remember you can always keep up to date with the latest stories from your region and around the world at all website you don't follow us on twitter and on instagram we're very active that it's at the news i'm still a lot of people joining us. the fight against the coronavirus pandemic. has the rate of infection been developing what does the latest research say. information and context the coronavirus update coming 19 special. on t w. how the virus spread. why the repayment

and when will all be. transmitted through the tax and weekly radio show it's called spectrum if you would like. information on the chrono larysa or any other science topic you should really check out our podcast you can get it wherever you get your podcast you can also find us at dot com slash science. this is the place. this is the place in gold mining give north a lot of heavy reading. the white house finally has its own plan for distributing vaccines. 100000000 doses in a 100 days. the new president also wants 100 you bats a nation centers. and when live scores of for

a time don't has trained nurses and medical students. we will get through this we will defeat is pandemic into a nation waiting for action let me be the clearest on this point help is on the way . the crow virus has infected and killed more people in the us than anywhere else in the world. or by better get cracking close to half a 1000000 people have died in the united states officials are converting sports stadiums and grocery stores into vaccination centers mobile units are on their way to underserved areas the plans ambitious but it needs to be surrounded by the coronavirus in her illustration it's all i think about visual artist sandra better like expresses her feelings about the pandemic her biggest hope was getting

a vaccine and the date was already set. when i got the appointment i called everyone i told everyone i thought it important that i was there was like watching a lot of that the new york city ran out of vaccine doses. i didn't know that it had been changed until i saw something on the news and some friends sent me things saying that they were canceling all the rest of the appointments on thursday personally no one e-mailed me no one called me she's one of at least 23000 people in new york city whose appointments were cancelled 15 vaccine have shut down over the weekend new york authorities blame the federal government new york blames the federal government. they said they had additional dosages in. that they would send they say it will increase the supply. they never did this is one of the facts you have here in new york city had to close due to the

vaccine supply shortages thousands of apartments had to be cancelled and many other plots in the us by experiencing very similar problems the by the administration is under serious pressure to solve this problem quickly this is the plan better vaccine distribution is part of joe biden's coronavirus strategy. if you want stronger federal coordinator in the entire vaccination process by contrast former president donald trump left most of the decisions up to the individual states experts warn current problems won't be solved without increased production. i think number one is increased vaccine supply very very important motivate companies to accelerate the production of. meet the demand. americans have high expectations. i mean my family.

and i really want them to get vaccinated too so it's not just new york it's everywhere that. kind of problem so the federal government but i think there's a lot of order that needs to take place in these testing and vaccination sites that asking a lot of patient the people that people are going to rap for more than days. center bed lex appointment was rescheduled but after the last cancellation she's now much more skeptical i'm just like hoping that they're going to come through with it but now i don't believe them anymore you know like i trusted them last week with not well it'll take more time until the vaccines free americans from the virus. how much time monaco gandhi is a professor of medicine and associate chief in the vision of hiv infectious diseases and global medicine at the university of california san francisco good to see you again monica attard how much longer do you think this will take this vaccine dr yes we have been plagued by many difficulties in the

us with this transition of power but president biden has committed to purchasing 200000000 more doses which meant that we have 400 before supposedly 600 this enough to vaccinate the entire u.s. population with its huge oses and the current estimates are by the end of the summer so things are slower than we had hoped and anticipated in the united states what about his promise of 100000000 shots 100 days going to achieve that. we are not yet at that goal either but i actually think that that can happen i do think that can happen we he signed in what's called the national defense production act last week actually was one of his 1st executive orders when he came into office which allows more supplies in sort of a war merchant fleet like situation to help produce more doses so we thought we had

