national pride and racism. the european population felt that it was important to be quiet and to stay beyond. the exclusion and contempt culminated in forced sterilization under the nazis. this documentary examines the few traces that remain of their existence. because of the chain. store chain 11th on g.w. . this is d.w. news and these are our top stories dozens of people have been killed in an attack on 2 villages in the share it happens north of the company yemeni or the border to mali a number of fundamentalist groups are active in the country under battling for control of the region. one of germany's top doctors unions is urging the

country's lockdown to be extended beyond january 10th it says hospitals are working at full capacity and there is no leeway to ease the current restrictions chancellor angela merkel is due to hold talks on extending the measures on tuesday one major aspect under consideration is whether schools can be reopened. police in norway say the death toll has risen to 4 following a landslide in the community of ask northeast of oslo several people are still missing the landslide tore into the town early on wednesday 9 houses collapsed and more than a 1000 people had to be taken to safety. this is d w news from berlin follow us on twitter and instagram or visit our website w dot com. are all.

how do these know which blossom to land on for the best nectar scientists studying flower to insect communication have an electrifying answer. animal testing is very controversial how viable are the alternatives. researchers are using a fresh method to study organ tissue in a new light. welcome to tomorrow today. medical professionals have various ways of looking inside the bodies of their patients an x. ray machine passes radiation through the body to capture an image on film. ultrasound and on the other hand works with sound waves. and magnetic resonance

imaging or m.r.i. uses magnetic field. but now there's a new method that allies doctors to see right through all of. this mouse can help researchers analyze all kinds of bodily functions from hell blood vessels and nerve tracks run turning organs are constructed. it's possible because the mouse is tissue has been made transparent up to now this hadn't been possible with human tissue. but now chemistry from the. university in munich has uncovered chemicals that can render a kidney transparent within 2 weeks. she works with genetic engineering. the team wants to understand how human organs work specifically how blood vessels cells and live channels interact making them visible. is the 1st step.

we have to understand how they're coordinating. in normal how to case and then we could easily also see when something is wrong when there is lack of coordination if there are some cell supposed to be there are not there we can nor know why some diseases are cured. his aim is to determine the exact location of each individual cell to do this researchers have developed a microscope that can examine the whole organ the different colors of the laser make the individual structures such as vessels or nerve cells visible. then we got a microscope scan some days of scanning gets millions of imaging data out there is no way hooman being can our lives instead computer scientists have developed algorithms which enable an exact 3 dimensional image of the kidney to be generated from the data researchers can then study the organ cell by cell enabling them to

recognize pathological changes detect cancer cells and observe the effects of medication to see if the drug in question is actually binding to the right cell the effects of the method could be far reaching my reason is that we will be able to generate organs on demand if someone needs a heart a kid in there we will just take some cells maybe skin cells generate millions and billions of cells from and the same person and then create construct the organs and then transplant for the person. first attempts to produce parts of a kidney are already underway but it will take some time before the researchers are able to produce an entire or. in 2018 german laboratories tested drugs and cosmetics on nearly 1800000 rodents 81000 rabbits and nearly 30. 1000 farm animals supporters of animal

testing say the 1000 organs of humans and animals function in a similar way but worldwide 95 percent of drugs tested successfully on animals fail in human trials good alternatives that don't involve animal suffering actually be more precise. these are miniature artificial organs part of the modular construction system that replicates human body parts. blood lungs and liver or high quality and is using them to test new medication. but this system enables us to trigger a paradigm shift in drug development and that is an organ of this organ on a chip system means we're able to determine medication more quickly and cheaply and where it's needed to the patients were in the one percent. in future this could eliminate the need to conduct so much testing on animals on average the development

of a single medication currently takes 15 to 20 years that's largely because animal testing is time consuming costly and controversial and often the results can't be applied directly to humans unlike with the organ on a chip. to create these organs the researchers cultivate skin tissue cells they're then infected with a virus that introduces 4 gene sequences into the skin cells and reprogram some of them these then become i.p.s. or in joost pluri potent stem cells through the addition of growth or differentiation factors they can be transformed into any kind of cell in the human body from the heart and lungs to skin and deliver. this chip can combine to organ models you can see the organ compartments here and here they. connected by

a common circulatory system the 2 little chambers here comprise the pump which functions like the human heart does mention here this lets the organs communicate with one another and exchange neurotransmitters and when observe this interaction. there researches don't reproduce the entire organ only the parts all cells which should or could respond to a certain drug. liver cells for example a cultivated unused in an organ storage container at $37.00 degrees celsius mirroring the temperature of the human body that left to grow and develop in lifelike conditions under the microscope the researches can see them function just like in the human body. and unlike with animals or people we can look inside the chips at any time with

a microscope and see with the liver does with the medication does it tolerate the drug or is there damage. on sean and then i can also see on the other organ here in the heart liver or pancreas or that these products have an effect whether they can be helpful in healing in illness or maybe produce side effects in the. major advantage is that the substances can be tested directly on human cells so in contrast to animal testing the research is can gather reliable evidence about the effects on people. that's because tests on rats and mice can only predict whether substances a toxic to humans just 43 percent of the time so most medications that were tested successfully on animals fail when drug studies have been conducted on humans up to 95 percent of all drugs trial. these 2

