you're watching news stay tuned for g. davies covidien $1000.00 special next where you will learn all you need to know about vaccines and how they work stay tuned for that in america always get the latest news around the clock on our web site that's dot com or you can follow us on twitter to graham at. n.p.r. richardson in berlin for me an entire team thanks so much for watching. the phone against the coronavirus pandemic. has the rate of infection been developing what does the latest research say. information and context around a virus update. on t w. how does a virus spread. why do we panic and. try to do through the tactics and the weekly radio. if you like and the

information on the crawl of virus or any other science topic you should really check out our podcast you can get it wherever you get your podcast you can also find us at dot com slash science. vaccines have saved millions of lives in the pos entry. put out there the best way out of this crisis but there are exciting new prospects waiting in the wings. the practice of backs and aging dates back thousands of years through private spines touted cowpox and fearless scientists today. and r.n.a. technology have been instrumental in finding covert 19 and another technique could give. d.n.a.

based vaccines the beauty is that scientists can design the mona computer in a matter of hours but people are worried about their own d.n.a. being altered italy is said to stop trials of a vaccine based on a d.n.a. fragment next month its drug regulator having approved the coated backs in occupation more in the safety issue when a bit 1st a little history lesson. as early as the 10th century in china secretions from smallpox past jewels were dried and rubbed into superficial scratches in a skin or inhaled this is considered the 1st inoculation using attenuated pathogens to cause a reaction by the immune system. in the 770 english physician edward jenner discovered that people infected with cowpox which was relatively harmless did not contract the much more deadly smallpox disease. in 1796 he

vaccinated an 8 year old boy with past from the milkmaids cowpox lesions 6 weeks later the boy proved to be. the name vaccine from vaca the latin word for cow. originally vaccines were based on injecting or administering small doses of attenuated live or dead viruses into the body the immune system that attacked them and created antibodies and subsequently an immunity. with more complex viruses such as sars kovi to around about method is necessary. that's why research teams try to produce only certain fragments of one viral protein the spike protein which when safely introduced to the body would stimulate an immune response. genetically manipulated d.n.a. and r.n.a. vaccines are also being tested here the body produces

a protein by itself that triggers an immune reaction. and another possibility is the viral director vaccine in this case a harmless virus is disguised as the sars kovi to virus the immune system responds and remembers the characteristics. of. side effects of the acts and nations are usually limited to a bit of swelling or mild symptoms for a few days permanent vaccine damage occurs in very few of those vaccinated and the belief that vaccinations lead to autism has been disproven by many studies. is a professor of the role of ji at the university of pisa just for the record d.n.a. vaccines good alarm bells ringing for some people just how safe are they. but actually it has been a lot of studies meanwhile and what you say it surprisingly they found very little

integration some studies just found ciro of it or slowly 'd fog clearly found the d.n.a. in the organisms so apparently they seem to be safe but apart from the close to 0 result i mean is there is there something to be concerned about that why are you always have to keep an eye on that that's for sure and this is why there's all these safety studies after the vaccine has been rolled out is just absurd for a long long term effects if you want and you there's nothing in biology there's nothing you can explain to 100 percent but just to keep that in a perspective of vaccines like if you use a d.n.a. virus vector is in fact already you know boxy in it's just enclosed in a virus shell but from the point on when and how it has entered the cell it's basically the same as a teen a vaccine and i guess we can't be 100 percent yet because they don't ready for

humans they're being tested on animals yes correct yes to owner of oxys art and to time. what sort of animals and what sort of results have been achieved it. well one is for horses about west nile virus and the other as for solomon it's called infectious him what a poor way to connect crosas virus which is the route of viruses related to rabies basically. in both cases they found them to be safe and efficient this is why they are license until you can can give them as a vet so it apparently does seems sorry i was just going to say the safe and efficient and a proven quite successful why our d.n.a. vaccines lagging behind other sorts of vaccines that. i think exactly because of the concerns you just expressed and these are relaxed concerns

no doubt about this and they have to be checked on and on but safety is always doing all those clinical studies the 1st issue the 1st thing to be checked rather than efficiency that comes later on. as i said so far seems to be ok but the other ones are most of them apart from the messenger r.n.a. vaccines are like established platforms all you had to do was to put your favorite science coronavirus tool and a chair on it and let it express by your vector art and then off you go so that's easier because there's always there's over already plus license what seems on these platforms ok well let's compare the m.r.e. of a vaccines to the d.n.a. vaccines and how they both work the d.n.a. vaccine introduces genetic code of a piece of a virus like the spike protein for example into a person's cells. just like an m.r.i. in a vaccine but it then has to get into the nucleus where it's transcribed into an r.n.a.