the doses and we didn't have the doses so i think the 100 is achievable biden also wants to release all available vaccine for immunization according to reports rather than withholding half of it for the 2nd doses from plant how wise is that. i actually think that is a very good idea the image of necessity or the amount of alibi production that you get with a single dose is actually extremely high and of course we do need the 2nd dose that ultimately what's required but increasing the duration between those 2 doses is likely to have no harm in the ultimate efficacy of the vaccine and the purpose is to get as many people some immunity as we can we've been the epicenter of the pandemic since march 26th the united states we have had the worst pandemic in the world so anything that we can do to increase vaccination rates is indicated if

you're waiting though these these poor people who are waiting weeks to hear whether or not they're going to get that 2nd is how much longer can they wait. so i mean that 1st dose will at least give over the 1st couple weeks 52 percent efficacy being depending on the vaccine it can go up to 80 percent they can go up to 6 right now the c.d.c. is that 2nd dose can be given 6 weeks later when. there is no even though the trials of 3 in 4 weeks early in vaccines in general increasing the duration usually does not diminish the efficacy and werner emergency situation so this one dose strategy and then given a 2nd later i actually think is biologically absolutely indicated the u.s. also wants to boost surveillance of new variants the critics call for a systematic nationwide strategy for sequencing the genomes of coronaviruses i mean

don't you need to be able to act quickly on mutations. yeah the problem. with that is there's actually very little you can do about new variants in less they feed the vaccine so there are 3 things new variants can do they can increase transmissibility they can crease very limits and they can invade the vaccine luckily we haven't seen the latter to any great degree and increasing surveillance does little in less we can get the vaccine out into people's arms so if i were to focus on anything but folks i'm vaccine roll out to get certainly surveil will always be able to hopefully tweak the vaccine in the future if we must to evade the variance but the vaccine codes for the entire spike protein and these variants have little point we teach ins along the rest i think we're focusing

a lot of the variance when we should be just literally there's nothing more important than getting people in unity against this virus in this episode or the pandemic really briefly if the u.s. does get its act together what sort of a difference can it make a broad by by saying in the world health organization for example and back in kovacs to give vaccines to poor countries yes i completely agree that actually no country clearly is safe from crown of arson tell we have a whole world wide distribution of these vaccines so i think it's imperative to kovacs it's imperative to have other companies that. make sense not during an emergency this is an emergency and so with equitable distribution of vaccine we're never going to reach herd immunity without worldwide distribution monica gandhi university of california san francisco thank you very much for being on the show again thank you. for derrick williams our science correspondent has

been looking at your questions on the coronavirus. possible adverse events are they looking out for as vaccines are proved and rolled out and watch numbers. temporary side effects like fatigue or headache or a slight fever are fairly common with many of the vaccines that have been launched but but around 70000000 people worldwide have received at least 1st doses so far and major adverse events remain extremely rare a handful of people per 1000000 have had serious allergic reactions after vaccination which is a side effect that occurs by the way occasionally with vaccines for other diseases as well but so far no deaths from an awful lactic shock have been linked to getting a covert vaccine in norway over 30 deaths recently among very

frail elderly people that occurred soon after they received the shot might have been linked to their vaccination and authorities there have adjusted guidelines for the moment but only for that specific group a few isolated cases of facial paralysis usually temporary have also been reported but the experts say that any link they are is very tenuous monitoring systems are of course in place to to watch out for any other possible adverse effects that might not have been identified in trials for example anything that might be longer term moving forward authorities will be looking very closely to see whether for example certain rare or auto immune disorders occur more frequently and in people who've been vaccinated although there is currently no

evidence that the vaccines that have been authorized so far can actually have those effects in general experts are in wide agreement that with a few exceptions almost everyone should get vaccinated when they had the chance because the benefits simply far outweigh any potential risks. you know from derek williams i've been physical and thanks for watching stay safe and see you again so. many places not since apparently hydrogen being sold as a clean only round as the energy source of the future many industries are very interested in the seal to neutral field. but what potential does it really carry.

