out of europe you are connected to the world. experience outstanding shopping and dining offers and try our services. be our gast trend food airport city managed by from. the fool. this is news and these are our top stories russia has expelled diplomats from germany poland and sweden for attending protest in support of jailed kremlin critic alexina bani moscow says the 3 participated in a krone bali rally last month that had been ruled illegal by the russian government germany and other western governments have condemned the expulsions as unjustified . under the students and teachers have staged rallies against the recent

military coup in myanmar demonstrators in young going wore red ribbons in support of detained leader unsung suchi a civil disobedience movement has been growing since the military declared on monday it will take power for a year. delegates from libya's rival factions have elected an interim government to lead the country until elections in december businessman abdul hamid the baby will serve as prime minister and govern alongside a 3 member presidential council maybe it has been divided between rival governments of the countries west and east for over 5 years. this is the dublin news from berlin you can follow us on twitter and instagram at news and do visit our website it's d.w. dot com. that

is just 6 a great close harmony group from south africa more about them in a minute welcome to our culture also coming up today. it's known as the queen of instruments the organ is instruments of the year here germany. and that. souvenir the snow was actually invented accidentally over 120 years ago in vienna. 6 parts we begin with the acapella group just 6 based in johannesburg who've been wowing audiences with their distinctive harmonies for 10 years now at the moment like so many musicians the world over they are unable to

give live performances but seeing in close harmony isn't easy and requires a lot of practice that's why they still try and get together to rehearse when they can. find a carter as a singer in the capella group just 6 he's on his way to the 1st meet up this year the guy is just want to keep in touch. when it's a season. i did push on. crazy music. music is going to keep the seat you know. in the past 5 years or so have spent a lot of time to give us and we pretty much become like brothers so when we are separated from each other for a long time you kind of feel before you. own

some will have planned to celebrate its 10th anniversary with concerts abroad but covert going to put a stop to that. 2 of the singers were not able to attend the rehearsal jute to travel restrictions the hardest part for us as an artist general with corners there . because we need to have people you know filled up in a room like this one that we have here so we haven't been able to work consistently . better symes performance in south africa that was part of joint chevelle as campus project supporting cooperation between musicians from different parts of the world in 2019 just 6 and the all female groups e.l.o. from leipzig were the beneficiaries. the

2 groups worked on a program which they 1st performed in south africa and then in germany it was a great change in hearing what they do with them here you asked trying to put that together. the climax of the project was a performance from the german youth orchestra at the beethoven festival in vaughan we were even having plans of saying they're going to do 20 probably can meet again and do another tour somewhere else and in 2020 why and because that's what it looked like and then 2021000 happened and then everything just went sinking. and not being able to sing anymore it does affect you in a way because this is something you did if you think this is something that's a calling and it's something that gives you life. since the pandemic struck the

group members all have taken on supplementary jobs carter and most of his income from performing. now he's giving online piano lessons to make ends meet. we you know each person now is you know going to get into their savings and kind of depleting everything that they had even saved up so it's quite challenging. one of the group's members is still recovering from covert 19. suffered from cold it and it affected me you know mentally and physically i'm just grateful that i'm still here i can still sing in future when things open up. that's all for 6.

they really sing great harmonies it is the world's most imposing yet most versatile instrument the organ it has a range of up to 6 octaves some have as many as 5 keyboards and it can sound like a massive symphony orchestra one moment and the next accompany the quietest of prayers just in germany alone there are 50000 organs of all different shapes and sizes and here it is being named the instrument of the year 2021. and organist needs the right shoes and to focus mind and body playing the organ is a bit like a workout. the

organ is a larger than life experience a guru separate just possible transformation of the material in just hearing incased something like tone plus color. over time. the organ is the biggest the lowest the highest the loudest and quietest of instruments it consists of pipes bellows and keyboard the open dates back to ancient times during the middle ages monks started using openings in churches the instrument reflected god's omnipotence with its infinite seeming sounds skating heights above and beyond every day while. used to be a cultural manager but now he leads a very different blind he practices the organ every day it's like meditation and