which instructs the cell to produce the spike protein priming the immune system for the real virus so the d.n.a. has to get into the cell nucleus to make the m.r.i. and why not just take the m.r.i. in a vaccine in the 1st place well that's perfectly correct the only thing is simply messenger r.n.a. vaccines are much more expensive like 10 times as much at least so it's also a question of economy and d.n.a. is just very very simple to make very cheap to produce in you to mons it is something that the people are genuinely worried about though injecting that d.n.a. into the nucleus of their cells i mean could it common cells could it all to the genome. well it's fact if you have a vaccine you have to harm the cells to some extent because besides the expression

of the end you need to have a little interest to be set in order to an immune system so this is always goes hand in hand if you want and in fact what we do is we apply the d.n.a. as an electric shock so you get a little a little shock yes with a device it looks like a pistol it has certain amount of electrodes there's still it's parents how many there will be in the end and. after this initial shock that d.n.a. has entered the cell not necessarily the nucleus that will be the next step and will not happen in all of the cells but when cells are dividing the nucleus is solving actually and it's in the open and in truth kind of when the south is half divided form again and then this bust with d.n.a. is ending up in the nucleus you're making it sound better and better with the electric shock and piss to tell me how. videos of people they survive if.

they survive if only how a d.n.a. vaccine could actually deal with something like mean taisha which is on everyone's minds right now i think with a d.n.a. vaccine one is as flexible as with a message our new vaccine over the i don't know virus vector for example all you need is your new sequence either you insert if it's just one mutation you can insert it like by hand and then that everybody could do that in the lab but if it's more mutations all over the gene and you just exchange the whole routine but this is basically normal lab work not much of a problem if you heard from them on veba a professor of neurology at the university of cases thank you very much. gillikin thank you and let's get you over to our science correspondent there at williams he's been looking into your questions on the coronavirus. how does the

pfizer buy on tech maxine a lark. i've answered this before but the question is posed it again and again so i guess it's maybe time to go over the details again 2 of the vaccines that have now been widely approved one developed by biotech and pfizer and one produced by my dear no are what are called a messenger r.n.a. or m.r. and a vaccine now the technology behind them has been at the focus of a lot of research for decades but but this is the 1st time they've received widespread approval from health care authorities unlike vaccines based on traditional platforms of ones that for example use inactivated versions of the virus the biotech pfizer vaccine leads to an immune response of the body by delivering information in the form of a special molecule messenger r.n.a.

m.r. in name only kills are single stranded chains of what are called nucleotides that fulfill a very important function in cells they're kind of the blueprints for making proteins and act as messengers between a cells headquarters in the nucleus and it's protein building factories out in the side a possum and hence the name but the protein these new m.r. and they vaccines include for isn't a human one it's a protein made by the corona virus and when that m r n a is injected it causes your cells to begin making that viber all protein and that viral protein provokes an immune response just as if you caught covert 19 sending in the pretty simple. quick to produce more and a code molecules to make these complicated proteins and getting the body to do the work is a great solution to a complex problem and and there are high hopes that m.r.

any vaccines which seem to have finally come into the road. to revolutionize a range of fields in medicine. and keep sending in your questions to our you channel thanks for watching stay safe and see you again say. this speech go away doesn't leave any crumbs behind because there's enough plastic lying around in cheek town to one geo is cool enough. for cycling this is an eco brick you can't educate and when kids see the bigger picture they will think they think it over they live. on digital. everything online. the labor market completely digital at this

starbucks even much comes out of the printer. what about working from home an email here a child message there ones who call away from burnout more psychological hygiene or you'll get a remote telling off from the doctor maybe he needs more screen time is out of the question we have to turn back around it's really going to be good for me to enjoy. the 60 minutes d.w. . young german. and jewish. yes i'm jewish so why. does that mean. in daily life. and at school it isn't nice and we should not be given a special status but be completely normal ones and beyond this day don't know why

it's wrong that's the bad thing about anti semitism is 11 teenagers 11 stories. i'm jewish and so. german and jewish starts february 22nd on d w. one welcome to this week's episode of our environmental show up because i am somebody we know be here in camp a lot uganda you don't know this show is a production of china's t.v. in nigeria in germany and t.v. here in uganda but i don't know said law and i am with michael kors create a lens hello chris. i sound draw a big hello to all of us from me in lagos nigeria it's good to have you with us for

