consumers are left with no one to. profit. on. they want to know what makes the germans you just there to join the love here on banning going away from. i'm not even allowed to go to my own car and everyone was late a holes in every. getting are you ready to meet the germans and join me right just do it under a w. does this little guy want to tell us something. it's no wonder that we tend to humanize animals especially pets but we have a lot in common with other animals too. to separate fish for example. all around worms they will scientists call model organisms non-human species that are studied in the lab to help understand biological processes in humans.

welcome to tomorrow today the science show on d w. i just love them and then a guest are commonly known as the fruit fly is another model organism it's small reproduces at a very rapid rate and roughly 60 percent of its genes can also be found in humans. and there's another similarity just like people fruit flies have a sick a day in rhythm and internal biological clock that regulates their cycle of rest and activity. name the common food line. habitat mornings deciduous forests and shallow to for instance laboratory at something germany's university or. it's borg the researchers goal to uncover the fruit fly in

secret they have an internal clock in their brains. the scientists here in bavaria want to find out just how this internal clock ticks. the. first child out of 1st to use this carbon dioxide to knock out the fruit flies. in the test tubes are normal fruit flies with an internal clock and other genetically modified specimens whose internal clocks have been removed by researchers. are there any differences the scientists look for them in a dark room for external stimuli such as light can be shut out.

the normal 3 flies do indeed have a circadian rhythm with light or without the always awake and at the same time. butterflies without an internal clock have no rhythm they're awake for 5 minutes then go to sleep for 5 minutes whether night or day. the researcher now wants to find out how this internal clock is structured by rendering it visible within the brain. a journey through the mind of a fruit fly. the bright green dots are the internal clock cells. entire networks and both brain hemispheres. here in pink

dictate the rhythm they are connected and they communicate with each other. and if i didn't feel we can learn from fruit flies because their brain works very much like our own. the big difference is that its structure is a bit simpler the internal clock for instance has just 150 cells whereas in humans it's 50000 so that's why we can take the internal clock apart more easily and also understand it in the fly and that's the m. . it notices it's. the next step experiments on life specimens. for this the fruit fly is fixed into place and its brain exposed. to the fly is still alive and its brain remains intact.

here the internal clock cells in green are busy at work and they set the pace or issue commands such as time to get up for fly or fall asleep. about what do the cells in our lives look like to find out researchers have plugged in individual cells an electrode on the left a cell on the right. this is what an active clock cell sounds like it fires off its commands. the internal clock determines the fly it's workaday the scientists want to find out when the insects have their meals for instance. on the menu sugar water dispensed by a thin syringes. come in fast

forward the syringe is empty out fastest in the morning their most important meal the flies seem to love a big breakfast. morning in general is their active period also when it comes to hatching. these pupae see no daylight and are blind to the red safelight under which the scientists perform their experiments. and yet they always had the morning as the time lapse photography shows. and it makes sense. that had to flee the adult fly has to hold their head of itself once it's hatched during the daytime it can look for food it can look for a partner it can mate and they can lay eggs it's better if they hatch in the morning and come accomplish the most could be that will get eaten by

a spider for if they were to hatch in the evening they'd have the night ahead of them during which they can't do anything at all it's much better for them to do it in the morning some more. the fruit flies internal clock a crucial metronome for daily life. not only do people move by a schedule so do fruit flies. and so do other animals and while most of them sleep they don't all need the same amount. lions can sleep up to $20.00 a day. while giraffes only nod off for about 2. and migratory birds only nap for a few minutes mid-flight they sleep with only one hemisphere of the brain at a time allowing them to keep one eye open to watch out for potential threats it's the same with the whale only one half of its brain rests while the other half remains alert. there is still

a lot to learn about animals and sleep scientists aren't even sure it's something that all species do but they do know that all creatures enjoy a state of rest. but what about the way animals behave in their waking hours zoos are a good place to observe animals even if they're not quite the same as their counterparts in the wild zoos are often criticized for keeping animals in captivity but the best zoos actually ensure the survival that endangered species. and these days many conduct research into ways of keeping animals healthy and happy. this is who in southern germany wants to find out as much as possible about its animals the polar bears even help with the data collection. that are coming here

called the no come here that's right there used to come on come here yeah. 8 fantastic that's the boy no no no no mark today we want to shave your poor again and now i'd like to do you give me your paw yeah it's great lovely. you tell me and this is. just several times a week that's all kinds of things further is very important because we can analyze the his. and if you hadn't heard and it seems like a good move for example when we have the opportunity to get a horse as you can see then you can also shave off the 1st to reach a vein. good if we get access to a blood vessel then we can take blood and do a blood test. to feel. today the norm big zookeepers shaving the polar

bear it's for will be analyzed to gauge it stress levels all zoos that have what's called protective contact with their animals train the creatures for medical diagnostic purposes here the testing is particularly painstaking. next year. i'm going to keep is to do this job out of love interest and enthusiasm for the animals. more than happy to help if scientists are able to prove the animals are healthy and well that this is a system and isn't just based on what we feel. good it's hard not to treat the animals like humans and if i mention if the research is come and say we've developed parameters that can help us to gauge with the animals are stressed or ill then we're glad to help with the training routine to it's fun.