exercise in the wall and he's fascinated by this instruments. if you touch a key on a piano it goes ping ping if you touch it here there's a current of wind which means that air is my material it's unbelievable the sound that unfolds. borish invited cameron carpenter to come to berlin from new york he's known for his over doc style he's one of the 1st organists in the world he also created his own digital organ. just walking to the console to this day feels fills me with

a kind of deep anticipation and excitement nervousness and a readiness as though i'm coming to the moment that i was made for. cameron has made it his mission to free the instrument from the shackles of religion. the idea that the organ comes from church is christian propaganda it's not only about playing the organ but also about expanding our idea of what the organ is which of course includes giving the organ identity outside of church and also in people's minds as being possible to be something other than only true. to its fans the organ is an instrument that lives. i'm certainly. always beginning again my my journey with the organ with this organ

is this and what's beautiful is that the organ is an instrument which doesn't just give itself to the player has to be conquered it's designed you feel like a conqueror when you sit down to play the old. vive and one for i know harder to just. now finally the organ is instrument of the year a crowning glory for the queen of instruments. right now there's lots of snow about here in the northern hemisphere and that leads me nicely on next subject the snow globe invented in 1800 in vienna by an enterprising surgical instrument mechanic called evin patsy it was in his kitchen rather than his workshop that he had his you rico moment the patsy family still makes no globes to this day with the same formula evan patsy discovered over

120 years ago. shouldn't shake a snow globe instead you have to turn it on its. head and wait until the snow sutton's then you turn it back over and it's not us. having patty the 3rd knows all the secrets about snow globes his grandfather having patsy the 1st conducted his initial experiments in this workshop indiana he was a mechanic of surgical instruments and an inventor using a glass bowl filled with water he was actually planning to enhance operating room lighting. think it was for the hot more than 120 years ago my grandfather invented the snow globe pure charm something the creature feels he happened to find some semolina in his mother's kitchen and he tossed some in the bowl of water and it soaked up the water and floated down to the bottom of the bowl

very slowly that he thought it looks like it's snowing in this glass bottles that's how the idea was born from the snow blower pretty quick. his grandfather found a miniature version of the basilica in memory at santa and austrian pilgrimage site he painted a pedestal with shoe polish and glued on the church setting it in a glass globe in 1900 he applied for a patent on the world's 1st snow globe the flakes fluttered down gently thanks to the viennese formula. yes meant for my father was the 1st to produce the mixture of snow that we used to the she began that's my secret so far i'm the only one who knows exactly how it's done ok directly next to the workshop is the family's own snow globe museum the uni's snow globe is a top export 3 former u.s. presidents have one on a shelf. like this snow globe for the obama family i think you gift given by

a resident of vienna on a visit to the white house the company presently starts more than 350 motifs. remember and. it's a tribute of perfect was. and that's been my world for over 14. cousy world only snow is. i leave you with some snow shoe arctic caliber the work of retired school master kim as a person who with the help of friends has been stomping around in the snow covered fields of all teria making magnificent geometric patterns. ringback

hey there i'm david and this is climate change brags it's sex. happiness increase books. this is the book for you. smarter birth free for you books and you to. imagine how many portions of old loves us turn out in the world of climate change the very awful story of faces one placing way photos one week. before it can really get. we still have time to ask i'm doing.

