driving the circulation as it arctica. one of the most important projects at the one carlos the 1st station is its study of the herd and johnson glaciers. for the reason is moving valuate at the stage of the mass balance of the antarctic ice sheet and found the gains of us are being greater than the losses of the stimulus but acts just dart of it probably a little but the exact opposite is the 0 is it getting colder in antarctica. then for the end of yes it is getting colder but our measurements and emitted to the last 15 years following. scientific studies need to examine a punitive at least 30 is if we'll close so we can see that it was a gradual temperature increase from 15 years and a temperature drop in the subsequent 15 he is but globally the trend is towards only.

on our trip we didn't see much snow but the year before there was so much snow that the 2 metre high stakes used to monitor the glacier disappeared to find them the spanish team had to dig. and dig. and dig. located next to livingston island is half moon island. we made a discovery in this miniature sized antarctica the weather here changes very suddenly .

within minutes the snowfall turns into a blizzard. clocking winds of 80 kilometers an hour. the next stop is deception island home to the station gabrielle because. this island is the caldera of an active volcano blaster up did in 1970. glaciers are concealed beneath the ash. because

d.s. station is run by the spanish army. wait didn't we say the antarctic treaty bans all military activity that most of their veteran due to the island's difficult terrain and the danger posed by the ok no it was decided that the army was best equipped to operate the station but above us all and all. our mission is to meet as a visiting scientists feel that it was an angle in gaza that they come for a very specific time period to work on research take samples do experiments and collect data. and i think you know so that our job is to ensure all the logistics are in place so they can concentrate on their work i mean the. and don't they so there are no weapons here you know not that i know of. deception island is home to a large colony of chinstrap penguins. and race but a bossa has been studying these animals for 20 years. i want to think we know

other species like the penguin whose populations have decreased dramatically on the antarctic peninsula by about 60 percent the chinstrap penguin is also threatened by extinction. but other species like the gentoo penguin have profited from present day conditions it's populations of increased by about 15 to 20 percent that's basically what's been happening over the course of 4000000000 years on our planet you know it's cold evolution. and the what is it is that if there are species that thrive under positive conditions than one vanish and are replaced by others others . fundraising installed a camera to monitor the penguins all year long the images track the birds and their offspring as they gradually flee beyond set of colder temperatures. we see seagulls fly by. the drifting icebergs.

the arrival of storms that bury the camera in snow and then blow it free again. the long lonesome winter. the formation of sea ice. the sunsets that no one else sees. in october the penguins return soon they begin to lay their eggs. and a few weeks later chicks are born. one of the spanish navy's tasks is to map the undersea topography of around these islands. drive a deeper. 086.

in the 4th and that's because the antarctic coast is so immense less than one percent of the area underwater has been properly going to. go there to for example you have to change your ships a river because of an iceberg because be dangerous to leave the zones for which there are accurate data. so we need to produce more maps to prevent shipwrecked oil spills or other accidents. not just to protect human lives but also to prevent damage to the environment here we go through them but they were off and we really have lots of work ahead and it will take. every country with the ability to cooperate should pitch in arming. the bicycle. to british captain william smith made the 1st recorded landing in and article in 819 an accident after he was blown off course by a powerful winds spain claims the honor for gabrielle because dia who it says discovered the continent in 1603 though that's never been proven.

it's probable that seal hunters set foot on these islands before william smith but they kept quiet about their discovery so as not to have to share its treasure trove of fur. we have a number of us for use the photos of organisms from the weddell see a nobody knows what family genus or species they belong to that they have yet to be classified. which is true of lots of completely different types of animals. despite its remote location far removed from almost all human life on. earth the southern ocean is a vital and precious region of the planet. that team of modern day explorers has been dispatched to the region by the university of

barcelona. and that's about south africa people thought that because it's so cold with resources in terms of food they would begin to phone on the sea bed but that's not true aha but organisms adapt to the ecosystems in antarctica of the oldest on the planet so species have had a long time to adapt is that it's an era species that are in fact unique to the ecosystem here. listen do you feel a bit like explorers. while yeah i do. explorers of antarctica today and in times past.