this is the 1st collect animal excrement as well as for laboratory testing it indicates how stressed the polar bear was a day earlier. so all of just on the hind has developed a special procedure to find out how the polar bears and this is warfare and. over a period of 3 years she measured the levels of the stress hormone cortisol a metabolic product in samples of excrement from 6 polar bears. that come on transactions and then you can see very clearly. here where the red arrow s. but there was a steep rise in courses allowed. back when the poll about was transported from one zoo to another nason times after his arrival the levels return to a base level relatively quickly we're going to be green arrows indicate days on which the polar bear was shaved ice. this polar bear has been trained to have

a sample moved on to come out here to see it here that there was no steep rise in quarters in contrast to the moon much quite common in fact like it sometimes. for us humans as well as for the animals ok janelle stress is completely natural but chronic stress can be dangerous. the research so far indicates that none of this is polar bears are suffering from chronic stress. but how much can animal stress profile really tell us. as a snort than also like the doctors i mean meaningful when it's combined with other parameters for example behavioral observation and of course the veterinary element what kind of physical shape is the animal and how fit is it for the whole picture you have to look at these factors together. because i am the harris reveal signs of stress over longer periods than excrement but not much is really known about polar

bear here so the researchers are currently refining the assessment procedure. with the dolphins the nuremberg zoo was a step further it's currently developing a procedure with more than 28 different parameters that help to measure animal wellbeing systematically the animal's appearance is also taken into account. just as it should be no dent behind the head. or often and there isn't a reamer round the years making them bend even with its inverted 9 c. taking really good. effect on. 198 so we have to check that again we'll look in a minute. and do another way. the experts are collecting data designed to be as objective as possible. you can send up to me followed by genny straight after every single animal is checked regularly and

a list of measurements is carefully worked through the aim is to reflect each creature's condition as precisely as possible again today to see even turns in decent tool is this really contains every indicator every aspect that we think needs to be assessed. then we corroborate the information so that it can be objectively evaluated. the idea is that we proceed objectively step by step assessing the state of health the behavior but also the emotional status of an animal than. it would see owns stop us and that's really something relatively new that we don't like to evaluate. nuremberg is working together with 12 other european sooths that are all conducting the same tests. data is being gathered on more than 100 different dolphins. at regular check ups the animals are weighed in

and their eyes are examined. by no abnormality detected. the researchers also regularly document any new scratches and compare them with previous check ups. these rake marks as they're called reveal quite a bit about the dolphins well being in your. body isn't right mark you really need to take a close look at these right box quite a lot of them or not at all. can be indicators of social behavior. dolphins are highly sociable animals and interactions are natural whether they're positive or sometimes. it's negative and he has it right mocks a very telling rate if an animal never has new scratches this can show that it's not part of the group it's isolated. from the line

a. foreign enemy has lots of new scratches week after week of amongst then that shows that something isn't quite right within the group social structure or that the creature hasn't found its place in the group but on the. health of your social interactions every single piece of information is fed into the new program to help the researchers gain as clear a picture as possible about the dolphins well being. then i believe that we have the responsibility to do everything possible to make sure that the animals kept in zoos brought if and if science can keep on providing us with new data this can help us improve the conditions they're being kept in but we should also use it to check whether our animals are well or not. the researchers hope to be able to assess wild animals with the same tools that would indicate for

example how well they're coping with increasing pressure on their natural habitats . i think a riddle is at the zoo in nuremberg says he may seem pretty content especially since the recent arrival of a new baby. the similarities between apes and humans are pretty striking. the view in gonna send him a question about that. how closely related are we humans and chimpanzees. very closely some 98.5. percent of our d.n.a. base pairs are identical based on average findings from a range of analytical methods. and our genetic match with gorillas

is just one quarter of a percentage point less than that. around the towns branched off from our common family tree a little earlier but they still share 97 percent of their d.n.a. with us so how do we explain the huge difference between humans and apes. some primates can scale trees in the rain forest. while another species exploits other planets. the human genome contains some 3000000000 base pairs of which just 40000000 differ from those of chimpanzees but this vital difference means that certain proteins in apes have other structures and possibly other functions in the body. but for all the differences there are also many similarities using tools to eat food with for example. chimpanzees use twigs to provide delicious answers from their nests. and chimps are emotional creatures

