i don't know. do you use to be a good. school . subscribe to the documentary. does this little guy want to tell us something. it's no wonder that we tend to humanize animals especially pets but we have a lot in common with other animals too. to separate fish for example. all around was there were scientists cold model all going isn't just non-human species that are studied in the lab to help understand biological processes in humans.

welcome to tomorrow today the science show on d w. was. just awful and then again has to come in the known as the fruit fly is another model organism it's small reproduces at a very rapid rate and roughly 60 percent of its genes can also be found in humans. and there's another similarity just like people fruit flies have a security and rhythm an internal biological clock that regulates the cycle of rest and activity. name the common food line. habitat moyses deciduous forests and fosters laboratory at something. germany's university

of routes book the researchers goal to uncover the fruit fly in secret they have an internal clock in their brains. the scientists here in bavaria want to find out just how this internal clock ticks. the. first child out of 1st to use this carbon dioxide to knock out the fruit flies. in the test tubes are normal fruit flies with an internal clock and other genetically modified specimens whose internal clocks have been removed by researchers. are there any differences the scientists look for them in a dark room where external stimuli such as light can be shut out.

of the normal through flies do indeed have a circadian rhythm with light or without the always awake and at the same time. butterflies without an internal clock have no rhythm there or wait for 5 minutes then go to sleep for 5 minutes whether night for doing. the research are now months to find out how this internal clock is structured by rendering it visible within the brain. a journey through the mind of a fruit fly. the bright green dots are the internal clock cells. entire networks in both brain hemispheres. here in pink

dictate the rhythm they are connected and they communicate with each other. kind of funded feel we can learn from fruit flies because their brain works very much like our own. the big difference is that its structure is a bit simpler the internal clock for instance has just 150 cells whereas in humans it's 50000 so that's why we can take the internal clock apart more easily and also understand it in the fly and that's the m. us. in our tests it's. the next step experiments on life specimens. for this the fruit fly is fixed into place and its brain exposed. the fly is still alive and its brain remains intact.

here the internal clock cells in green are busy at work and they set the pace or issue commands such as time to get up for fly or fall asleep. mike what do the cells in our lives look like to find out researchers have plugged in individual cells an electrode on the left a cell on the right. this is what an active clock cell sounds like it fires off its commands. the internal clock determines the client's workaday the scientists want to find out when the insects have their meals for instance. on the menu sugar water dispensed by a thin syringes. the outcome in fast

forward the syringes empty out fastest in the morning their most important meal the flies seem to love a big breakfast. morning in general is their active period also when it comes to hatching these pupae see no daylight and are blind to the red safelight under which the scientists perform their experiments. and yet they always hachem the morning as the time lapse photography shows. and it makes sense. i had to flee the adult fly has a whole day ahead of itself once it's hatched during the daytime it can look for food it can look for a partner it can mate and they can lay eggs it's better if they hatch in the morning and come accomplish the most could be that they'll get eaten by

a spider from if they were to hatch in the evening they have the night ahead of them during which they can't do anything at all it's much better for them to do it in the morning as i'm on. the fruit flies internal clock a crucial metronome for daily life. not only do people live by a schedule so do fruit flies. and so do other animals and while most of them sleep they don't all need the same amount. lions can sleep up to 20 hours a day. while giraffes only not up for about 2. and migratory birds only nap for a few minutes mid-flight they sleep with only one hemisphere of the brain at a time allowing them to keep one eye open to watch out for potential threats it's the same with the whale only one half of its brain rests while the other half

remains alert. there is still a lot to learn about animals and sleep scientists aren't even sure it's something that all species do but they do know that all creatures enjoy a state of rest. but what about the way animals behave in their waking hours zoos are a good place to observe animals even if they're not quite the same as their counterparts in the wild zoos are often criticized for keeping animals in captivity but the best zoos actually ensure the survival of endangered species. and these days many conduct research into ways of keeping animals healthy and happy. this sewin southern germany wants to find out as much as possible about its animals the polar bears even help with the data collection. now don't come in here call no

no come here that's right they're used come on come here come yeah. it's fantastic that's the boy no no no no not today we want to shave your poor again and now i'd like you to give me your paw yeah it's great lovely. italian this. several times a week all kinds of things further is very important because we can analyze the his . you know if you develop and when it's sealed inside. for example when we have the opportunity to get it there because as you can see then you can also shave off the 1st to reach a vein. could if we get access to a blood vessel then we can take blood and do a blood test. to feel. today the norberg zookeepers shaving the polar

bear it's for will be analyzed to gauge its stress levels all zoos that have what's called protective contact with their animals train the creatures for medical diagnostic purposes here the testing is particularly painstaking. i'm going to keep is do this job out of love interest and enthusiasm for the animals. we're more than happy to help if scientists are able to prove the animals are healthy and well that this is a system and isn't just based on what we feel. good it's hard not to treat you have the most like humans and if i mention it if research is come and say we've developed parameters that can help us to gauge with the animals are stressed or ill then we're glad to help with the training routine to it's fun.

