from politics to flash from the big blue tarp this is where they are. welcome to the 77 percent. this weekend b.t.w. . does this little guy want to tell us something. it's no wonder that we tend to humanize animals especially pets but we have a lot in common with other animals too. to separate fish for example. all round worms they want scientists call model organisms non-human species that are studied in the lab to help understand biological processes in humans. welcome to tomorrow today the science show on d w. i

just saw through them and then again as to commonly known as the fruit fly is another model organism it's small reproduces at a very rapid rate and roughly 60 percent of its genes can also be found in humans. and there's another similarity just like people fruit flies have a sick a d. and rhythm an internal biological clock that regulates their cycle of rest and activity. name the common food supply. habitat moyses deciduous forests and charm out of foster's laboratory at southern germany's university wrote a book the researchers go to uncover the fruit fly in secret they have an internal clock in their brains. the scientists here in but very

a want to find out just how this internal clock ticks. first cello to for us to use this carbon dioxide to knock out the fruit flies. in the test tubes are normal fruit flies with an internal clock and other genetically modified specimens whose internal clocks have been removed by researchers. are there any differences the scientists look for them in a dark room for external stimuli such as light can be shut out. of the normal through flies do indeed have a circadian rhythm with light or without the always awake and at the same time.

but the flies without an internal clock have no rhythm there or wait for 5 minutes then go to sleep for 5 minutes whether night or day. so. the researcher now wants to find out how this internal clock is structured by rendering it visible within the brain. a journey through the mind of a fruit fly. the bright green dots are the internal clock cells. entire networks in both brain hemispheres. here and pink dictate the rhythm they are connected and they communicate with each other. kind of fun to feel we can learn from fruit flies because their brain works very much like

our own. the big difference is that its structure is a bit simpler the internal clock for instance has just 150 cells whereas in humans it's 50000 so that's why we can take the internal clock apart more easily and also understand it in the fly and that's the m. . you know it just says it's. the next step experiments on live specimens. for this the fruit fly is fixed into place and its brain exposed. the fly is still alive and its brain remains intact. here the internal clock cells in green are busy at work and they set the pace or

issue commands such as time to get up for fly or fall asleep. mike what do the cells in our lives look like to find out researchers have plugged in individual cells an electrode on the left a cell on the right. this is what an active clock cell sounds like it fires off its commands. the internal clock determines the client's workaday the scientists want to find out when the insects have their meals for instance. on the menu sugar water dispensed by a thin syringes. and fast forward the syringes empty out fastest in the morning their most important meal the

flies seem to love a big breakfast. morning in general is their active period also when it comes to hatching. these pupae see no daylight and are blind to the red safelight under which the scientists performed their experiments. and yet they always had been the morning as the time lapse photography shows. and it makes sense. that had to flee the don't fly has to hold their head of itself once it's hatched during the daytime it can look for food it can look for a partner it can mate and they can lay eggs it's better if they hatch in the morning and come accomplish the most could be that will get eaten by a spider for if they were to has in the evening they have the night ahead of them during which they can't do anything at all it's much better for them to do it in

the morning some of. the fruit flies internal clock a crucial metronome for daily life. not only do people move by a schedule so do fruit flies. and so do other animals and while most of them sleep they don't all need the same amount. lions can sleep up to $20.00 a day. while giraffes only nod off for about 2. and migratory birds only nap for a few minutes mid-flight they sleep with only one hemisphere of the brain at a time allowing them to keep one eye open to watch out for potential threats it's the same with the whale only one half of its brain rests while the other half remains alert. there's still a lot to learn about animals and sleep scientists aren't even sure it's something that all species do but they do know that all creatures enjoy

a state of rest. but what about the way animals behave in their waking hours zoos are a good place to observe animals even if they're not quite the same as they counterparts in the wild zoos are often criticised for keeping animals in captivity but the best zoos actually ensure the survival that endangered species. and these days many conduct research into ways of keeping animals healthy and happy. this sewin southern germany wants to find out its much as possible about its animals the polar bears even help with the data collection. now don't come in here come no no come here that's right there used to come on come here yeah.

