why do you say it's all this way to bring you more conservation. how do we make super screen or how can we protect habitats we can make a difference good morning to the mental series again google search results and on g.w. and online. does this little guy want to tell us something. it's no wonder that we tend to humanize animals especially pets but we have a lot in common with other animals too. to separate fish for example. all around worms they want scientists cold model all them isn't non-human species that are studied in the lab to help understand biological processes in humans. welcome to tomorrow today the science show on d w. i.

just saw film and then a gas to come in the known as the fruit fly is another model organism it's small reproduces at a very rapid rate and roughly 60 percent of its genes can also be found in humans. and there's another similarity just like people fruit flies have a security and rhythm an internal biological clock that regulates the cycle of rest and activity. name the common foods line. habitats moist deciduous forests and shallow to frost as laboratory at southern germany's university averts book the researchers go to uncover the fruit fly in secret they have an internal clock in their brains. the scientists here and varia want to find

out just how this internal clock ticks. the. first child out of for us to use this carbon dioxide to knock out the fruit flies. in the test tubes are normal fruit flies with an internal clock and other genetically modified specimens whose internal clocks have been removed by researchers. are there any differences the scientists look for them in a dark room where external stimuli such as light can be shut out. the normal 3 flies do indeed have a circadian rhythm with light or without the always awake and at the same time.

but the flies without an internal clock have no rhythm they're wait for 5 minutes then go to sleep for 5 minutes when they're 94 day makes. the researcher now wants to find out how this internal clock is structured by rendering it visible within the brain. a journey through the mind of a fruit fly. the bright green dots are the internal clock cells. entire networks and both brain hemispheres. here in pink dictate the rhythm they are connected and they communicate with each other. kind of funded we can learn from fruit flies because their brain works very much like our

own. the big difference is that its structure is a bit simpler the internal clock for instance has just 150 cells whereas in humans it's 50000 so that's why we can take the internal clock apart more in sleep and also understand it in the fly and that's the m. . you know it just says it's. the next step experiments on life specimens. for this the fruit fly is fixed into place and its brain exposed. to the fly is still alive and its brain remains intact. here the internal clock cells in green are busy at work and they set the pace or

issue commands such as time to get up for fly or fall asleep. mike what do the cells in our lives look like to find out researchers have plugged in individual cells an electrode on the left a cell on the right. this is what an active clock cell sounds like it fires off its commands. the internal clock determines the client's workaday the scientists want to find out when the insects have their meals for instance. on the menu sugar water dispensed by a thin syringes. outcome and fast forward the syringes empty out fastest in the morning their most important meal the

flies seem to love a big breakfast. morning in general is their active period also when it comes to hatching. these pupae see no daylight and are blind to the red safelight under which the scientists perform their experiments. and yet they always hatch in the morning as the time lapse photography shows. and it makes sense. to have 50 of the adult fly has a whole day ahead of itself once it's hatched during the day time it can look for food it can look for a partner it can mate and they can lay eggs it's better if they hatch in the morning and some accomplish the most could be that they'll get eaten by a spider for if they were to hatch in the evening they have the night ahead of them during which they can't do anything at all it's much better for them to do it in

the morning just as much as i'm on. the fruit flies internal clock a crucial metronome for daily life not only do people live by a schedule so do fruit flies. and so do other animals and while most of them sleep they don't all need the same amount. lions can sleep up to $20.00 a day. while giraffes only nod off for about 2. and migratory birds only not for a few minutes mid-flight they sleep with only one hemisphere of the brain at a time allowing them to keep one eye open to watch out for potential for. thinks it's the same with the whale only one half of its brain rests while the other half remains alert. there is still a lot to learn about animals and sleep scientists aren't even sure it's something that all species do but they do know that all creatures enjoy

a state of rest. but what about the way animals behave in their waking hours zoos are a good place to observe animals even if they're not quite the same as they counterparts in the wild zoos are often criticized for keeping animals in captivity but the best zoos actually ensure the survival that endangered species. and these days many conduct research into ways of keeping animals healthy and happy. this do in southern germany wants to find out as much as possible about its animals the polar bears are even helped with the data collection. now don't come here because no no come here that's right we're used to come on come here yeah.