another edition of vironment show with a focus on africa here are some topics coming up today. why biker plus mixing the words oceans often make it honestly. new venture that's why giving up south africa's beaches. and punish auntie's sends leaves from the dreams of kids top cheese. but 1st we head to west and offer west songbirds from your rope like to spend the winter now millions of them migrate to senegal mauritania and for the south of landlocked walk in a fossil while the hobby to its increasingly on the threats from intensive farming steal a number of calls a vacation they still doing what they can to ensure migratory birds can still find a way to home in sub-saharan africa. with.

the fruits of the kodiak trees. tamari needs and a good place for enhanced. they've made a vast off season coupler a time the national park in south and booking a fossil office favorable even conditions for many species of bugs. nevertheless bought conservationists are concerned migratory bugs from western europe such as the kingfisher becoming increasingly rare. so all a very migratory bugs are indicators of the health of an environment today we can see there are fewer and fewer migratory birds here and this is clearly due to their determination of the nature of the hobby to. be. just a few kilometers away from the conservation area where they vastly is a thing of the past only show trees as far as the eye can see there was medics

industry tasks which she is driving up and farmers like a snuggle up profiting from meat book in a fossil is the wall 2nd biggest exporter of sheer mass which i used to make cooking oil and skin products called the idea of going to china is very profitable for us sometimes i sell mots but it on more with a bottle. but awareness is leading to a shift in practices now the farm was a starting to restore they destroyed the veracity and that begins with creating and the sort of the i'm a jew must run walk for a dutch engineer which is concerned with the survival of migratory birds to farmers how to make compost from their logical west including cow dung on easy as that is to play sufficient for tonight is a switch here insects an important food source for the buds. prosecutor pornographer regarded as one who said our goal is the protection of drugs but

unless the pharmacy direct financial benefits they aren't interested that's why we walked to include business aspects in the project. business reporter. nace former franken nanny has already been up for the 1st time for some time with them about how i save a lot of money every year on a patient and the food is much more vital now and we are all much healthier. the n.c.o. convinced him that it'll be better to live through standing in his food he now knows that in heavy rain the top senate doesn't wash away so easily the roots of the comments will tree hold the soil will. they want to send a water carrier not under their proper water from a mom i used to remove all their wishes and young trees on my fields now i practice what is called assisted natural wrist to ration it simple you cut back a week branches to help the stronger ones grow quickly into

a tree then it can flower for bees and other insects we truly are trapped by this. awful hole up with and of all bubbling a huge movies more. that's the idea behind a freak march complaint to teach farmers about keeping bees the shield from our denise nano also an extra money from the activities she already has a big heaping a spinster but is happy to have a fresher. how does one use a small car to come billy's home when is it time to harvest the honey nearly 30000 farmers have had training in the last year. that lupron object to fly fast objective is on an environmental level it's to create biodiversity because the bees pollinate fruit trees and trees in general so this bully nation will help the trees and in particular it will help me she

actually look at it in. d.c. i notice that the shia tree produced more fruit and thanks to a strong pollination i'm very happy to have the it is the one. although people will continue to plant sheer trees in the future they're more likely to live other to stand in a circle allowing more nature to develop and thrive. it's a prediction would give here in the shocking ever time experts have calculated that by 2050 plus to kill the oceans we 1st that is correct chris it is a horrifying respect and as if the effect of the debris on marine life would bother about summer solstice indeed take a look at. fill it up with michael but it would already be hard being on our own health let's take a look. what's on the menu plastic. bottle cap dim sum. or maybe some lego sushi sounds strange but that is roughly

equivalent to the amount of microscopic pieces of plastic that we in just over the course of a month 20 kilograms over the course of a lifetime. we do this by simply breathing and drinking water and eating fish the oceans and rivers in particular are full of my crap plastic says malcolm hudson a professor of environmental science he conducts research on the region pollution from plastic particles those plastic particles if you like a little time bombs waiting to break down small enough to agree absorbed by wildlife or by people and then potentially have harmful consequences. because plastic does not biodegrade it turns up everywhere flooding the beaches and choking marine fauna and flora plastic production has risen sharply over the past 50 years there are now over $400000000.00 tonnes worldwide per year smaller and smaller particles are created by wind and waves friction and sunlight is so small that they