neuroscientists have developed another alternative to animal testing they can simulate on the computer how a medication or substance affects the conduction of stimuli in the brain. never until the nerve cells in the brain structures that we study are also affected by alzheimer's disease and epilepsy which is why it's important to better understand the mechanisms of such diseases in these regions of the brain and computer models are quite helpful in this case the cells of fly la vie formed the basis of their work biologist hermann could see examined the structure very closely well paid to get rich focused on the electrical characteristics then they compared them with the cells of other animals. i know here we have a worm cell that's a couple hundreds of a millimeter in length all the way to motor neurons to cuts in water and i want to

be who not to for millimeter lungs and one of us and what was really unexpected was that although the cells are extremely difference in size and in terms of complexity and shape they all behave the same way complexity you don't want one foreman for heightened kleis the cells they analyze come from animal tests conducted and published by all the scientists. for you can fund using for each of these little dots here i'd have hunter do animal tests and that would have been impossible because we have $6000.00 cells here and. instead with the help of this data the scientists have been able to create a computer simulation of the brain with all it's now of cells and neural pathways. human here on computers either computer delivers a mouse reproduction of all the details. about all this. those are so well

replicated expect i spritz can no longer tell the difference between the real cells and the artificial one whose vision sandwich known to shine. as a result the opportunities for testing a virtually endless. con man on the computer you can run through all kinds of combinations which you could never do in an experiment i have. to research as a noun developing computer models for human cells as well in future that could eliminate also on even the need for animal testing but clinical studies on people to. back in berlin were such as can already replicate the 11 organs on a scale of $1.00 to $100.00 thousands now that testing how they can be networked and that supply systems fully automated using a prototype. muslims will use robots can do everything that happens during studies you have put. your foot on the chips you can take samples from of these

chips and administer the medication to the me to comment. on bush. so i can tell it to apply the drug via the skin or administer it as a tablet via the bloodstream through the intestinal barrier. and we can also try to inhale it in some but all the different means of application you're familiar with from the pharmacy and from sprays through to shots and creams can be simulated here so i can comment on that question. the research is estimate this system will be ready for use in one to 2 years. it won't be possible to completely replace testing on humans and animals in foreseeable future due to factors such as pain and emotion simulation but the chances are good that it could replace up to 60 percent of all animal testing.

if our blood is red why our brains biden even if they. do you have a science question you'd like us to answer send it to us in a video text or voice mail if we answer it on the show we'll send you a little surprise after thank you come on just ask. you. you can also check it out online acted of you dot com slash science or on twitter ask d. w. underscores viands. dan from ghana asks just how closely related are we humans and chimpanzees. very closely some 98.5 percent of our d.n.a. base pairs are identical based on average findings from a range of analytical methods. and our genetic match with gorillas is just one quarter of a percentage point less than that. around the terms branched off from our common

family tree a little earlier but they still share 97 percent of their d.n.a. with us so how do we explain the huge difference between humans and apes. some primates can scale trees in the rain forests. while another species exploits other planets. human genome contains some 3000000000 base pairs of which just 40000000 differ from those of chimpanzees but this vital difference means that certain proteins in apes have other structures and possibly other functions in the body. but for all the differences there are also many similarities using tools to eat food with for example. chimpanzees use twigs to pry delicious ants from their nests. and chimps are emotional creatures researchers have even found similarities in the sound. their laughter and ours.

they understand symbols. for example which one beats the other in a game of rock paper scissors. but chimpanzees will probably never be able to build computers although then again neither can most of us the famous primatologist jane goodall urges us to use our supposedly superior intelligence to start protecting the habitats of our primate cousins and the planet as a whole. incidentally is saying that humans share more than 98 percent of their d.n.a. with gorillas and chimpanzees might sound like a loss but when you consider that the human genome is made up of billions of d.n.a. base pairs the 2 percent difference still accounts for a lot of variation in. another example humans unpaid share 90 percent of the

same genes. are most popular 4 legged friend shares 84 percent of our d.n.a. . and even the round worm has a 75 percent similarity. stranger still 50 percent of human genes also have counterparts in burn down on. both bon appetit. how long did the terminator arnold schwarzenegger work on this legendary seemed to get it just right even then he couldn't get rid of his austrian accent a new study has revealed just how difficult that would be. boy

forgot his book the train is moving fast. a phonetics researcher at the loo tweeting marx 1000000 university in munich he felt fine ish and our colleagues had 24 native german speakers read out simple english sentences. our hypothesis was that one of the reasons it's so difficult to improve our accent in foreign languages is that we can't hear our own faults pronunciation as well as we hear it in others and that's what we're trying to test by asking subjects to read sentences and then rate their own accent as well as the accents of others. but before they play the voices back to their test subjects the researchers manipulated the voices so that it sounded as if men were speaking. back and that was important to us we wanted to see how people judge themselves without knowing that they're listening to themselves. for example this recording