it's fantastic that's the no no no no mark today we want to shave your poor again and now i'd like to think you have me your poor yeah it's great lovely. it to me and. several times a week all kinds of things further is very important because we can analyze the his . and i think. it's. a good move for example when we have the opportunity to get it they had cause as you can see then you can also shave off the to reach of aim. could if we get access to a blood vessel then we can take blood and do a blood test. today the norberg zookeepers shaving the polar bear it's for will be analyzed to gauge its stress levels all zoos that have what's

called protective contact with their animals train the creatures for medical diagnostic purposes here the testing is particularly painstaking. i'm going to keep is do this job out of love interest and enthusiasm for the animals. we're more than happy to help if scientists are able to prove the animals are healthy and well that this is a system and isn't just based on what we feel. it's hard not to treat the animals like humans. mentioned if research is come and say we've developed parameters that can help us to gauge with the animals are stressed or ill and then we're glad to help with the training routine to it's fun. this is the 1st collect animal excrement as well as for laboratory testing it indicates how stressed the polar bear was

a day earlier. so all of just on the hind has developed a special procedure to find out how the polar bears and this is our fairing. over a period of 3 years she measured the levels of the stress hormone cortisol a metabolic product in samples of excrement from 6 polar bears. that come out and then you can see very clearly. here where the red arrow s. there was a steep rise in courts as all of. this was when the poll about was transported from one city to another. after his a rifle the levels return to a base level relatively quickly we're going to green arrows indicate days on which the pilot i was shaved. as of this post has been trying to have a move on to come out here to see ahead that there was no steep rise in cortisol and contrast to the me much quite common in fact sometimes. for us

humans as well as for the animals stress is completely natural but chronic stress can be dangerous. the research so far indicates that none of this is polar bears are suffering from chronic stress. but how much can animal stress profile really tell us. as a snort than also like the data is only meaningful when it's combined with other parameters for example behavioral observation of the win under of course the veterinary element what kind of physical shape is the animal and how fit is it for the whole picture you have to look at these factors together. harris reveals signs of stress over longer periods than experimental was but not much is really known about polar bear here so the researchers are currently refining the assessment procedure. dolphins' the nuremberg zoo is

a step further it's currently developing a procedure with more than 28 different parameters that help to measure animal well systematically the animal's appearance is also taken into account. just as it should be no dent behind the head. or often and there isn't a reamer round the years making them bend even with its uses. 90 taking really good. effect. 188 we have to check that again we'll look in a minute. and do another way and. the experts are collecting data designed to be as objective as possible. but i've found some of you can stand up to me followed by journey straight after every single animal is checked regularly and a list of measurements is carefully worked through the aim is to reflect each creature's condition as precisely as possible you know the data she even turns in

decent tool is this really contains every indicator every aspect that we think needs to be assessed. then we corroborate the information so that it can be objectively evaluated. the idea is that we proceed objectively step by step assessing the state of health the behavior but also the emotional status of an animal. it would see once to stop us and that's really something relatively new that we don't like to evaluate. nuremberg is working together with 12 other european zoos that are all conducting the same tests. data is being gathered on more than 100 different dolphins. at regular check ups the animals are weighed in and their eyes are examined.

by no abnormality detected. the researchers also regularly document any new scratches and compare them with previous check ups. these rake marks as they're called reveal quite a bit about a dolphins well being you know if you go. back on specific bodies and right mark you really need to take a close look at these right box quite a lot of them or not at all both can be indicators of social behavior. dolphins are highly sociable animals and interactions are natural whether they are positive or sometimes negative and he is right mocks a very telling rate if an animal never has new scratches this can show that it's not part of the group it's isolated. from your physician or line on going to god and you don't have an animal has lots of new scratches week after week of a months then that shows that something isn't quite right within the group social

structure or that the creature hasn't found its place in the group but on the. health of your social interactions every single piece of information is fed into the new program. to help the researchers gain as clear a picture as possible about the dolphins well being. i believe that we have the responsibility to do everything possible to make sure that the animals kept in 0 fraud have and if science can keep on providing us with new data this can help us improve the conditions they're being kept in but we should also use it to check whether our animals are well or not. the researchers hope to be able to assess wild animals with the same tools that would indicate for example how well they're coping with increasing pressure on their natural habitats .