it's fantastic that's the boy no no no no mark today we want to shave your poor again and now i'd like you to give me your paw yeah it's great lovely. it to me and it's. just several times a week all kinds of things further is very important because we can analyze the his . and if you haven't heard it seemed. good he wrote this for example when we have the opportunity to get it made horses as you can see then you can also shave off the 1st to reach a vein. could if we get access to a blood vessel then we can take blood and do a blood test. we feel. today the norberg zookeepers shaving the polar bear it's for will be analyzed to gauge it stress levels all zoos that have what's

called protective contact with their animals train the creatures for medical diagnostic purposes here the testing is particularly painstaking. next year. i'm going to keep is do this job out of love interest and enthusiasm for the animals. we're more than happy to help if scientists are able to prove the animals are healthy and well that this is a system and isn't just based on what we feel. good it's hard not to treat you have the most like humans and if i mention it if research is come and say we've developed parameters that can help us to gauge with the animals are stressed or ill then we're glad to help with the training routine to it's fun. this is the 1st collect animal excrement as well as for laboratory testing it indicates how stressed the polar bear was

a day earlier. so all of just on the hind has developed a special procedure to find out how the polar bears in this in warfare and. over a period of 3 years she measured the levels of the stress hormone cortisol a metabolic product in samples of excrement from 6 polar bears. that come out and then you can see very clearly. here where the red arrow s. that there was a steep rise in courts is allowed. back when the poll about was transported from one zoo to another. after his arrival the levels return to a base level relatively quickly when the green arrows indicate days on which the pilot i was shaved. as of this post has been trained to have a move on to come out and you can see it here that there was no steep rise in cortisol in contrast to the mean much quite common in fact that sometimes.

for us humans as well as for the animals stress is completely natural but chronic stress can be dangerous. the research so far indicates that none of this is polar bears are suffering from chronic stress. but how much can an animal stress profile really tell us. as a snort than also i think the data is only meaningful when it's combined with other parameters for example behavioral observation of the men and of course the veterinary element what kind of physical shape is the animal and how fit is it for the whole picture you have to look at these factors to get. the harris revealed signs of stress over longer periods than experimental but not much is really known about polar bear here so the researchers are currently refining the assessment procedure. dolphins the nuremberg zoo is

a step further it's currently developing a procedure with more than 28 different parameters that help to measure animal wellbeing to magically the animals appearance is also taken into account. not just of that shipping behind the head. or off and there isn't a reamer around the years making them bend even with an inverter. 9 seats are getting really good. effect on that often dock 180 i have to check that again we will look in a minute. and do another way off. the experts are collecting data designed to be as objective as possible. you can send up to me followed by genny straight after every single animal is tricked regularly and a list of measurements is carefully worked through the aim is to reflect each creature's condition as precisely as possible. the data she even turns in decent

tool is this really contains every indicator every aspect that we think needs to be assessed. then we corroborate the information so that it can be objectively evaluated. the idea is that we proceed objectively step by step in assessing the state of health the behavior but also the emotional status of an animal. see almost stop us and that's really something relatively new that we don't like to evaluate. nuremberg is working together with 12 other european zoos that are all conducting the same tests. has been gathered on more than 100 different dolphins. have regular check ups the animals are weighed in and their eyes are examined.

i know at home ality to tell you that. the researchers also regularly document any new scratches and compare them with previous checkouts. these rake marks as they're called reveal quite a bit about a dolphins well being if you. missed it but isn't right mark you really need to take a close look at these right box is. there quite a lot of them or not at all both can be indicators of social behavior. dolphins are highly sociable animals and interactions are natural whether they are positive or sometimes negative and he's right mach's are very telling if an animal never has new scratches this can show that it's not part of the group it's isolated. position in the line and. you don't have an animal has lots of new scratches week after week of a months then that shows that something isn't quite right within the group social

structure or that the creature hasn't found its place in the group but on mr. health behavior social interactions every single piece of information is fed into the new program to help the researchers gain as clear a picture as possible about the dolphins well being. then i believe that we have the responsibility to do everything possible to make sure that the animals kept in zoos dr and if science can keep on providing us with new data this can help us improve the conditions they're being kept in but we should also use it to check whether our animals are well or not. the researchers hope to be able to assess wild animals with the same tools that would indicate for example how well they're coping with the increasing pressure on their natural habitats.

i think it really is at the zoo in nuremberg says to me seems pretty contains especially since the recent arrival of a new baby. the similarities between apes and humans are pretty striking. the viewer in gonna send him a question about that. how closely related we humans and chimpanzees. are very closely some 98.5 percent of our d.n.a. base pairs are identical based on average findings from a range of analytical methods. and our genetic match with gorillas is just one quarter of a percentage point less than that. around a turn has branched off from our common family tree earth or earlier but they still

share 97 percent of their d.n.a. with us so how do we explain the huge difference between humans and apes. some primates can scale trees in the rain forest. while another species exploits other planets. that human genome contains some 3000000000 base pairs of which just 40000000 differ from those of chimpanzees but this vital difference means that certain proteins in apes have other structures and possibly other functions in the body. but for all the differences there are also many similarities using tools to eat food with for example. chimpanzees use twigs to provide delicious ants from their nests. and chimps are emotional creatures researchers have even found similarities in the sound of their laughter and ours.

