like these folks in a crater scientists can easily imagine the types of environments which were favorable to the formation of life on earth. yet there's a lot of hot water vapor we can hear the water but we can't see it. on the show we go to them like look at down over there. 4000000000 years ago the chemistry of life may well have begun in small puddles swept by a backwash book with deep with as many hypotheses about the origins of life suggests that that there were tides leaving little legs small ponds which let the organic molecules come together to maybe kick start life so maybe we needed both land and sea but the key for the call to not you see are. always go with the big danger

would have been too much water with just a little bit more water we'd have had deeper oceans maybe tens of thousands of meters deeper and we'd have had no land just one big ocean when it was no surface no interaction and no possibility of environments favorable to life if we can wonder if the fact that earth had just the right amount of water to have 70 percent oceans continents and then interactions was what made life possible but me that is . the ponds of hydrothermal springs provide an ideal environment in which the chemistry of life can get started water heat and chemical elements rising from under the surface to air not free media primitive earth was definitely chemistry and there level of dirty chemistry lab where you have a ball with lots of components all mixed up with a lot of changing of parameters and how conditioned it's time it to look will take on the show. pacific. hundreds of millions of years the

molecules mix together rearranging themselves in all possible combinations becoming ever more complex could this chemistry to finally produce life the chemical elements needed to be able to assemble in isolation from the outside environment. the cell membrane needed inventing. the c.e.o. within this one voice of bubble of grease and ellen things element in the poem that was the 1st and the visual and if it's split into 2 that was the 1st population as life began to go mostly. having only just come into existence the 1st life forms were still fragile they're only protection from the outside environment a thin membrane. yet they succeeded in developing their metabolism and specializing life could now diversify trying out multiple homes.

they love you so if you have to fly has diversified and honestly but from a single common ancestor maybe early on there were several has a ton of life but only once or i am not a moment of it i think you have painted this here we know this because despite the incredible diversity of our living i think that animals and plants and the enormous variety and diversity of microorganisms we all have characteristics that we share act i speak to some. one of us is just saying biochemical base not the same d.n.a. as genetic material and we're all based on the same cloete man thing. just pissed everything that's and bacteria fungus herbs whales or plants as the same stuff as us we're all related from bacteria to the most beautiful dresses debate to it and then they will be off.

i heard. all inhabitants of earth carry within them the traces of these shared ancient history for we all constructed from a limited number of identical basic ingredients and yet 4000000000 years ago of the building blocks were available on primitive earth. just wanted anything to do colegio rights came from bodies which broke up billions of years ago and it is near rights there were from 68 a mill acid we only used 24 g.'s good on. you i mean the 1st lifeforms chose these 20 amino acids for why those so it's probably just a question of chance to do a shot so. if a retired marine mission you can very well imagine a world in which living creatures are made up of 28 amino acids it will but not the same ones as us it wouldn't produce all the same lifeforms as hobgood they would be

very different movie so how can you feel. scientists come up against a serious problem when trying to work out how life 1st came into being 4000000000 years of plate tectonics have obliterated any trace of the 1st organisms. so they have to look elsewhere on a planet where conditions favorable to life did once exist and where traces of this distant past may still remain. set they can either black can if there's no plate tectonics on the surface of mars or at least a star very early they're good enough which means that at certain sites its entire history has been preserved going back a very long and highly after 4000000000 years after meowed and it. there

was certainly time for life to occur on months before the planet lost its atmosphere and any record of these beginnings could very well have been preserved under the surface. that satiates you mars had a youth very similar to earth which liquid water comets raining down organic matter and so on just like on earth and it's all the neat he said to them i'm sure special . going to him as i could you know if you know this but with the same ingredients from the space him out there might have been the same beginnings of difficult changes was on her 3rd just life also you know maybe on mars there were these 1st this is dangerous to like make the membrane of life i was structures like that this particular city player. definitely didn't leave studied the planet a lot and we realize that 3 and