the gorillas at the zoo in nuremberg says you may seem pretty content especially since the recent arrival of a new baby. the similarities between apes and humans are pretty striking. the view in ghana sent in a question about that. how closely related we humans and chimpanzees. are very closely some 98.5 percent of our d.n.a. base pairs are identical based on average findings from a range of analytical methods. and our genetic match with gorillas is just one quarter of a percentage point less than that. around the time this branched off from our

common family tree other 2 earlier but they still share 1007 percent of that d.n.a. with us so how do we explain the huge difference between humans and apes. some primates can scale trees in the rain forests. why. another species exploits other planets. human genome contains some 3000000000 base pairs of which just 40000000 differ from those of chimpanzees but this vital difference means that certain proteins in apes have other structures and possibly other functions in the body. but for all the differences there are also many similarities using tools to eat food with for example. chimpanzees use twigs to provide delicious answers from their nests. and chimps are emotional creatures researchers have even found similarities in the sound of their laughter and ours.

they understand symbols. for example which one beats the other in a game of rock paper scissors. but chimpanzees will probably never be able to build computers although then again neither can most of us the famous primatologist jane goodall urges us to use our supposedly superior intelligence to start protecting the habitats of our primate cousins and the planet as a whole. do animals exercise to find out the answer scientists set up the hamster wheel in a forest. and sure enough a fair few critters showed up to enjoy a free workout. including a smug though it's turned on the wheel may not have been intentional. we humans know it's healthy to exercise and work up

a sweat is less well known is that perspiring has evolutionary benefits. of. the sweat is flowing up to foreign leaders in our. that's a lot but it makes good sense from an evolutionary perspective the ability to sweat has been a huge advantage. and was. is. many animals can outrun a human but at some point they have to stop so they don't overheat that's because they can't sweat. whether hunting or playing homo sapiens doesn't need to take a break for that reason sweating cools him while running. this is how the body's own air conditioner works. the brain constantly measures body temperature if it rises too high the brain sends

a signal to the sweat glands in the floodgates. as the sweat evaporates it draws heat out of the body and its temperature goes down the kind of sweat glands that help control temperatures are called. there are 2 to 3000000 of them all over the body what they secrete consists of water salts amino acids and but there is more to sweating that needs to. be mentioned is why we humans have 2 different kinds of sweat gland of the other call into the upper crim glands some bring into action when we are subjected to intense mental stress is a myth and this is developed over the course of evolution as a means of normal verbal communication and it is one way to exchange information without talking. even hints of a cold. that's why we sweat when we're under pressure it not only cools the body in

preparation for maybe having to flee that a cold sweat of fear also warns those around you. mean sweat glands develop during puberty. apa green sweat consists of water salts proteins limits. and. with the signalling function. it was a way to those of an approaching danger without having to scream. when we were still apes we could. without making any noise. for our ancestors it was probably vital for survival nowadays. man comes out at the most inopportune moments. for example if you're nervous

your hands and feet might get very sweaty. or perhaps it was an evolutionary advantage reading your body for flight moist hands and feet can have better traction when climbing or money. is a body care products invest lots of money and effort in trying to keep our hands and armpits both dry and frayed. with various deodorant supplied to their armpits. and sweat into absorbent pads. specially trained sniffers that determine which deodorant is most effective. sweat doesn't smell when it's fresh. or home to lots of bacteria and it's the bacteria that trigger the release of compounds. every person has their own special bouquet of sense. that's. they range from.

powering to sweet this is there's a broad spectrum of aromas. in. there tend to be more steroids they smell like a wild boar. women sweat is more onion or goat like that's because it contains more shortchange fatty acids. deodorants target the bacteria antibacterial substances kill them. inhibit the blood sweat production and perfume instict cover up any residual odor that's considered unpleasant. stress is smelly. cooling sweat doesn't have any set but it does help to spread whatever sense you do it. does even if you knew that it was and we no longer have much use in everyday life for this evolutionary inheritance this means of nonverbal

communication with us and still academic research by psychologists has determined that fear based sweat still has an impact on others to this very day. if we do smell bad and the dealer and fails to disguise the pungent aroma then it's time for some soap and water to dissipate the traces of the caveman fear. because what is right why aren't the only things you need to. do you have a science question you'd like us to answer. if we featured on the show you'll get a little surprise from us as a thank you. come on just ask. for more science stories check out our website d.w. dot com slash saw him or look for us on twitter.

that's all for now thanks for joining us on tomorrow today. we'll be back next week with more fascinating stories from the world of science and technology until then. but i.

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