me in germany. next t.w. . to the point of strong opinions clear positions of international perspective such. a real friends are vladimir putin down some commentators see the kremlin sophia's his critique alex i know found me so who is he your courageous and charismatic opposition leader or an opportunist fighting a personal vendetta find out on to the point choice to this point. which in 60 minutes on a t.w. . to life on earth one is a coming to an end. but gigantic coincidence.

that santa previously the earth was just a messy chemistry lab i thought mission. where the improbable but the truth was the creation of our solar system with our planet is a bit like winning the lottery there is a good. one for birth. starts feb 11th on t.w. . is it all just a lot of hot air it based as have been snapping up hydrogen related stocks as if the gas were in short supply it's the most abundant element in the universe like on

our sun but on earth it's mostly extracted from fossil fuels and meeting carbon dioxide in the process what's got traders excited a company's promises. of clean hydrogen electrolysis splits water into hydrogen and oxygen doing it cheaply could be the holy grail of green energy so could hydrogen become the fuel of the future that's what we're looking at today are made and been physical and ship prices of companies in the industry have soared more than 500 percent in the past year there are several reasons 0 emissions vehicles are all the rage many countries are going koppen free in the next few decades u.s. president joe biden has thrown his way behind the sector and the european union plans to scale up and hydrogen projects in polluting industries like chemicals and steel but a lot of the focus are fire has been on cars the question is will hydrogen powered cars overtake their electric cousins. what's the

deal when we all supposed to be driving plug in electric cars there are not for us part of cars sharing plans in many cities. but now hundreds of the things. over the past 2 decades several hydrogen models have been unveiled so most of them use hydrogen in combustion engines but what about hydrogen cars with electric motors like this one. the head of the german hydrogen and fuel cell association about the advantage over. the clog in electric cars have a distance problem and ranges are growing become with up to 4 hours recharging time who wants to set off on vacation and have to take a 4 hour break every 250 kilometers it's not an option. how does this h 2 powered car what it involves the kind of battery known as a fuel cell. from the air and hydrogen from the tank come together and react in the

fuel cell producing electricity that house the car's electric engine. what comes out of the tail pipe. unlike combustion engines no exhaust fumes or carbon dioxide . but only a few car makers manufacture them such as chaim die. and the technology remains expensive a car like this toyota mirai costs 79000 euros at the moment in the future and a new model is expected to sell for about 64000 euros why is it still so costly. and why the vehicles are sufficiently well developed to be sold at ordinary car prices if they were mass produced. but at the moment there's a lack of demand perhaps also there's not enough state intervention to ensure that enough vehicles are accepted. that's all well

and good but so far the hydrogen itself is mainly produced using fossil fuels not exactly climate friendly. the found wolf institute for systems and innovation research has calculated how much h. t. would be needed in germany to fully exploit hydrogen technologies and it's unlocked . in 2018 a total of 560 terawatt hours of electric power was used in germany even if electricity consumption stayed the same in 2050 as much as double that would be required to produce all the hydrogen needed for fuel cells and for making synthetic fuels. to generate all that extra power germany would have to expand wind and solar on a massive scale to produce both enough hydrogen for transportation and enough electricity for other uses. that would mean. that. if we want to or are allowed to use hydrogen for mobility then this hydrogen can

only be generated with renewable energy. we would have to build up trade relations with countries with huge amounts of space sunshine and wind available to them that are willing to become our energy providers of the future. sustainable energy plants would have to be built there so hydrogen could be produced and transported via pipelines or ships to germany to transfer to a. case so the message is renewable energy would have to be expanded massively to produce enough hydrogen but not only is that still a lack of my kitchen but also if the necessary infrastructure such as filling stations in the capital berlin there are currently just 5 hydrogen filling stations and a total of $92.00 out germany. filling up takes just 3 minutes and then the car can travel 500 kilometers. just emotional me to driving 100. costs just as much as with