ever since the early days of humanity we have gazed in at the starry sky and asked what awaits us out that. technological progress has given us more than we could ever have dreamed yet with every step towards understanding and every frontino we cross the universe presents us with new mysteries. is undergoing this as a golden age for astronomy and our exploration of the universe it's never been so exciting but everything we learn tells us there's a lot more we don't know i guess got to design ways of looking which are open to virtually all. all sorts of things you have thought of how do you do that and how do you look for something it all. places a story about the search for the on known and about the people working to solve its mysteries it's safe to say that it's a success story because it will end with us all understanding our universe and its

wonders a little bit better. and all thanks to a short in conspicuous signal from the depths of space that found its way to earth at just the right moment a signal that made us strong numbers around the world sit up and listen. to it began with a drama of cosmic proportions at a distance of 1300000000 light years 2 black holes were spiraling toward one another each was many times more massive than our sun. finally they collided their vent was so violent that it released waves of enormous energy gravitational waves these then sped through space over

a way to us where they were detected in september 25th game. but we would have done is opened a new field of astronomy that's what's so important and we are now using gravitational waves and as looking at the universe of a completely new way as well as guns it was tremendously exciting for the 1st time we've heard the universe not just seen it in vogue it was definitely one of the discoveries of the century and. the sensational discovery took place in the east of washington state in the u.s. the desert area is home to one of 2 american gravitational. wave detectors called ly go it shaped like the letter l. with kilometer long arms it was these arms and the laser beams inside them that enabled the signal to be detected in 2015. david shoemaker helped

build my go the visitor's does giving us a rare glimpse inside the heart of what is arguably the world's most sensitive measuring device. work inside one of the being to cover which is where the laser of light travels to detect gravitational radiation the thing we're looking at right here is the being tube itself it's about a metre in diameter and it's made at the same the steel credit way about 4 millimeters thick but the idea is to have an extremely good vacuum so when the laser light travels along the 4 kilometers it's not just her by any hair. in technical terms it's called a laser interferometer each of the detectors arms is exactly 4 kilometers long where they meet a laser beam and splits and shot down both arms simultaneously it functions a bit like a gigantic ruler. the past laser light along the

trail to measure the distance very precisely between 2 mirrors that are 4 kilometers apart and very precisely i mean 2.0000000000000001 of a meter and if any molecules of air pass through that being and causes a very small shift in the distance what we're doing inside these tubes is removing all of that air so that effect is at a completely that logical level for the measurements that we need to make and the only thing that should change the path length between these 2 mirrors is a passive gravitational way. but how can this giant laser ruler on earth pick up signals from. deep in space. the answer lies in the nature of the signals. as the 2 black home spun around each other faster and faster and eventually merged the energy waves that were triggered was so enormous that they changed the space

around them. very similar to what a way what a wave is transfers meaning it does it's up and down motion of the water perpendicular the direction in which it moves it's very much the same except in this case at go it stretches space in one direction in which it moves but and then a contract space in the other and that vor all reverses for a while it's extraction space this way contract in space have a little bit later it's compressing paste this way and stretching space advocates alternating between those 2 things you don't need any more than that to understand what how you detect the waves and or what they really are. for 1300000000 years these gravitational waves traveled through space before reaching. here to they compressed and stretched spanx. we could notice the change but the detector could for a brief instant the waves change the length of light goes arms. as

a gravitational wave passes it squeezes a star and stretches this arm and then squeezes the strawman stretches this far what we do is we measure the time for the light to take this path 1st of the time to take this path and we see if there is a difference it could be to program iteration a way the detector is so sensitive that even the smallest of earth quakes is registered as a signal in the line go control room. even from the far away beach is displayed here. all these to rest real disturbances make isolating a signal that's actually coming from space a huge challenge for the scientists. at the beginning of the existence of these 2 objects they're turning around each other extremely slowly telling us of years of 1st person or so but by the time they get

into a frequency range where our instruments are sensitive and we can get above the frequencies where seismic noise is completely gone for us and they're already into this range which is close to human hearing so something like look that's the kind of sound that you get if you take this of electrical signal and you put it through an apple fire and to a loud speaker the ever required to pick up that tiny whoop is enormous but the payback is what such signals can tell us about because most gravitational waves allow us to explore parts of the universe that no telescope or space probe could ever reach simply teach us about the great. dommage how many shots don't they give us the chance to hear from the dark side of

