders have joined humanitarian groups in condemning the migrants trip for hundreds of men many from afghanistan or pakistan it's back to camp a site that's been on inhabitable for a week now on tuesday both me and authorities sent buses to transport them to a new camp but they never left in the town now we're heading to there were heavy protests from locals the migrants spent the night waiting in the buses. they didn't give us any updates they were saying that we have to we're. going to take the decision so they didn't take any decision and finally said you have to go back to your. leave but the situation is spiraling out of control. the

bosnian red cross and fall in tears the providing the margarets with one wall meal a day. the camp was set on fire over a week ago after it was closed down with no alternative accommodation arranged. why the camp was set on fire is still unknown the bosnian red cross describes the situation as an all time low for human dignity. it's catastrophic those who make the decisions about the margaret should see what's going on here something has to be done and we can't just wait for tomorrow. but other camps in bosnia are overfilled and further accommodation projects are being met with massive resistance from locals and regional politicians. all as we say goodbye to 2020 correspondents around the world and asking what people are hoping for next year is very common trait i want to be very different to this one for me.

i let him and i wish good health for every person for everybody in germany in 2021 unaccounted for might do i hope so 2021 is actually putting my passport to sydney who is and actually just like being a bit more free you know like i would but there's just so much fear and it would be so nice to be mask the to be able to me time leave friends to be actually hug them you know just just be able to do the normal things again yeah that's my hopes. for myself i'm hoping that i can live a better life. i want a good family and for life to just be ok i don't want a life of struggle although in life there is struggle no matter what nothing is easy. i hope we can go back to work again. i'm

a dancer and would like theaters to open again so that humanity can find its smile . then i make it that 2022. they were all. thousands of people every day die my age i just want to make of 2022. some people are bringing in 2021 in a particularly frosty fashion in the russian province of siberia where temperatures can plunge as low as minus 35 celsius this group of friends has said goodbye to 2020 of the rock who are. locally as the walrus it's followed that up with a plunge into the washing orton's it's like bike. shop the russians like to wash or in the new year invigorated and refresh and no doubt buy ya after that completely freezing deal. ok that's all for now we'll have more

headlines up at the top of the hour up next on the channel's doc film and promoting peace and scientific research in antarctica now matthew how to hunt for me and the team here in berlin thanks what you. where i come from we have to fight for a free press and was born and raised in a military dictatorship with just one t.v. shadow and if your newspapers when official information has a journeys i have a book on the streets of many can trust and their problems are always the same 14 the social inequality a lack of the freedom of the press and corruption we can't afford to stay silent.