a diesel engine so it's not more expensive for the customer the industry has agreed to build a significant number of filling stations up to $400.00 of them without looking at exactly how many cars there actually are. under support from policymakers not just to expand renewable energies but also hydrogen production and to some but the german government launched a new pilot project in chile west siemens plans to produce synthetic fuels using hydrogen ex-pats think that h.t. technology in the form of fuel cells is also being taken more seriously. people see 10 years ago it was more like an engineers dream it's such a cool and clever technology and we now have clear binding climate targets in the green deal gave us more ambitious targets we realized these are not attainable with conventional combustion engines for we simply need different technologies. on the other hand the global market for hydrogen on synthetic fuels may traumatic growing

scientists at the found wolf institute calculate that the market value each up to $190000000000.00 euros why 2030 and as much as 680000000000 euros by 2050. good prospects than the hydrogen technology. in 10 years many more of these vehicles to be cruising through the country. but it's still not a given hydrogen as a fuel for cars sounds great the gas could one day play a major role in slowing global warming still it's not always the best technology the wits it's the one that clinches market share and rides the network effect some analysts are warning of a bubble a frenzy of hydrogen related stocks has companies trading at extreme prices based on expectations that their revenue will surge in the future despite worries about possible headwinds for the sector it was a similar burst of enthusiasm about 20 years ago that proved short lived and

another thing is abundant energy source has to get a lot greener 1st to make an impact on the planet if it really hits the streets that is or takes its place in other industries. hydrogen is considered an important energy source of the future it's supposed to make a key part of europe's transition to sustainable sources of power. the dutch port of rotterdam is investing in h. 2 in a big way. it's planning to build a hydrogen network covering the entire ports aiming to become a hub for producing importing and transporting the gas to other european countries but is hydrogen truly green. hydrogen itself is actually colorless but it's called gray blue or indeed green depending on the manufacturing process used to produce it today most hydrogen is grain it's made from fossil fuels like natural gas and coal

and produces high levels of c o 2 emissions. blue hydrogen is also grey in the sense that it too is gained from fossil fuels but the climate damaging c o 2 is captured and stored in empty gas fields under the sea for example. so the carbon footprint is significantly lower. in the green many factoring process hydrogen is derived from water and this is the only form of 82 production that can be described as sustainable and a lot of it was. all hydrogen so the same because it's almost the molecule too but the different manufacturing processes determine how high the greenhouse gas emissions are and how clean the hydrogen is. green hydrogen is produced by splitting water into oxygen and hydrogen with the help of electricity.

but that electricity doesn't always come from 0 emission sources. so even green hydrogen is only sustainable if the power used to make it comes from renewable. such as wind also low power. only then is it produced without emitting any carbon dioxide. if it's to be green and sustainable the hydrogen has to be produced using renewables ashed it. but what if a country doesn't have enough renewable electricity to cover the need for green hydrogen production. germany for example has insufficient wind and solar power so by 2050 the country will have to import 45000000 tons of hydrogen the risk there is that transporting it of a long distances by ship or pipeline could cause further environmental damage. i'm 100. 1 point of course a certification we need

a global certification system to really prove that this hydrogen has been produced from green electricity. right now we don't have that because there's no agreement on it yet. another hurdle for a quick transition to truly green hydrogen is the cost. bins it moment in good in getting be urging that if you compare renewable green or even hydrogen with fossil fuels under the current regulatory framework then it's a very expensive option and another for the total value and. but as more electricity is produced from renewable sources green hydrogen should become less expensive. folk us predict the cost will more than half by 2030 but so far the production of green hydrogen is not widespread in the european union. experts predict that the blue option where the c

o 2 emitted during production is stored remain a key source of hydrogen for years to come. well germany is keen on expanding its capacity for hydrogen production the aim is to produce the gas on an industrial scale with 0 emissions green hydrogen would be used not only for fuels but also for heating and generating electricity still produces like to cope and sites get or are investing billions of euros to make production climate you troll with the help of hydrogen power even oil giants are getting in on the act b.p. developing a renewable hydrogen project at its refinery here in germany to replace a big chunk of its fossil based hydrogen consumption. the road to greener energy leads to m. slammed the northern german district hopes to play a leading role in the country's transition to renewable energy.