the universe is ago and we now know that over 99 percent of the universe is dark for you and will probably never be detectable with any kind of electromagnetic waves but we also know that everything is subject to gravity and any object subject to gravity that moves makes gravitational waves or. emerging black holes colliding neutron stars stars that explode into supernovas for more violence the events and the more massive the objects involved the stronger the gravitational waves they generate. black holes are so massive that they devour everything that approaches to collapse so when 2 of them come light a gigantic amount of energy is released the gravitational waves carry information about such cosmic events out into space and once they're on their way nothing in the universe can stop them. it doesn't matter whether there is dust there or it

doesn't matter if there's radiating plasma there we look right through it that's what that means we can look through everything we may even look at the very moment that the universe god created that may happen not now probably 30 years from now we will be able to do experiments that that look at the gravitational radiation that came from the instant. that the universe got born in the big bang. there is no greater cosmic event from the birth of the universe itself gravitational waves could be the key to finally understanding the big bang. no wonder that scientists have dreamed for decades about one day being able to measure these way. the drama of the whole thing really starts in 1015 with all albert albert einstein who had come up with this new theory of

gravity which was now as a name called general relativity. albert einstein is probably the most famous physicist in history with his research in revolutionized the concept of universal physical laws one of einstein's greatest contributions was a completely new way of viewing gravity. now is the fact of kind of tough according to einstein gravity isn't a force it's a property of space it arises from the fact that everything makes little dents in space everything else then moves through this curved space and through these depressions take the moon for example or the moon is always moving around the earth in a sort of groove you can't imagine it in 4 dimensions but take something a lastic like a rubber sheet last a sheet of all what the earth on it and it makes a depression the moon is always rolling around like a roulette ball in this depression is a. ringback ringback greater an object's mass the bigger the dent it makes in space

in other words the bigger its gravitational field according to einstein if these objects are accelerated to high speeds it should create waves of curvature is in the fabric of space. the faces there is predicted the existence of gravitational waves more than 100 years ago. but einstein never quite trusted the theory that it's clear he changed his mind at least 5 times throughout his life over whether gravitational waves existed at all why because he did what a good scientist does after he made the theory he sat down and put numbers the he put in for the masses he knew and how many there were and what happened he found out that it would be such a tiny little infinitesimal effect at the gravitational waves make that it will never play a role in physics. a computer model shows just how small the effect is take an

atom one of the world's tiny building blocks. then zoom in to observe a proton in its nucleus an even smaller unit. only on that scale can you see the spatial bending coast by a passing gravitational. manhattan you simply didn't have the means to detect something like that 100 years ago when i predicted gravitational waves as the technology only came half a century later and even then it took another half century and till we could actually measure such small changes and now it's almost routine 1st latina. it's precisely this technology that is being researched by the mox planck society at the albert einstein institute in hanover it's the rector cost and dance man is

$1.00 of the leading gravitational wave researchers in germany. together with an international team of scientists he developed a laser system that's at the heart of the u.s. why go detectors it was key to the successful gravitational wave measurements in 2015. the lasers were tested in the countryside a few kilometers outside hanover. there says the geo $600.00 germany's only gravitational wave detector. with an arm length of 600 meters it's much smaller than its american counterparts but it still cost in dance months pride and joy back in the 1990 s. he campaigns for the construction of the laser interferometer here today geo 600 is one of the most important testing stations in this research field. the the interferometers with arms is several kilometers long just sit there and listen you

can't think or with them or at least it's done as little as possible but if you want to develop things you have to constantly tweak the instruments installment of you that's why you need something like this and then if it all works convincingly that the technology is transferred and incorporated into the big data detectors aboard. there's a unique atmosphere here at the site. from the outside the detector appears plain and in conspicuous like an ordinary installation there's little hint of the impressive things it's capable of the stand your show you stand here looking across the fields as the sun is shining it's very peaceful then you imagine how out in the universe 2 black holes have collided with each other and then a 1000000000 years later the signal arrives here you don't notice anything but the space under your feet trembles and our instruments buried in the ground registers