a half to 4000000000 years ago mars had the conditions that it could have supported the beginning of flight if the he did actually just. that's where we found that the curiosity rover which has been on mars for 7 years now sit down and is still investigating it so that a crater it touched down in it which is 160 kilometers across again and used to be a lake of fresh water filled with fresh water this water was present for hundreds of millions of years old so it's possible that life appeared in that crater that you play about it and also cut to. exploring the former lakes of months these scientists are hoping to on so one of the main. questions of astronomy and biology is life a pretty ordinary phenomenon in the universe popping up wherever conditions are favorable or is it really a one off phenomenon that we have practically no hope of finding anywhere else but

on the earth's surface this is the crucial question which the next missions to explore the red planet's arid surface will attempt to answer even though for the last 40 years the history of the search for life on mars has been one long series of disappointments almost every 2 years we hear we found evidence of life but we haven't on marley's on us. these disappointments began with mariner 4 in 1965 as the probe called close to mass it sent back the 1st photographs of the surface to the consternation of the scientific community. the photos showed a dry and desert like planet. then it was the viking missions the 1st time scientific probes actually touched down on martian soil you know such as 1976 the viking which looked like worthwhile logical experiments looking for life on the surface of mars the results are negative gets if. you're so exposed to the

viking experiments we're actually looking for life on mars that would be the same as on earth that's a total illusion and it didn't work it got nowhere but in a desert it was a huge disappointment as the 1980s dawned not just the general public but scientists too were in through all to the then dominant idea in both cinema and literature that life that bounded beyond our planet that they were part of that was the 1st big shock shaking the dominant paradigm of that time which said that there was life everywhere including on mars. the failure of the viking missions called for a total rethink of how we should tackle the quest. and of extraterrestrial life bhaskar lhermitte take back your if you can just yet since mankind had been convinced for several centuries that there was life all over the universe and the solar system also people seriously thought that mars was the most likely to be favorable to life and you know it affected pre-sales issue took several setbacks in those experiments

before people realized that this idea that there was life everywhere and run its course of us if you did a few no food is only recently that space missions are sheltered that we should have a different approach and our missions of the planet mars the commission of a captain at my office. the next exploratory missions to mars won't be looking for a life now but rather the trace of life in the past. this is the objective of the ambitious european exo mars mission with its most bottle of our tree. name and we know mars well enough now to look specifically for things that have been preserved in the right context in zones favorable to life.

it's here ensuring that the gigantic 3 d. jigsaw puzzle of the european exo mars is being assembled it's a worthy challenge for the scientific community. from the control center ensure in caroling frisbie name will monitor the analyses of the martian soil carried out by the automatic large tree in the rover it's the 1st time a mission will be capable of analyzing samples from the neat the surface of mars. all 6 or less just surfaces bombarded by radiation which destroys them. tiriel nerves organic matter which would be the possible residue of a life or. fall under the. monsters atmosphere became too feeble to filled with the solar radiation that so palmful to life.

on clothes off by drilling down to meters we can get so much better preserved environments is clear it is more likely that the man with us we're looking for would be preserved his advice you'll do what he could all the chefs. looking for life on mars is in effect looking for our own orange juice will on earth that we don't know how it went from chemistry to biology it's the missing link exobiology that passage from chemistry to bio at your feet. push on must cause it's on mars through these experiments we find organic matter we can say that we're attracting the 1st stages of how life emerged on earth jeff in a very short ids of the.

earth fortunately underwent a very different history from bats with months our planet was able to hold on to its atmosphere and liquid water life continue to evolve inventing new forms. this white rock is testament to an up people that occurred 2500000000 years ago. in the oceans of development which change the entire history of life on earth a planet scale revolution brought about by microorganisms. we had beautiful to lead this rock was the history of our and the history of

biology it's evolution it's the amazing ability to transform matter and energy and it's fantastic and where the children of this type of microorganism this is our parent and i hate this art. these aren't just any rocks that biologist put it because your own lopez garcia and her team are here to study. these cow kariya structures the result of what was a brand new process using solar radiation as a source of energy astra matter lights constructed by complex microbial communities in particular cyanobacteria. skin onto i'm surrounded by fossils dramatic lives if this is a piece of living history man and i'm just shocked you can see the colonies of green cyanide bacteria that is slick typical color of chlorophyll growth of pigment essential for photosynthesis doesn't it. this great innovation