tim whose mom coordinates the development of hydrogen production infrastructure in the region. this weekend together with offshore wind turbines to generate the power that will be used to produce hydrogen in a carbon neutral process. using hydrogen by this to achieve c o 2 neutrality that means transitioning from fossil fuels using renewable energies replacing all that natural gas and petroleum by alternatives and that has to be. solar energy and. is in good shape economically with modern industrial and commercial enterprises well funded with taxes the region can afford to invest heavily in the energy transition. oil multinational b.p. runs a huge refinery in m's land. refineries like this one are among the biggest industrial

consumers of hydrogen several tons per hour needed to remove sulfur from the gasoline and diesel produced here. but what's being used is so-called grey hydrogen derived from natural gas you know process which emits large amounts of climate damaging c o 2 the plant is being converted so that in future it can produce carbon neutral green hydrogen. don't forget that there are large furnishes and plants like these large amounts of energy here it's 120 megawatts 128 reactor tubes filled with catalysts it's highly energy intensive and produces lots of c o 2 the new plants are pure. needs much less energy. but it's very expensive without state subsidies it would be difficult to realize the plans. to be subsidized green hydrogen costs more than great hydrogen so

there's no economic incentive for it why would a market driven company use green hydrogen it just costs them money and their customers won't pay for it so subsidies. and both the german government and the e.u. agree that they will be in the 1000000000. since. making industrial facilities more eco friendly costs a lot of money at this power plant green hydrogen could soon replace natural gas. and german energy multinational plans to build one of the world's biggest hydrogen production plants on this field green hydrogen is opening up entirely new business opportunities. says that we already have large storage facilities in our power. oh in which we can temporarily store the large amounts of hydrogen.

make it available industries and power plants that are switching to a. stored energy. co-ordinated tim who says it's important to implement green hydrogen quickly that way the existing natural gas pipeline system can be used for distribution allowing the hydrogen to be transported to every corner of the country. green hydrogen dispensable in many sectors which is why it should have been invested in years ago. but it's only now that the course has been set the 1st green hydrogen plan should be up and running next year well one good thing about this pandemic for the planet has been the fact that most of us have been at hard denied any real sort of travel no exotic beach time for me

. an economic catastrophe because one in 10 jobs around the world are into reason and officials reckon. probably again until 2023 and what they could do in the meantime is trying to clean up the business choosing to fly comes at a high price in terms of emissions. say we might soon change that with 0 emission hydrogen powered aircraft but is that realistic. remember when flying was fun. an adventure for free spirits and jet set feeling. but look at all the fossil fuel that has to be burned to get you to fly just. flying is the fastest white into the climate crisis how do you. but there's hope and innovative ideas the industry is trying to reduce its carbon

footprint. there are many many reasons to believe in hydrogen. flight soon be eco friendly what's behind the green hydrogen hype. more than 20000 planes when operational around the world before the pandemic carrying over 4500000000 passengers and 29000. most of them were frequent flyers on domestic flights in the u.s. and china and they accounted for about a quarter of all of the asian emissions the trouble with aviation analyst that there is a very tiny minority of where else takes a huge share. while 80 percent has never spent any. direct c o 2 emissions from a vacation accounted for at least 2 percent of global emissions in $21000.00 doesn't sound like much so unfortunately it's the most energy intelligence activity

that human beings can buy and while you can get an electric car or swap meet for veggies there isn't really a viable eco friendly alternative to long distance air travel yet. how did we get into this. let's go back to where it all began. the world humans and if. you're a series of. itself. you know a promise of a world that is increasingly connected to was a jet set activity flying was so exclusive because it was very expensive. airplane it was like you ever seen. an ordinary u.s. domestic round trip cost around $600.00 back in the 1970 s. a whopping $4000.00 in today's money. but then the market was deregulated low cost carriers emerged and growth became target number one believe it or this year alone

