tv Projekt Zukunft Deutsche Welle January 24, 2021 8:30pm-9:01pm CET
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region during interglacial period. evidence from the site indicates that neanderthals spread their activities over several locations for example the current takes give asian was set up at a place where these early humans butchered the animals they killed just going to do this was an intermediate site they used for slaughter and they killed the animal somewhere else and then brought the carcasses here on afterward they probably took the meat to a base camp that was a little further away who called the basket to stamp a pretty well. value on and we've recovered items that indicate that these people made their weapons very quickly without a lot of extra work. the idea was to complete in what was for them a short period of time. scientists have now determined how these sites were used and how long they were occupied.
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the oldest layer is around 124000 years old they went there twice a year the newest strata which is about 121000 years old was used for 10 months at a time suitable to more the fuel. it's clear that neanderthals were able to adapt successfully to their environment by restricting their activities to specific areas. they were nomads but they lived in a rather limited region or each site fulfilled a specific function like extracting raw materials or slaughtering animals and they created living spaces and sloped areas that protected them from high winds and they knew how to make good use of these narrowly defined area. materials recovered from the science highlights an important. teacher of
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neanderthal culture their nomadic way of life. this phenomenon has been confirmed by evidence found at the law site on the island of jersey the 1st scientists who visited the site at the turn of the last century discovered the remains of numerous woolly mammoths most of these items ended up in private collections. this tooth is the only one that remains in the hands of scientists we don't know precisely how the neanderthals are getting hold of the mammoth that we see brought into the car but we're seeing that they're probably hunting numbers of them in that landscape or maybe also scavenging them as well but they're certainly not bringing them in any great distance. the neanderthal hunters trapped their prey in the rugged jersey landscape and then
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use flint tipped weapons to kill them and flint tools to butcher them. but no items made of flint has been found on jersey so where did these essential tools come from . we know from the flint that's carried to. the journeys people are making a for maybe 20 maybe 30 kilometers away from out around seals in the west and fresh mint outcrops to make those journeys you're tracking in maybe over a couple of days you carrying your tool kit with you you're working it down as you go and you're not replacing it with with local materials so it's like they said deliberate moves to get to places that that you know where there is sort of gives us an insight into into neandertal joker fees the ways neandertals and mapping the world really think. materials excavated
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a coworker and luck code indicate that neanderthals learnt to plan their activities such as hunting in areas where they lived this level of sophistication does not correspond to the stereotype of neanderthals as crude low browed cave dwellers. i think i'd question way neanderthals were undertaken some planning in their activities we know that they're hunting big game we know they're hunting mammoths bison horse and do that you have to do some planning for that because it's got to be a group called to activity you need to speak with the herds are going to be exactly how we're going to have them in then also need to plan hagen to distribute the food and butter it so clearly they're going to be planning that we have to see that from the basic awkward clifton's that we that we get. planning allow the neanderthals to optimize key activities like hunting this was an important development because
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there was so few of these early humans. and free mostly name and it appears that they lived in small groups with perhaps 20 or 30 people you know a large clan might have 2 or 3 families but. these small groups you know governor relatively large areas sort of in all there were only a few tens of thousands of people in an area the size of europe that we can ship a few she can grow up. it's unusual that such a relatively small group of people scattered over such a large area kept coming back to places that were far less spectacular than the cliffs of jersey. in southern france excavation work continues that grow to mondragón a cave like structure on the roman river that served as a neanderthal shell. so. you do if he is the
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project leader he says that the evidence they found here indicates that this was an important stop on many neanderthal migrations. the good old heartland all faces to know north towards i stroll river which deposited sediments in the cave over thousands of years humans 1st arrived here 120000 years ago we recovered items from the caves that date back 80000 years it's a marvelous archaeological record as a tory that covers the period from the 1st settlement to the extinction of the neanderthals 42000 years ago yes and it's the only one of its kind in the world economy and. in these layers of sediment slee mack and his team have found a lot of evidence showing that neanderthals lived here. they stayed only briefly