by cyanobacteria was their ability to manufacture their own food sugars from the 3 most abundant elements on primitive earth water carbon dioxide and sunlight this process of photosynthesis also produces a calc areas deposit which surrounds and protects the cyanobacteria allowing them to form colonies. look out. their lovely piece is growing real i'm going to go really really fast as. we have at least at least a 100 micrometers of growth per year maybe even $200.00. 250 it. has wonderful. so much all that did we were happy this morning because we found a colonization system as we placed here 5 years ago yes now colonized by microbial communities which produce these minerals in very quick grabs off the top it's about

a millimeter here told them which is from here much spear a to normal. 2.4000000000 years ago cyanobacteria benefited from an unexpected asset to help them colonize and dominate the earth's ecosystem photosynthesis produced a waste product oxygen which was poisonous to the 1st organisms on earth the sausage and released in great quantities into the atmosphere wreaked havoc on other primitive organisms leaving the field clear of the cyanobacteria. corner yolk season as oxygen was toxic for many other organisms and they impose themselves and certainly nations mission is on the 1st day and they learn to resist this toxic oxygen and then they colonized this new oxygen filled in the. in

the so much to everywhere from the oceans to lakes to unknowable sorts of surfaces on my hands on tina and. the cyanobacteria became the most abundant organisms on earth and their massive presence changed the planet. the atmosphere now contained oxygen and oxygen also provided life on earth with a new protective barrier. high up in the atmosphere ultraviolet radiation transformed oxygen into ozone and gave earth a vital shield the ozone layer. earth's surface was now protected from harmful ultra via. look radiation a new forms of life were free to evolve in the open air. where you can imagine i thought i could push through a memory is that when you see a picture of earth such as from a space station that you see how incredibly thin the protective atmosphere is here

remember at the far weaker this then film which was made by life itself over time and you realize to what extent all these particularities were essential not just for earth would you support for the life to which it is all but all of you. thanks to the cyanobacteria a fascinating self-perpetuating circle came into being. at 1st foster the

evolution of life but then with oxygen it was life that changed the earth making earth increasingly welcoming to the evolution of life. our planet started to look different becoming a green planet a planet the color of chlorophyll. see shannon with oxygen his role in releasing energy and enabling the release on lots of energy through chemical reaction and it's more useful for animals and probably lead to the evolution of a multi so. organisms are already fairly rare few years multicellular organisms then larger animals could now of all thanks to this new element essential to keeping these increasingly complex biological machines running

. neat features requiring a greater energy input like muscles a liver or a brain could now form. the old florentine with. evolution shaped our planet and its diversity evolution and life on earth into socio will. all. my ustream every i'm stunned by biological diversity of life is constantly evolving producing not just the parrot but all these forms of animals and plants that i see here in this hi mary for i cannot. vision my own call to us but i also realize how hard this world can be seen now

it's beautiful but it's a world of all of struggles between different types of organisms you don't get a smile if you can pump up water when i can see how darwin came up with his theory of natural selection that's really the lesson having come to places like this if you don't decide where you can see these selection mechanisms working all the time you can use more of this election law frazier. in our ecosystem is the culmination of a long dialogue between life and the environment a dialogue orchestrated by the. rules of evolution and how it is you could ask isn't even useful when individuals are almost identical they'll be in very circumstances and in the population of these individuals some will have a small particularities and this particularities may give them a competitive advantage for getting food or reproduce an exit and we do it well but

you sure it will reproduce faster and gradually supplant those the don't have the particularities. it's the environment that has selected the individuals best adapted to the current circumstances of course all that it is that. the environment itself was now modified by the biological activity of these individuals. evolution in fact is a constant back and forth between the environment and its inhabitants. in the men there's no purposeful direction it's not a straight line making evolution progress from bacteria to human a ons it does go from bacteria to us but also from bacteria to bacteria whishaw city evolution is a sort of fan going in every possible direction. evolution of stronger what is biologically possible i'm going to be. on there also move won't that we're in constant movement and this is what has created something absolutely unique that