in order that's a great feeling. 100 years that went down for this moment whatever come. in for nearly the 1st half of that time it was believed to be technically impossible. that began to change in the late 1950 s. . what happened is a people began to look at the einstein 30 all over again and they went to the statement that einstein had said look this is impossible to measure and they realized no maybe it's not the technology had changed. one of the then new technologies now looks like a prop from an old science fiction film. but this is actually the world's 1st attempt at building

a gravitational wave detector. operators was invented by physicist joseph weber at the university of maryland. who was a favor with joseph weber was both a pioneer and in the end maybe quite a tragic figure he certainly led the way in experimental gravitational wave research anywhere in the world and the idea that he had was to. you look at what a gravitational well does to a great big piece of metal like a huge bar huge piece of metal and what it does to that metal and the gravitational wave comes along it stretches it a little bit or not and then it's gone again at the blog continues to vibrate just like a bell keeps resenting after it's been struck or that migration was what he wanted was attacked rising. in theory it was a brilliant idea but in practice it proved to be a major challenge for webb and his team for the cylinder to be sensitive enough to

detect gravitational waves its atoms had to be frozen into a state of almost complete rest so the team built the device in a vacuum chamber and cooled it down. in the 1960 s. several such gravitational wave antennas later known as web os were built according to this principle we have a new need several independent measurements to prove that he's experiment worked as planned. and then came the miracle. and what he began to see was something that was were actually world shaking absolutely world shaking and by 969 he published a paper saying that he had discovered gravitational waves. that's a fact the guns are making it was met with a lot of skepticism theoreticians soon realized that

a signals were actually far too strong so if the sources were so intense that he could detect them with his weber bar than most of our milky way would have been destroyed by gravitational waves long ago with that kind of energy so it only took a glance at the night sky to know everything was still hunky dory with a milky way but weber's work had an impact as far as go for it also wasn't immediately clear that he was wrong if you are going after people began to wonder how strong such gravitational waves could actually be caught at the time it was all unknown so researchers began to duplicate these experiments to try to verify them severely if it's. news of weapons supposed success also reached the max planck society in germany at the institute for astrophysics outside munich they did. sided to reproduce the cell in the experiment and they had just the right person for the job experimental physicist heinz baling the only thing was he didn't really have

much experience with astrophysics. billing help making computers. and do innovations with computers that allowed the people in the astrophysics sensitive there to be able to make large scale computations in astrophysics and spelling was a pioneer at a time when computers don't so copy entire rooms his achievements in the field of electronics were groundbreaking. and he was known as a rigorous experimenter. belling was born in the town of sounds fatal in northern germany he was a year old when stein published his general theory of relativity. even as a boy billing was fascinated by einstein's ideas at school he was nicknamed meister because of his math skills he seems to have been born with

a talent for invention and innovation. the electronics acts but enthusiastically took on a proposal to repeat weber's experiment the chance of proving einstein's theory was incentive enough one of the people he recruited for his team was a young physicist from atlanta. just beneath that's me over here valve having clear now in his seventy's learned about the planned experiment in an unusual way. this one i was in the 3rd there was an announcement in the newspaper as i'd already started a doctorate and alexander funk i like came home and my wife said look if they're looking for someone to help measure gravitational waves i saw the article and

immediately i was electrified her father lived. in a band and his doctoral thesis deciding instead to pioneer research into gravity. with hines filling. in the 2 scientists began to build their own resonant santana based on the web on design. but they were much much better than whatever they were super technicians and fact that's the key thing to the building group they were solid engineering 1st physicists and they didn't cut corners they knew exactly what they were doing. we were really meticulous in carrying out the weber experiment we improved the amplifiers and other things and filling oversaw it all he was reliable everything

he did was done right that's how we went through with it it's who. despite their different personalities billing and weber had a friendly relationship. the american physicist even willingly shared his research with the germans. was not the most thorough experiment he was a very imaginative man and certainly one of the people originated the field and should get a lot of credit for that but as far as being a super. experimental scientist he was not as good as these people. together with an italian institute and building built to separate resonant santana's and improve the instruments as best they could then they began their measurements for 3 years they used the cylinders to listen to space they hoped to pick up the longed for gravitational waves and confirm the unbelievable but the