this is the 1st collect animal excrement as well as for laboratory testing it indicates how stressed the polar bear was a day earlier. so all of just on the hind has developed a special procedure to find out how the polar bears in this in our fairing. over a period of 3 years she measured the levels of the stress hormone cortisol a metabolic product in samples of excrement from 6 polar bears. that. you can see very clearly. here where the red arrows yes but there was a steep rise in courts as a lot of. guns back when the poll about was transported from one zoo to another. after his arrival the levels for time to a base level relatively quickly were in the green arrows indicate days on which the polar bear was shaved. as of this post about has been trained to have

a. come out and you can see it here that there was no state rising quarter in contrast to the mean much quite common in fact sometimes. for us humans as well as for the animals ok janelle stress is completely natural but chronic stress can be dangerous. the research so far indicates that none of this is polar bears are suffering from chronic stress. but how much can an animal stress profile really tell us. as a snort that and also get the data is there any meaningful when it's combined with other parameters for example behavioral observation when under of course the veterinary element what kind of physical shape is the animal and how fit is that for the whole picture you have to look at these factors together. because i'm a bit the harris revealed signs of stress over longer periods than experimental but

not much is really known about polar bear here so the researchers are currently refining the assessment procedure. the dolphins the nuremberg zoo is a step further it's currently developing a procedure with more than 28 different parameters that help to measure animal wellbeing systematically the animal's appearance is also taken into account. just as it should be no dent behind the head. off one and there isn't a reamer around the years making them bend even with its use in the university. 913 really good. effect. after 100 may. have to check that again we'll look in a minute. and do another way off. the experts are collecting data designed to be as objective as possible. you can send up to me followed by genny straight

after every single animal is checked regularly and a list of measurements is carefully worked through the aim is to reflect each creature's condition as precisely as possible. traits she even turns in decent tool is this really contains every indicator every aspect that we think needs to be assessed. then we corroborate the information so that it can be objectively evaluated. the idea is that we proceed objectively step by step in assessing the state of health the behavior but also the emotional status of an animal that. would see owns stop us and that's really something relatively new that we don't like to evaluate. nuremberg is working together with 12 other european zoos that are all conducting the same tests. has been gathered on more than 100 different dolphins. at regular check ups the animals are weighed in and their eyes are examined.

i know abnormality detected. the researchers also regularly document any new scratches and compare them with previous checkups. these rake marks as they're called reveal quite a bit about the dolphins well being. visited by these right mark you really need to take a close look at these right box is. there are quite a lot of them or not at all both can be indicators of social behavior. dolphins are highly sociable animals and interactions are natural whether they are positive or sometimes negative and he is right mocks a very telling rate if an animal never has new scratches this can show that it's not part of the group it's isolated. position in the line and we're going to

have an animal has lots of new scratches week after week of a months then that shows that something isn't quite right within the group social structure or that the creature hasn't found its place in the group but on the. health behavior social interactions every single piece of information is fed into the new program to help the researchers gain as clear a picture as possible about the dolphins well being. i believe that we have the responsibility to do everything possible to make sure that the animals kept in zoos brought if and if science can keep on providing us with new data this can help us improve the conditions they're being kept in but we should also use it to check whether our animals are well or not. the researchers hope to be able to assess wild animals with the same tools that would indicate for

example how well they're coping with increasing pressure on their natural habitats . i think it really is at the zoo in nuremberg says to me seem pretty content especially since the recent arrival of a new baby. the similarities between apes and humans are pretty striking. a view in gonna send him a question about that. how closely related we humans and chimpanzees. are very closely some 98.5 percent of our d.n.a. base pairs are identical based on average findings from a range of analytical methods. and our genetic match with gorillas

is just one quarter of a percentage point less than that. orangutans branched off from our common family tree a little earlier but they still share 1007 percent of their d.n.a. with us so how do we explain the huge difference between humans and apes. some primates can scale trees in the rain forest. while another species exploits other planets. the human genome contains some 3000000000 base pairs of which just 40000000 differ from those of chimpanzees but this vital difference means that certain proteins in apes have other structures and possibly other functions in the body. but for all the differences there are also many similarities using tools to eat food with for example. chimpanzee muse used twigs to pry

delicious ants from their nests. and chimps are emotional creatures researchers have even found similarities in the sound of their laughter and alice. they understand symbols and can learn for example which one beats the other in a game of rock paper scissors. but chimpanzees will probably never be able to build computers although then again neither can most of us the famous primatologist jane goodall urges us to use our supposedly. superior intelligence to start protecting the habitats of our primate cousins and the planet as a whole. do animals exercise to find out the answer scientists set up the hamster wheel in a forest. and sure enough a fair few criticized showed up to enjoy a free workout. including