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sometimes just a few days but they apparently came back again and again throughout the course of their existence. akio logistics have discovered gaps of several decades when no neanderthals appear to have been present here. slim x. believes that over 80000 years the mondragon caves were occupied frequently by nomadic groups. sequined them but now they have to you know what makes a neanderthal a nomad did they follow herds of animals like horses or by center reindeer nominees and c i knew that they had good reason to migrate to monte muni when we talk about nomads we mean populations that are thoroughly familiar with a specific area that could be relatively large i took you but 30 more long for the freemasonic to group them the groups have. manner of falls apparently met regularly
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in specific places for example once a year they gathered to exchange information and members of their group especially young people see additional there's evidence from the sea drone cave in spain that neanderthals also exchanged the women with. the. loosened up because they lived together in small groups and reproduced amongst themselves as well and that could cause the genetic problems by a healthy gene pool needs constant imports and exports of material too so for example i might exchange my sister for someone else's. toward us this would help to enhance the group's genetic continuity as you need to kill a soviet in an exotic pizza cook said we're not a typical gathering place it was like oh this. the various groups met there over tens of thousands of years that you feel for the specific purpose of population exchange she of pure does in the media don't do.
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the survival of the tribe was essential that's also why groups of neanderthals meant often to hunt migrating wild animals. we found evidence that certain objects were transported from far away or in a completely different direction for example that came from 300 kilometers farther east it's more 300 kilometers farther west or 150 kilometers farther north it's not possible that one group would cover such a large area and its annual migration. that's thousands of kilometers and it doesn't fit an annual cycle. all naïveté the evidence indicates that there were several groups and each had its own territory. and once or twice a year they'd meet at one place to engage in common activity as he did the cuticle mean. these meetings would produce the desired
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results only if the various groups could communicate with each other. this raises the possibility that neanderthals had developed rudimentary language skills. i think to be able to anticipate and plan your social activities your hunting cities or forge into the must employ a pretty sophisticated system of communication doesn't mean it's not a competition language like we have in terms of words and grammar and so forth but i mean the voice of his phone communication. scientists have been studying what sort of language the neanderthals may have spoken in any case these ancient humans do seem to have had the physical capability to speak. we can reconstruct the basic
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shape of the neanderthal vocal apparatus and it seems to be fundamentally similar to ours but maybe the voice box was a little bit higher in the throat which would suggest the voice was a bit higher pitched doesn't quite go with the butch neanderthal image of them having high voices but maybe they did. but we know that the ear bones of neanderthal seem to be functioning like ours do for sound transmission the same range of frequencies so they're hearing certainly would have given them the same capabilities as we have in terms of hearing language so i think all of that suggests neanderthals had a basic language every 2. into each other they had speech capabilities. so it seems likely that neanderthals were able to communicate with each other but did they use language uniform that modern humans would recognize.
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they did communicate so they did have language capability so it was a complex and sophisticated long up language that allowed groups to exchange information with each other and that was crucial to their survival plan the order for you the crux is where they're using words in the way that we use words and those words were then combined with complex grammatical rules or syntax to be able to convey complex ideas narratives information now i suspect not you. still neanderthals were able to communicate among themselves but what form did these language actually take. i think music can see through and musicality hugely important express emotion hugely important social
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bonding as well if you go hunting bison working as a team are going to have to confront you're going to throw your spear just the right time to hit that bison because if you don't get trampled to death so how are we going to build up that chance if we have got words i think we sing and dance together i think we see you still see that the modern world singing and dancing together builds up trust builds at that common bonds that sense of a group that has been critical to our survival. scientific analysis of neanderthal brain cases and comparisons with those of modern humans may help scientists to better under. stand the speech capability of these prehistoric people. who prey increase often on that starts is very different from that of anatomical and modern humans for example of flat for have strong grow riches along gated flats
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karl this is a robust male he died at an age of 42 years. the shape of the brain is very typical and is unique under the force of the word. see morphological structure often under tar brain cases as throng lou different from that of another tommy kelly modern humans the. internal structure isn't well known and yes. we may never be able to create an anatomical profile of the neanderthal brain. but scientists can use their knowledge of modern human brain structure to study that of these prehistoric people especially their cognitive abilities.