should be more than just. the sees the rich dynamic that has been driving earth since its origins stimulated by the diversity of its environments and climates life is permanently inventing new solutions from one continent to another species evolved differently coming up with new strategies c.r. last year we read launched evolution since the origin of life would we get the same result on life probably not they say history repeats itself but it doesn't really know somethings are repeated here but history is always different it's the same what life by if we threw the dice again it's unlikely we'd get the same animals and plants. i think that we have to do more to found out all morning. evolution on earth is a coming together of the adaptations of genetics and the environment not environment which is itself the result of a long should session in chunks of dense seans multiplied by chance to. say

it's all this chance which is made earth unique in the. music was used and the ecosystems in which we find ourselves it's no desert sand or sea we won't find them anywhere else i. birthed ecosystem is the result of a random process the probability of evolution producing a similar result on another planet seems very weak and yet for the last 25 years astronomers have discovered countless planets in our galaxy they are now quite certain that around most stars there are planets the actual number of planets in the universe must be beyond our imagination. to put a lot of good monkey on this is the argument brought up to challenge this change of paradigm and you have been there are billions of galaxies all with billions of

planets that's true in the billions of billions is an infinity of them yell between us what they are the sun there are billions of people that were all different it's not about there being a billions of galaxies you think it's that in a probability terms billions of billions it may not be a big enough number for us to find an identical case when you know you don't teach . those 3 guys for that who would in any case if we do discover another life on it will be surprising and fundamentally different from life on earth. should i know my time i wouldn't expect to find a tree on another planet or an ecosystem identical to destroy on the sea if the life has occurred on other planets based on a similar chemistry i'm not even sure there. animals implying it is an annoyingly prompt. new cultural but. i don't imagine we could find our environment on another planet

said it's a complete illusion is could there be a planet big big my answer is very harsh there is no planet b. yeah but and it's criminal to say there is a sick feeling there's only one space ship with earth ecosystems and that's earthly closest and there will be no other. if you know about. her for around 4000000000 years earth has been home to a life of increasing diversity constantly inventing new strategies to survive cataclysms or changes in the environment. life always seems to be on the front foot as though determined to survive in one form or another. yet today it seems that this beautiful machine earth's ecosystem could well be stalling as a result of the depredations done to it by now own species. of 50 to 70 and we are part of the same biodiversity this ecosystem that if we destroy it back then that's

all part of this ecology in a deep way and will probably go extinct a surprise but we won't be the last time we'll go a long time before the bacteria live backwards as a leaf at the end of a branch which are billions of years off the same as all the bacteria all the trees all the plants and all the microorganisms on the planet of the me so we're just one more part of just biodiversity neck and nothing more than that get even. panic life .

bomb. to own. or not to own. what about assuring economist it. the change in thinking is changing the economy to create something new. the economics magazine in germany. 30 minutes w.

. into the conflict zone with 2 sebastian the 1st year didn't stop well for the european commission its rollout of the car that night to vaccines has been widely slammed those 2 little ones who likes my guess is we could also lose or the great commission moderated she lost to new initiative enough to silence the criticism of the commission on the show's use of encompasses conflicts of the for 90 minutes phone d.w. . every day counts for us and for our planet. global ideas is on its way to bring you more conservation law how do we make see the screen or how can we protect habitats what to do with all our waste.

we can make a difference by choosing smart new solutions overstrained said in our ways. google i do those limits a series of moves through thousands on w. this is news and these are our top stories. police have clashed with thousands of protesters in spain during demonstrations in support of rap artist public. it was jailed for insulting the monarchy and glorifying terrorism in his lyrics protesters in madrid and barcelona have been demanding his release officers deployed tear gas and 5 rubber bullets in an attempt to break up the protests. that are.