in 1011 norwegian explore ruled ahmanson of norway and britain's robert falcon scott race to be the 1st to reach the south pole ahmanson triumph to well scott's team perished trying to return though his expedition ended in tragedy scott was celebrated as a hero. on his way back scott had picked up a fossil from a tree also found in south america and india. to find support of the theory that the continents were once joined and had drifted apart. so the race to the south pole contributed to a better understanding. our planet's evolutionary history. the remnants of an old whaling station can still be found on deception island long

ago the location was referred to as bread day because of the blood stained water or stinking day due to the stench of rotting meat and processing oil. it was shut down in 1931. and international ban on commercial whaling came into force in 1986. japan was allocated a quota for scientific research purposes. it was long suspected of violating the terms of this quota by pursuing commercial whaling in antarctica. we support sustainable use we'd like to see ways for over. it was not the only way source you know and also now it is free. to have any

to have. the animals in nature and culture. in 2014 the international court of justice in the hague ruled against japan's whaling program that called concludes the special permits granted by japan for the killing taking and treating the whales in connection with the 2. are not. of scientific research. to articulate but i doubt one of the convention. japan complied with the court decision. but only for one year after which its ships were back out whaling in the southern ocean again. whaling is not the only problem we should be concerned about. the patagonian tooth

fish as an antarctic treasure it's subject to catch limits but amid high demand poaching is a lucrative business. says the poachers ignore quotas and on fishing techniques because these men take the most out of a long line and people which allows for a selective fishing by ways of the coaches use children drift nets and indiscriminately kill tons of other fish as well. in 20142060 spanish police interpol and the new zealand navy took joint action against be dug out of my daughter s. a spanish company accused of illegal fishing when it went off on me and buttock espanyol it was a milestone internationally because spain issued a public acknowledgement saying we have met this is a spanish pirate fishing company and we know there are many others but this story didn't have a happy ending the dalai lama dollars appealed a lower court's conviction the supreme court decided in its favor ruling that the

alleged poaching had taken place in international waters and spanish courts had no jurisdiction to try the case one year. from here the s.p.d. to head south. it sails into the galusha strait one of the most spectacular locations on the entire. continent.

this is the argentinian station. but some very big everyone in the primavera station is run by the army. unlike other stations it has a system of raised walkways so we have oil trampling on fragile plants including mohsen algae as to cause the least possible. why is it that international cooperation works here but not of the e.u. when. you know much about it i'm not a foreign policy expert so i can't say but the antarctic treaty works very well. but if you ask me why i can't really say it just does. i wish the rest of the world this way but probably there is more evil wizard in other places. for.

their cooperation between argentina chile and the united kingdom to. yes in fact i arrived with the phrase station there's no problem in that respect. here in antarctica it works perfectly happy to show you a bit more of the station. 2 the commander mentioned the phrase station which is chilling but nothing specific about the u.k. it may just have been coincidence or maybe he was avoiding a sensitive topic. in 1902 argentina and britain went to war over the falkland islands. for many it left wounds that never healed. for days we watched otherworldly scenes unfold before our eyes.

during those weeks we discovered and arctic as infinite beauty and one of its biggest threats. and that you know that we saw all right court president numbers in 20082009 with some 46000 tourists the financial crisis hit the tourism industry numbers dropped to below 25000 recently they were back up again to 46000 is what if the numbers keep rising. if we don't know what will happen i think numbers will increase but these trips on cheap. they cost between $5.10 euros per trip.

no i mean not a lot of people can afford such luxury. forever a researcher in antarctica there are now 10 tourists it's a business that rakes in some $400000000.00 euros per year. you a few years ago and. i am here inside a british station dating from the 1950 s. . there are rules of conduct of visitors but more needs to be done it would help if tourists were required to make a monetary contribution to regional conservation in opera it's currently only 10 of the 521-0000 euros they pay for their trip going toward a raising their footprint but when i'm in goes to conservation management. often it's the tourists themselves who found complaints against the tour operators who

flout regulations. do you think tourism may have a negative impact in antarctica personally you know we were we were able to have a lot of time to walk. and a lot of time walking around the island and so far we found some trash which is very surprising in a way because you know in our mildly to my mind i thought antarctica will be a very prestigious and remote location would be untouched but they're looking at you know a milk carton from china and chinese i can read that and looking at different water bottles and waste on beaches it's just it's shocking in a way. it's not just tourism any human presence in antarctica can pose a threat. that they are looking for aliens.