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because when we talk about cognition you know mark nation is partly a factor of my brother in part in fact of what i have fathers who heritage apart in fact i'm a devout varmint but there's also all the other support around me you know i'm not very clever unless of got a small phone in my hand these days or a ruler or a book or so forth so cognition is really a combination of your material culture you have your social environment and your biology inside of you. so we know the answers how the body brightens there may have been become network differently but without that material. altered to scaffold their coat and development and scaffold to support the thinking and without words to do that i think there were inherently inhibited. but despite the limitations cited by professor mithun were the neanderthals able to
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develop a culture as we understand the term today. expert opinion on this topic is divided since there is no hard evidence of songs or dances if indeed they had any. and some scientists believe that the archaeological evidence indicates that neanderthals work a people of creating works that may be described as art. one of those scientists is british prehistoric pope who knows the flint deposits on the south coast of england quite well. pope is part of the team that studying the side december alert he and colleague becky scott will carry out further excavations there. within the car perhaps the 2 most famous. stratigraphic levels within it the 2 bone heaps on the west
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a move of the cave they were piling large amounts of mammoths and a small amount of woolly rhinoceros but. they could be just the remains of butchered animals neatly piled up in just a very ordered behavior they could be stockpiling them for other uses but there is bone heaps go even further in their ordering the way the skulls of mammoths the place around the outside of these behaviors the way that rips driven on end into the sediment almost a fence in and constrain the bone hates and in one case a rib even driven. through a skull into the sediment underneath goes beyond simple tidy this goes beyond stockpiling material that creating something even if it's just a kind of routine have been chilled behavior even if it has no symbolic meaning
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it's still monumental what they leave behind it would still if you saw it today look very very striking. evidence that neanderthals were capable of planning and building structures is rare so the discovery of the bruni kill cave in 1990 in france is of a rhone valley caused a sensation. in a space located more than 300 meters from the entrance archaeologists discovered several structures made of broken style like mine. there are rings of this material as well as random piles the ring structures were later determined to be approximately 175000 years old. some scientists say that the neanderthals who built these structures had developed
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a complex level of social organization. there's a parallel between the boat heaps and this the style of mites primakov ok both in a way are inexplicably in their their order both a very very structured of course a boon a cow it's deep in the cave they're not using food refuse but it shows that they capable of working together to create structure out of chaos without any obvious function we've got lots of words for those sort of behaviors in our in our own language we can call it symbolism and call it art we can call it ritualistic behavior i don't think those words are very helpful i think. it is just something very very human to try and monumental eyes landscape monumental eyes landscape with our own traces in our own interventions on. a rare indication of neanderthal abstract expression was discovered at gorham's cave on the gibraltar peninsula in
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2014. a series of intersecting lines the press dubbed it history's 1st hash tag it's not clear what the symbols mean. some experts like ludovick c.-max caution against speculation the clues i'm with they're not believe there's evidence that early homo sapiens made jewelry they took the teeth of carnivores that they killed drilled holes in them and created necklaces. we found none of that among the ever thought oh no jewelry necklaces beads or anything that might require drilling and scientists have examined countless artifacts from that period. humans wear jewelry and clothing to show off the do these items shape our mental cultural and social universe which we then present to others neanderthals this simply didn't do that or thought all of us our . future archaeological discoveries may prompt
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skeptics to change their minds but this discussion also raises an important question how closely did neanderthals resemble molten people. the science constantly changes how we in business neanderthals and at the same time we want to bring them close to us are we seeing them as very modern in terms of their behavior we should never forget the fact that if we were confronted by one if we counted one in the street or in the landscape we instantly notice differences in them a falling g.l.f. face in their bearing in their gait. here you go 1st humans of the species homo sapiens arrived in western europe about 50000 years ago. this development appeared to seal the fate of the neanderthals who were far less sophisticated. studies of the mondragon