could be absorbed into our blood through the stomach researchers see this as a danger to humans experiments with cell cultures already showing that large amounts of numbing particles can be toxic. what we can so i think with some certainty is if we carry on at the moment as we're going producing more and more plastic not managing the waste very well eventually falls where there are fresh shows acceded and there are harmful effects on the environment and potentially even on ourselves. the total impact on humans is not yet clear experts fear that the tiny particles could trigger immune reactions overly toxic substances into the body . just one more good argument to put an end to our love affair with plastic. that all sounds very warm and plastic can really mess up our world it is a bond for the animals and for us but i'm scared we won't be getting rid of these

anytime soon fortunately there are lots of people coming up will be trusting solutions to talk of the problem one of them comes from sapulpa and it is a pretty cool idea is that a regional way of getting rid of the micro plastics what to wait on on beaches. there's nothing in this knows you can't go. no item of plastic can escape the jaws of this giant vacuum team in crisscrosses using what's called the enviro buggy to collect rubbish littering cape town's beaches because a vacation is to works with the organization see the big picture which developed the prototype a couple of years ago every day an estimated 100000 tons of plastic a found in south africa's may need beaches that's

a lot to clean up according to crisscross the beach cleaner can even suck up the stick particles just one minute he says small a special cvs system separates the sand from the plastic then with a 100 people on the branch we weren't really making where we weren't making as much of an impact as we could regarding the micro plastics our best came about trying to make that micro plastic collection a lot more efficient and quicker process and these n.g.o.s recently joined forces with a local recycling company on the outskirts of cape town. to follow us sort out various items into recyclable materials some 20 people on shift every day even the rubbish not classified as recyclable can be put to good use. this is a make or break here so it's all the plastics that cannot be re-used the research purposes to recycle go into one of these. compressed as best they can and

used as a building material in local building projects and around the community. other initiatives start it's an early stage they concentrate on rivers the community of marina del gamma has funded a series of nets with different sizes to catch plastic along waterways before it gets to the ocean. peter ryan. a marine plastic researcher at the university of cape town estimates that between 60 percent and 90 percent of marine plastic on the beaches there's a rived via waterways like this one just standing here we can see all of this rubbish coming down the canal here this is the major source of litter that we're concerned about in an urban setting in south africa so poorly managed waste on land getting into waste water systems and being carried down into the sea and initiatives like this where we're actually intercepting this letter before it gets into the sea or starting to make

a significant difference. for the north in the townships outside johannesburg these volunteers are on employed locals there removing plastic wastes from literature apps positioned in the hand ups river. to man being charged explains that mountains of plastic that accumulates in the space of just 2 weeks. to start with the mates when they're in the rainy season drying structures from the ranch and in fact in the winter a lot of stuff gets. put up dumps and gunships and stuff sort of stuff that's washed down the red sea so it keeps on the whole summer but it will stop it's going to be trying to stop it. not only is the engineer working to feed the hang ups of waste is looking into some of the main contributors off the pollution and back at the ocean the micex if see the bigger picture encourages young people to get

involved studies in south africa have shown that on the clean up nearly 90 percent of the plastic leech in the beach east can be collected still even that is only a 1st step once we can teach them the dangers of many in plastics and they all think that they kill where they live and we'll try to stop that speed at the source so instead of. throwing things on the road outside on the beach will actually be allowed to dispose of anything properly. crisscrossed and his team currently operating the enviro body it's been already do the work of about 30 people the plan is to start producing the machine and ultimately return south africa's beaches to the once pristine condition. while those images remind us that we really need to keep up the fight against plastic should we all tend to throw away all too

much stuff that can actually be the site. you are absolutely right sandra kahlil silva from. this come up with a clever way for use in cooking or. in case marriage a one entrepreneur is seeking to clean up the environment one bar of soap at a time. tara very day is an ecological soul which carlos silver makes using vegetable oils green clay flower and other ingredients. he tries to source most of the ingredients locally. and was only. 8 years ago i started out producing so from cooking oil. could be used to wash dishes and later i began making this eco soap for people to use in the. silvas desire to help the environment motivation to move to producing

ecologically sustainable cosmetic products. everything we use ends up in the sewer which will then contaminate the rivers oceans and groundwater. silver has now also measured parts of the production process. even the machines he uses. made from recycled materials. he can now produce more bars in much less time. that if used to take me a town has to make a batch now it's only 3 a lot of the steps automated now. carlos silva hopes to sell his terra vegas soap on the international markets. then how about you if you're also doing your bit.