a slug though it's turned on the wheel may not have been intentional. we humans know it's healthy to exercise and work up a sweat is less well known is that because spy ring has evolutionary benefits. and pulls of. the sweat is flowing up to foreign leaders so no more that's a lot but it makes good sense from an evolutionary perspective the ability to sweat has been a huge advantage sick animals. many animals can run a human but at some point they have to stop so they don't overheat that's because they can't sweat. whether hunting or cleaning homosapiens doesn't need to take a break for that reason sweating cools him while running. this is how the body's

own airconditioner works. the brain constantly measures body temperature if it rises to high the brain sends a signal to the sweat glands in the floodgates and. as the sweat evaporates it draws heat out of the body and its temperature goes down. the kind of sweat glands that help control temperatures are called. there are $2.00 to $3000000.00 of them over the body what they secrete consists of water salts amino acids and but there is more to sweating that meets the eye. and you mentioned how. we humans have 2 different kinds of sweat gland. the other kind of the upper cream glands bringing into action when we are subjected to intense mental stress is a myth and this is developed over the course of evolution as a means of normal verbal communication and it is a way to exchange information without talking. in.

that's why we sweat when we're under pressure it not only cools the body in preparation for maybe having to flee that a cold sweat of fear also warns those around you. lance developed during puberty. consists of water salts proteins and odorous compounds with the signaling function . for it was a way to warn others of an approaching danger without having to shout or scream this evolved when we were still apes we could warn each other without making any noise. that someone. has moved on to look for our ancestors it was probably vital for survival nowadays inner cave man comes

out at the most inopportune moments. for example if you're nervous your hands and feet might get very sweaty that is or perhaps was an evolutionary advantage reading your body for flight moist hands and feet can have better traction when climbing or running. is a body care products invest lots of money and effort in trying to keep our hands and armpits both dry and fragrant. with very. deodorant supply to their armpits sit in a sauna and sweat into absorbent pads. specially trained sniffers that determine which deodorant is most effective. sweat doesn't smell when it's fresh. but our arm pits are home to lots of bacteria and it's the bacteria the trigger the release of odorous compounds. every person has their own special

bouquet of sense. because vets it forms they range from. overpowering to sweet so this is there's a broad spectrum of aromas spectrum which an immense way there tend to be more steroids they smell musky more like a wild boar. and women sweat is more onion or goat like that's because it contains more short changed fatty acids. deodorants target the bacteria antibacterial substances kill them and the purse prints inhibit the plants what production and perfume to cover up any residual odor that's considered unpleasant. only sweat confines stresses smelly. cooling sweat doesn't have any set but it does help to spread whatever sense you do. does he believe that it is and what we no longer have

much use in everyday life for this evolutionary inheritance this means of non-verbal communication with it's still academic research by psychologists has determined that fear based sweat still has an impact on others to this very day on this wise to ensure hoarder. if we do smell bad and the deodorant fails to disguise the pungent aroma then it's time for some soap and water to dissipate the traces of the caveman fear. the problem is right right auburn bottom even if it. did you have a science question you'd like us to answer. if we featured on the show and you'll get a little surprise from us as a thank you. come on just ask. for

more science stories check out our website d w dot com slash saw instead or look for us on twitter. that's all for now thanks for joining us on tomorrow today. we'll be back next week with more fascinating stories from the world of science and technology until then by.

have fun in joining. the capital city of north korea is reinventing itself but only a few people can enjoy the benefits. and insidious reward system coerces people into loyalty towards the regime and. those who don't make it into the fun the

trouble is live in poverty. have fun in china getting. 15 minutes on t w. what secrets lie behind these walls. discover new adventures in 360 degree. and explore fascinating world heritage sites. d w world heritage 316 get the map now. slap. them from people make fun about their own social economic and political problems. in mozambique we say that you have to watch so you don't write it's how people call me a daily problems. as

a journalist i often talk about this focus endowed by the less local she's an. actress fact made by kicking off of all those jokes finding out what people are talking about what is moving them. my father taught me how to ask and confront the book questions about my country and about to book that is why i keep going to this day my name's paddy self and. i work at the dappy. frankfurt. international gateway to the best connections road and rail. located in the heart of europe you are connected to the whole world. experience outstanding shopping and dining offers and try our services. biala gassed at

frankfurt airport city managed by for. life or bourbon this is the news the no in morning bright in myanmar leads to the arrest of its leaders and the military takeover on sons of cine and several other senior officials are reportedly thing held by the military communication lines have been shut down as we are not seeing a general place a state of emergency also coming up master tensions during another day of rage in

russia police crackdown on protesters demanding the release of jailed kremlin critic alexei the founding of a rest.