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cave the reconstruction of settlements there and the discovery of flint objects indicate that homo sapiens came to western europe into waves. the 1st consisted of scouting parties who used advanced flint tools. that group disappeared after about 10 years and the neanderthals gradually returned to the mondragon site. homo sapiens returned to the region a few 1000 years later around 42000 years ago the other for this haven was home to both the last neanderthals and the 1st modern humans evolved and they probably traveled north from the mediterranean through the wrong river valley that they settled their goals and it's unlikely that they came
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into contact with neanderthals in complete. this was just about the time that the previous residents of this region the neanderthals started to die out . there's been a lot of speculation about why and how this happened. really any other thing you know it other provisions. did the neanderthals had been there for it doesn't even hundreds of generations. suddenly with the arrival of homo sapiens of a disappear. if they never returned to the gates where they had lived who call them you keep the reason they did the studies at sites in france or other parts of europe and western asia have concluded that the neanderthal population became extinct about 42000 years ago go see the monks in the early thanks for the purpose of. tom chaim is an expert on carbon 14 dating
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he's a professor of archaeological science at oxford university and says that recent scientific studies have provided new information on why the neanderthals died out and actually this is different to my original to office working in syria i think the modern humans who come to sweden and the other cells with good relative is enough but actually seems to be along and this is the elmers a good populations in different parts of europe we also know. that the d.n.a. is telling us that these people who wishes not only met but integrated which as an increased layer of interest and complexity. i think over the sutures fool 1000 years in which we see modern humans in years of us living overlapping in europe there was a slow gradual disappearance of you know some groups. as
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neanderthals started to interbreed with homo sapiens their numbers grew smaller and smaller. until they eventually disappeared altogether. i think we know how the world to some extent trapped in their success they survived for 2300000 years and through huge amounts of climate change in a very challenging environments but. the culture remained pretty stable for 2000 years though making basically the same types of tools there were squibs or tools but the amount of innovation and creativity is is minimal. neanderthals and homo sapiens co-existed across here asia for several 1000 years. these ancient humans managed to survive major changes in climate but they failed to adapt to the arrival of a superior species. the thought that there was a point where there was
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a group of people you know surviving in the same landscape who were who are you know superficially so similar to us but maybe did things in a different way it's like a it's almost like plague or a hunter gatherer a thought experiment or something i just i just think it's an incredible that at one point we were the only human species that walked the earth as we are today. i think that the way that we look at the end of all says a lot about how we deal with others and this raises the question of how we treat other members of our species today people are always talking about the cultural shock of migration of mars as i think the situation is exaggerated but it still reflects on how we deal with others on the top amenity. from time to time archeologists find new evidence that helps us to better understand how neanderthals lived. but these are just fragments from the long history of the species.
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modern humans inherited part of their genetic code from the end as will. perhaps that's why many of us are fascinated with the relics of these ancient people and the similarities that neanderthals share with more humans. if they had managed to survive the world would likely be a very different place neanderthals developed a distinct social intelligence and were much more achieved into their environment than was the species that replaced them. we can only speculate on what influence the neanderthals might have had on the cause of human history for better or for worse.
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30 minutes on t.w. . it's about billions. it's about power. it's about the foundation of the new world order the new silk road. china wants to expand its influence with this trade network. but in europe there's a sharp morning when for accept some money from the new superpower will become dependent on the guinness book of the state. the chinese state has a lot of money at its disposal of coke and that's how it's expanding and asserting its status and position in the world of good. china's gateway to europe.
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starts feb 19th on d w. look at the. cut . this is deja vu news live from berlin and then entire hospital in quarantine. clinic is closed to all visitors after several patients and staff to test positive for the more virulent newton strain of the coronavirus. violence in the netherlands as protesters vent their anger over new tougher restrictions including a strict nighttime curfew for the and.
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