result was sobering. they saw nothing they could answer with absolute certainty that they saw nothing it wasn't ambiguous they said the chance of us seeing something or this thing being a gravitational wave is one in a 1000000000 we have on the we were the only ones in the world to do this sort of experiment with clearly better measurements than webber's and we found nothing we thank you for so we came up with the best proof that weber's process did not exist exist yet. joseph weber had been mistaken it was a realisation he was never able to cope with. the search for the are known which had begun with such high hopes now appeared to have failed.

the purity of other theoreticians were satisfied that their world view was safe and sound once again but it's a bit depressing for the experimenters but it's what you've built up something worked hard and probably for nothing for the good off keep in hand the director of the institute at the time said building get the best job of not proving gravitational waves but the question was what to do next. what i didn't know in munich was that across the atlantic. a completely new idea was gaining momentum. cambridge massachusetts near boston is home to the elite massachusetts institute of technology mit. and here in the early 1970 s. a new hope was germinating in the field of gravitational wave research it was

thanks to the simple force experiments of a young professor named rhino weiss the students asked me about the weber experiments i didn't understand the weber experiments so i cooked up a technique where you could do the following to free floating masses in space what you do is you take a light start from one of these masses put a clock on this one and when it sends a light beam to this one you put a clock and stop the clock here then you send the light came back again and look at the clock over here and you look at the time it takes for the light to go from here to there and back again and you write it down and then a gravitational wave comes along and makes a slight difference in the length and you do the same experiment over and you'll find out the different time they are as the invention of a detector ok big deal. captivated by the idea why stu sided to spend

a summer doing the calculations to see if his thought experiments could be turned into a real one. and so my amazement about time i got done. it looked to me like yeah if you made it big enough and you made it with 2 legs so you had one pair one pair of masses this way another pair of basses that way and so on l. you could compare one where it's shrinking on the side expanding on the outside you could compare the north south leg with the east west leg and you could actually do the experiment and you need only add one thing you need it you need to make it long big. there was just one big problem weiss didn't have the money for such an experiment at the time he was doing research for the american military but with the us fighting the vietnam war i had no interest in an exotic search for gravitational

waves eventually he managed to submit his idea to a civil organization the national science foundation. he had no idea that the solution to his problem would come from a well known figure in munich. what happened was the people at the national science foundation sent my proposal to billing he saw it and it looked attractive to him he thought it was a good idea that tells me that you know he was thinking straight. and so he does what any real rational person would do we called me up and he said that sounds like an interesting idea you're proposing would you mind if we worked on that i said no how could i mine as a scientific member of the max planck society hunt's billing was free to pursue whatever research he chose $975.00 together with. the handful of new colleagues he sent to work once again the team designed the 1st laser

interferometer the forerunner of the light go to taxpayers and a cornerstone of modern gravitational wave research but at the time laser technology was still in its infancy yard and tiny are we had no idea about lasers it was all completely new territory but we started with a small interferometer with dimensions of around 10 centimeters that was the 1st interferometer we looked at what signals were there then we made a 3 metre long one and then a 30 meter long one again the federal meter on the leash to really cut out all the problems that came along and. we figured out the things we had to watch for in order to measure it as sensitively as was theoretically possible from principia nucleus. for years finkler and his colleagues tinkered with prototypes that were considerably more complex than webber's element him cylinder. they

made constant improvements to the laser vacuum and mirror system. billings project grew and with it the hope that they might after all confirm einstein's hypothesis of the existence of gravitational waves. they discovered not only that the idea was good but also discovered a lot of things that i hadn't thought about and not thought of. problems that i had not thought of in my description of how this might work and they made significant creative advances in the whole idea of doing this. the laser interferometer would be heinz billings final research project. he retired in 1982 at the age of 68.