researchers have even found similarities in the sound of their laughter and ours. they understand symbols and can learn for example which one beats the other in a game of rock paper scissors. but chimpanzees will probably never be able to build computers although then again neither can most of us the famous primatologist jane goodall urges us to use our supposedly superior intelligence to start protecting the habitats about primate cousins and the planet as a whole. do animals exercise to. find out the answer scientists set up the hamster wheel in a forest. and sure enough a fair few critters showed up to enjoy a free workout. including

a slug though it's turned on the wheel may not have been intentional. we humans know it's healthy to exercise and work up a sweat less well known is that this spy ring has evolutionary benefits. but. balls of. solutions the sweat is flowing. to foreign leaders and. that's a lot but it makes good sense from an evolutionary perspective the ability to sweat has been a huge advantage. in the malls. many animals can run a human but at some point they have to stop so they don't overheat that's because they can't sweat. whether hunting or playing homosapiens doesn't need to take a break for that reason sweating cools him while running. this is how the body's

own air conditioner works. the brain constantly measures body temperature if it rises too high the brain sends a signal to the sweat glands in the floodgates and. as the sweat evaporates it draws heat out of the body and its temperature goes down. the kind of sweat glands that help control temperatures are called. there are 2 to 3000000 of them over the body what they secrete consists of water salts amino acids and here but there is more to sweating the needs. to be mentioned is why we humans have 2 different kinds of sweat gland. the other call into the upper crystal and some bring into action when we are subjected to intense mental stress. this is a mission this developed over the course of evolution as a means of normal verbal communication and it is way to exchange information

without talking. that's why we sweat when we're under pressure not only cools the body in preparation for maybe having to flee that a cold sweat of fear also warns those around you. glands develop during puberty. consists of water salts proteins and compounds with the signaling function. it was a way to fall in love those of an approaching danger without having to shout all scream this evolved when we were still apes we could warn each other without making any noise. has nothing to do with for our ancestors it was probably vital for survival nowadays our inner cave man

comes out at the most inopportune moments. for example if you're nervous your hands and feet might get very sweaty that or perhaps it was an evolutionary advantage reading your body for flight moyse hands and feet can have better traction when climbing or running. manufacturers a body care products invest lots of money and effort in trying to keep our hands and armpits both dry and fragrant. with various deodorant supplied to their armpits . and sweat into absorbent pads. specially trained sniffers that determine which deodorant is most effective. sweat. doesn't smell when it's fresh. but our armpits are home to lots of bacteria and it's the bacteria that trigger the release of odorous compounds. every person has their own special

bouquet of sense. does that sit for months they range from. overpowering to sweet as this is there's a broad spectrum of aromas spectrum which an. immense way there tend to be more steroids they smell musky more like a wild boar. and women sweat is more onion or goat like that's because it contains more short chain fatty acids. deodorants target the bacteria antibacterial substances kill them. inhibit the plants what production and perfume instict cover up any residual odor that's considered unpleasant. only sweat stress is smelly. cooling sweat doesn't have any set but it does help to spread whatever sense you do them it. does evolution if it is and what we no longer have

much use in everyday life for this evolutionary inheritance this means of non-verbal communication with it's still academic research by psychologists has determined that fear based sweat still has an impact on others to this very day. if we do smell bad and the dealer and fails to disguise the pungent aroma then it's time for some soap and water to dissipate the traces of the caveman fear. if our old one is right why our great item if i may do. so if you have a science question you'd like us to answer. if we featured on the show you'll get a little surprise from us as a thank you. come on just ask. for

more science stories check out our website d w dot com slash saw instead or look for us on twitter. that's all for now thanks for joining us on tomorrow today. we'll be back next week with more fascinating stories from the world of science and technology until then by.

it's my. great power just a handful of chemical giants who dominate the industry manipulating plants and the markets however they flee to because of them some crops that are thousands of years old are almost extinct but farmers and consumers are left with no other choice.

than 15 minutes on t.w. . or. trim children to come to. one giant problem and nearly get in on the beach near you. by in a very thin layer if you can't believe. how well climate change affect us and our children by. morning e.w. dot com slash water. passion drama competition wife marketing numbers atmosphere color fight at sap intuition love hate money. fans friends fire spammers and found all

to go off on you tube join us. the more. cannot see the pros room. to zoom. in go slowly swallow. only as low as moons. is no use no lola 4 of them would. come to your workers. can't sleep.

couldn't sleep. through. the bag. this is news to live from berlin taking stock in the world's fight against a virus a year after the world health organization sounded the alarm about kofi 19th we look at the progress made in the difficult road ahead. germany bans travel from countries hardest hit by new very sceptical of virus the government says it has no other choice.