which i. will ask aliens in the sense of species that didn't exist in the region before they arrived check out the local conditions and if they meet their ecological requirements they settle and propagate. if we want to identify the invasive species that have displaced local populations. see less good if the temperature rises even a slightly species that would previously have been unable to so fine. propagate can invade and occupy the happy dance of native species and supplant. the work how did these invasive species reach antarctica or not they arrived through different natural channels either on the wind by sea or tree trunks little or other floating objects or on animals but natural roots are the main source of invasion it's humans soon inadvertently carry them on very cold we also. many

species die in the harsh conditions but other more hardy ones becoming a vase of it all. i got what i mean by you. that's why we were required by the spanish polar committee to carefully vacuum each one of the items we took with us to antarctica. he will tell you solve this problem alone if you know and that's what i'm going to know what the great thing about it arctica as the cooperation between the many countries active here what if employed a good example is our success in eradicating an invasive species 2 years ago when i got enough it was a coordinated effort of the spanish british and argentine polar communities. and that despite the fact that britain and argentina have a history of conflict. we are radically to the invasive species and it actually does. plus i call all of the ecologist of the earth doctors and we have diagnosed it is us. now the onus is on society to follow the

doctor's orders medical. after a week on the gal ashtray to the s.p.d. this makes its way back to the spanish station from there it will return home. but i couldn't leave antarctica without investigating the world single biggest threat to peace and the environment into the argument that i'm part of the data recorder and without a doubt there are mineral resources that are to your hand there is oil. and there are not just hydrocarbons in the film is not has gasoline petroleum but also minerals like nickel gold and silver i think this some recent publications even report findings of the type of vote that may hop a dime and. with my 5 figure i coming creasing the easier and cheaper to reach antarctica there could be minerals here with a value so great that my justify their exploitation in even in such

a remote location and hostile environment but it's worth both a feeling of a lot of power there are no equal i'm going to kind of think. that i witnessed the prestige oil spill firsthand we conducted research to determine the school's impact along the entire coast of northern spain and the findings were devastating. let's get the oil isn't just hard to remove it's impossible and if we take off the upper layer but the rest stay stuck. with you it's the gas and oil spill in antarctica on the scale of the prestige would be a total catastrophe. if the oil's impact on the ice sheet would be far more dramatic than any of the effects of can have in other regions yes and in others that but why. would you 1st of all because it would be impossible to reach all of the affected areas in a 2nd here. it freezes the oil gets trapped inside the ice so if you much time out

of the marine calista just use that oil into other areas. that is the best. in 1909 signatories of the end arctic treaty were poised to open the door to limited oil and mineral prospecting that had new countries lining up to join the club. but then once again a miracle happened there that i thought you were going to mark the day i saw the signing of the madrid protocol of the agreement aims to protect the environment of it arctic the only remaining pristine territory on our planet one of it might be said to stay in force for the next 50 years. or so often the world's most powerful countries were divided many more around erupted between the more environmentally conscious mostly european nations and the united states soviet union china and britain for the millionth of what i remember. in the end all agreed to a 50 year moratorium on the exploitation of mineral resources the ban can only be

lifted with the unanimous agreement of all signatories which is virtually impossible so i would prefer the protocol was a compromise between the interests of the 2 sides and the exploitation of resources that could cause severe pollution and irreparable damage to antarctica but it failed to impose a permanent ban on the throttle of europe probably. the madrid protocol will be subject to review in 2048 what happens then. achieving consensus on anything is a very hard thing to do so as long as you haven't convinced all of the countries the change from current policy is needed then the current ban on mining continue that's all we will matter. that may be. but some are still tempted in 2007 britain asserted new claims to a vast area of the seabed off antarctica is set forth and there's

a reason why countries go to great lengths shifting resources and people to open stations in and talk to. you or yes they want to ensure they'll be there when the continent is divided. even if no one will say so. as a researcher do you feel you're being exploited for that end. no but i'm not up to no not at all. i have always believed it's better to join forces with your enemy. to take advantage of all their resources. see the best the of the of course if through our research we can obtain data it will help protect antarctica a lot of weight up i guess i believe that sound best option. for me that your point about avoid busted others.

and so the spanish researchers and military personnel take leave of the southernmost continent. shortly before we reach the mainland we receive footage of the penguin colony on the steps an island. the chicks were born 20 days ago. the embryo in this egg is dead its parents can't lay another until next year. it's hard for them to let it go.

you mean kind also tries desperately to protect the things it loves. and science has shown that the human heart is bigger than that of a penguin. or would you beg to differ. no that's the one thing we can agree on. the a. volunteering

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this is a dub in is a live shot from berlin india proves too different vaccines against a corona virus the move a paves the way for an ambitious inoculation program in a country that has suffered one of the largest a covert 19 death tolls in the world. and in the united states a new session of congress convenes new members of the house and senate officially take their seats for the 1st time since one of the most of the bitterly fought election in modern u.s. history.