they understand symbols and can learn for example which one beats the other in a game of rock paper scissors. but chimpanzees will probably never be able to build computers although then again neither can most of us the famous primatologist jane goodall urges us to use our supposedly. superior intelligence to start protecting the habitats of our primate cousins and the planet as a whole. do animals exercise to find out the answer scientists set up the hamster wheel in a forest. and sure enough a fair few critters showed up to enjoy a free workout. including a smug though it's turned on the wheel may not have been intentional. we humans know it's healthy to exercise and work up

a sweat less well known is that perspiring has evolutionary benefits. but. pulls of. the sweat is flowing up to foreign leaders and no more that's a lot but it makes good sense from an evolutionary perspective the ability to sweat has been a huge advantage. many animals can outrun a human but at some point they have to stop so they don't overheat that's because they can't sweat. whether hunting or playing homo sapiens doesn't need to take a break for that reason sweating cools him while running. this is how the body's own airconditioner works and the brain constantly measures body temperature if it rises too high the brain sends

a signal to the sweat glands in the floodgates. as the sweat evaporates it draws heat out of the body and its temperature goes down the kind of sweat glands that help control temperatures are called. there are 2 to 3000000 of them all over the body what they secrete consists of water salts amino acids and. but there is more to sweating the needs. you mentioned. we humans have 2 different kinds of sweat gland. the other color into the upper cream glands bringing into action when we are subjected to intense mental stress is a myth and this is developed over the course of evolution as a means of normal verbal communication and it is a way to exchange information without talking. he didn't answer the call. that's why we sweat when we're under pressure it not only cools the body in

preparation for maybe having to flee that a cold sweat of fear also warns those around you. glands developed during puberty. consists of water salts proteins and compounds with the signaling function. that's what i mean toward a home for it was a way to warn others of an approaching danger without having to shell out all scream this evolved when we were still apes we could warn each other without making any noise. has nothing to do for our ancestors it was probably vital for survival nowadays our inner cave man comes out at the most inopportune moments. for example if you're nervous your hands and feet might get very sweaty that is or perhaps was an

evolutionary advantage reading your body for flight moist hands and feet can have better traction when climbing or money. manufacture is a body care products invest lots of money and effort in trying to keep our hands and armpits both dry and. with very. deodorant supply to their armpits sit in a sauna and sweat into absorbent pads. specially trained sniffers that determine which deodorant is most effective. sweat doesn't smell when it's fresh but our arm pits are home to lots of bacteria and it's the bacteria the trigger the release of odorous compounds. every person has their own special bouquet of sense. let's fix it for you but they range

from. overpowering to sweet so this is there's a broad spectrum of aromas which an. immense way there tend to be more steroids they smell musky more like a wild boar. and women sweat is more onion or goat like that's because it contains more shortchange fatty acids. deodorants target the bacteria antibacterial substances kill them. perseverance inhibit the plants what production and perfume to cover up any residual odor that's considered unpleasant. only sweat caused by stress is smelly. cooling sweat doesn't have any set but it does help to spread whatever sense you do them it. does if you listen to them we no longer have much use in everyday life for this evolutionary inheritance this means of nonverbal

communication with it's still academic research by psychologists has determined that fear based sweat still has an impact on others to this very day. this was to set your heart on a function that. if we do smell bad and the deal during fails to disguise the pungent aroma then it's time for some soap and water to dissipate the traces of the caveman fear. if outlook is right why are they bottom if i. do you have a science question you'd like us to answer. if we featured on the show and you'll get a little surprise from us as a thank you. come on just ask. for more science stories check out our website d.w. dot com slash science or look for us on twitter.

that's all for now thanks for joining us on tomorrow today. we'll be back next week with more fascinating stories from the world of science and technology until then by.

it's a symbol of failed refugee policies to make to move the more young refugee camp. it was planned to be a transit station yet people are stuck here often for years. trapped in the true moyle of european politics. who is to blame for the drama in moria. in 75 minutes on t w. every day counts for us and for our planet.

the ideas is on its way to bring you more conservation. how do we make see the screamer how can we protect habitats what to do with all our waste. we can make a difference by choosing smart new solutions overstrained said in our waste. good why do those limited series of includes 2000 on the do good and all mine. good good. of the more. candidates lose because you know war isn't love.

in this war smaller. movies lol good news mostly. slow news no love for the wicked. doesn't. work you see the birds are. a huge slew. her closely. a good news.

this is deja vu news coming to you live from berlin the military has ceased power in myanmar the army has declared a state of emergency and is taking control of the country government officials including defacto leader aung san suu kyi have been detained a number of countries are calling on the military to restore democracy immediately also coming up security forces crackdown on protesters in brusha trends of tiles and said taking to the streets in cities across the country to demand the release of jailed kremlin critic alexina bonnie.