100000000 people haitian fly for the 1st time and every nation evolved from the privilege of a few into a service from many. but these are markets this is a population that is as a 1st flying 1st probably one of the freedom it brings from you at ports to new markets disguise was the limit for the aviation industry. until 2021 the coronavirus it grounded most of the world's aircraft but the industry is expected to bounce back soon. we think that we will see a return to. profit by the end of the war ok so people who want to fly and will fly but does it have to involve blasting fossil fuel emissions into the air. perhaps not and the industry has been quite creative in proposing alternatives.

14 different technologies that have proposed. professor for tourism and transport in sweden focused on of the nation since the beginning of his academic career. i think we need. everything. replacing aircraft that was early in the ninety's. a completely new airframe models like this one. blended wing technology to save kerosene so long. plant based fuels the so-called biofuels are all the rage. the dutch airline company kalen for example prided itself on using them the great thing about biofuels is that we can make them using algae. sugarcane seeds we don't even from cooking oil fuel is great for c o 2 but there isn't enough of it around that's like a lamb is getting everyone together to produce biofuel on a large scale ok and

a leading ally in by a field but actual share of biofuels was only 0.18 percent of their total fuel consumption and 2019 in the end they were sued for misleading marketing. very recently because about electric aircraft and we were convinced that the electrical revolution would happen in aerospace as well so we launched a fully electric powered aircraft which we called the. a project that was canceled the year before it was scheduled to make its 1st flight well. as a scientist measure progress and that is emissions going down and we haven't seen that. now hydrogen is supposed to save the planet. that were believed in what hydrogen represents is most pivotal why they say hydrogen has at least 3 striking features number one it's a versatile energy carrier and can power aircraft with high energy demand where

better rates would be no alternative. hydrogen can be made using renewable energy meaning the production can be environmentally friendly this so-called green hydrogen is what they want. what we're talking about here is really powering aviation for noble energy. it does not pollute hydrogen when burned emits new c o 2 and almost no air pollution which of course is the biggest plus ok sounds great but. i'm 2035 is this ambitious the serves to come in service with a green green come out for are crossed. 2035 why so late the core challenges are to really build an aircraft that can safely run on hydrogen biggest storage and a whole new design will be needed before hydrogen planes can take off. and the

infrastructure fighter jet needs to be developed from planes to refuel into production building up a coherent hydrogen system takes time and costs a lot of money. and finally there's simply not enough green hydrogen available yet the share of the new builds worldwide is still too low to produce enough eco friendly hydrogen for the industry right now the hydrogen we use is almost entirely made from natural gas and coal. and of course it's all just a promise and promises have been broken by the time it does work it may be too late the problem with hydrogen is that it doesn't work yet well it's simply not there yet despite industry assurances we are being outside everything we can to reduce the sea with through my work force or to see what the future scientists like stephan gosling remain skeptical. well off the train 5 years of think i'm entitled

to an opinion so just tell you i don't i don't think the sectors any interest in taking. everything we've seen in terms of discussion on proposals has always just been a proposition for the sheer chair as long as the aviation industry is business model is based on fossil fuels and growth initiatives will continue to rise that's why activist and scientists are calling for stricter regulation we need to govern the next 2 to address this problem if we leave it to me alliance i'm very skeptical we will see a solution so back to our original question with our flights the eco friendly. put simply no they won't hydrogen. will need more time to reach its potential but we can help reduce emissions knowledge by making choices about how we travel and traveling less one of the possible because technology alone will not be able to save our planet. only if we can do that i am i was.

a clean fuel of the future or just a lot of hot air thanks for joining us for another episode of the w.'s in depth is the show may see you again.

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