the boy forgot to book became this one of the boys. each test subject evaluated 4 of the male voices one of which was their own and the evaluation confirms the hypothesis as the result was that the test subjects did in fact evaluate their own pronunciation better than the others even though they weren't aware they were the ones speaking. why is this and what are the consequences. can be 1st of all or most familiar with our own pronunciation so that's the one we understand the best and the accent we understand the best usually sounds better to us son hat and that's the mere exposure effect which means that the speech we recognize well and that we've gotten used to is the speech we find better that's right. in truth indeed one of the conclusions that we've reached is that it might

be difficult when preview of pronunciation if you evaluate your own accent is already good enough. to fancy but then you can't see how you can know why you should improve it and. maybe these findings will help language students in future. here's a fun fact when dinosaurs roamed the earth there were no flowering plants just ferns and conifer. flowering plants came around 16000000 years later the 1st flowers thought took looks rather like a water lily today we have flowers in every shape and color many of them you send to compete for the attention of insects but they also use another method electrical signals. are drawn to flowers quite literally there's an electrifying sense of attraction between insects

and flowers when to be approaches a blossom the latter's pollen jumps across and attaches itself to the fine hairs lining the buz exterior. professor danielle bad from the university of bristol knows all about this magical connection between plants and their pollinators if you sit by from a bed and you look at bumble bees you realise pretty soon mending randomly on the flowers they don't visit the flowers. immediately after somebody else has been detent to go to the flowers that have not been visited for a little while that's because these flowers will have generated nectar in the meantime to keep working at producing nectar and i suspect the bees no doubt. over millions of years plants and their insect admirers have to develop a win win relationship b.c. nectar and pollen in exchange for pollinating the flowers. flowers

cannot afford to disappoint the this is the the key the key thing here is that it will be arrived invest only energy and stakes so do the search flowers all have a means of saying i've. left 2 of known acknowledged they cannot change color they cannot change center very quickly they cannot change the shape very quickly you can change the u.v. reflections which we know is also important but what can the chance so in the course of research we sort of figured out at some point that one thing that can change very quickly is the electric potential of flowers. flowers and insects of electrical signals to let them know whether their blossoms are full of nectar or empty. to prove this hypothesis. first turned his attention to the flowers. we have measured the fact that

flowers are negatively charged they are grounded to the to the ground to the floor to the soil which is rich in electrons and these negative challenge using the next songs if you won't from the soil will move into the flower so the throws them to be negative bees tend to lose electrons when they fly this is one of their properties as if rice through the year they rub against the air and they will share the electrons therefore they will be positively charged. in the lab done the old bear was able to prove that bumble bees can sense of electrostatic fields with the help of his institution's own bee colonies. insects tested already reacted to tiny amounts of negative charge at feeding stations researchers had set up to simulate flowers rich in nectar. on. the sensory biologists can even listen into the communication between flower and be yes

it's. very. they connect a flower to an extremely sensitive measuring device the loud speaker then translates the electrical charge into sound. so you can kind of consider a magic wand i guess. it's just simply a plastic world and you know when you rub your head with a balloon and you get all this electric charge building up and you has sounds on that and that's essentially what we do with this so you can rub it on your hat and you get a lot of electric charge building up and this is a charge that would be similar to the charge that you get on a bumblebee that's flying around so we can use this is a nice sort of mimic for bumblebee flying around the. depending on the distance of the wand the sound becomes louder or softer. the devices have now been checked now it's the bumblebees turn. on the experiment

shows that as soon as it touches down the charge between the b. and the flower is equalized. so any bees flying by afterwards know that this flower has already been visited and has nothing to offer only after a time with the flower produce more nectar and regain its negative charge this is what we are after what we want to find out is how did these electric fields get created between themselves and the flower so in order to do that we need to immobilize that be put it on this it will platform and iran's too little why use only each side of its head to apply a tiny voltage between. the experiment takes place in an enclosed environment in a lab that's impervious to external vibrations with the help of a laser beam don't you even measure nano scale movements. he suspects that the bees

hairs an antennae can react to these differences in voltage. the vibrations we can see here on this is a graphic representation of the data we got but it's exaggerated in amplitude so that we can see with our eyes in reality it isn't any and the little hairs that we've seen before are actually vibrating a fraction of their own so this is not motions that we can see but certainly motions of the insects can perceive scientists have still been unable to locate the sensory organs that allow the bees to perceive these tiny movements but one thing is clear the seemingly magical attraction between bees and blossoms all in all i think this is a big gain for us to try to understand that new dimension which is hidden from us we don't detect these fields. but that hidden dimension that may exist between flowers and the pulling it is but it could also well be. was that all the plants

and all the insects also used for reception in different ways so this is for us to explore now and to try to see how much more generalized perhaps this process of detecting electric fields is in the small world of insects and clones. for beasts these electrostatic fields are a vital navigation tool. they guide them straight to flowers where they can tank up on nectar ensuring a most fruitful journey. and that's all from tomorrow today thanks for watching i'm do join us again next week for more fascinating stories from the world of science and research until then it's goodbye take care.

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