we can deduce the characteristics of the 1st living organisms. studying environments like these folks panic crater scientists can easily imagine the types of environments which were favorable to the formation of life on earth. yet there's a lot of hot water vapor or no don't know and we can hear the water but we can't see it. on the show we go to the lake look at down over there. 4000000000 years ago the chemistry of life may will have begun in small puddles swept by a backwash book with deep with as many hypotheses about the origins of life suggests that that there were tides leaving little lakes small ponds which let the organic molecules come together to maybe kick start life so maybe we needed both land and

sea but the key for the call to not you. want to call the scope of the big danger would have been too much water or do with just a little bit more water we'd have had deeper oceans maybe tens of thousands of meters deeper and we'd have had no land just one big ocean when it was no surface no interaction and no possibility of environments favorable to life. we can wonder if the fact that earth had just the right amount of water to have 70 percent oceans continents and then interactions was what made life possible for. the ponds of hydrothermal springs provide an ideal environment in which the chemistry of life can get started water heat and chemical elements rising from under the surface that they're not creamy to primitive earth was definitely a chemistry and level a dirty chemistry lab with the. lots of components all mixed up with

a lot of changing of parameters and condition it's a metal book will take on a show. for several hundreds of millions of years the molecules mixed together rearranging themselves in all possible combinations becoming ever more complex could this chemistry to finally produce life the chemical elements needed to be able to assemble in isolation from the outside environment. the cell membrane needed inventing. the c.e.o. within this one voice a bubble of grease and selling things element on the palm that was the 1st individual and if it's split into 2 that was the 1st population as life began to go mostly. having only just come into existence the 1st life forms were still fragile they're only protection from the outside environment a thin membrane. yet they succeeded in developing their metabolism and specializing

life could now diversify trying out multiple homes. they love you city vastly fly has diversified an enormously but from a single common ancestor maybe early on there were several has a time of life but only once or hajar not a moment of it. we know this because despite the incredible diversity of our living i think it can announce that plants and the enormous variety and diversity of microorganisms that we all have characteristics that we share act i speak to some comment. on a bus is just saying biochemical base that the same d.n.a. as genetic material and we are all based on the same cloten matter not for failing . to discus everything that's in bacteria fungus birds. whales are plants is the same stuff as us we're all related from bacteria to

the most beautiful dresses debate and activity off. all inhabitants of earth carry within them the traces of these shared ancient history for we all constructed from a limited number of identical basic ingredients and yet 4000000000 years ago the building blocks were available on primitive earth. just wanted anything he had to call meteorites came from bodies which broke up the lands of years ago it is near rights there were from 60 to 80 amino acids we only use 24 g.'s goes on and . the 1st lifeforms chose these 20 amino acids by those so it's probably just a question of chance to do

a shot so. if we retire munition you can very well imagine a world in which living where the chairs are made up of 28 amino acids it off but not the same ones as us it wouldn't produce all the same lifeforms as hybrid they would be very different movie so how can you feel. scientists come up against a serious problem when trying to work out how life 1st came into being. 4000000000 years of plate tectonics have obliterated any trace of the 1st organisms. so they have to look elsewhere on a planet where conditions favorable to life did once exist and where traces of this distant past may still remain. said they can in the black community there's no plate tectonics on the surface of mars or at least

a star very early there which means that at certain sites its entire history has been preserved going back a very long time after 4000000000 years old and. there was certainly time for life to occur on months before the planet lost its atmosphere and any record of these beginnings could very well have been preserved under the surface. that mars had to use as a very similar to earth which liquid water comets raining down organic matter and so on just like on earth and it's all got me into the man shows special. going to man's i had your feeling that this was the same ingredients from space there might have been the same beginnings of democrat changes which on earth produced life also you know maybe on mars there were these 1st these are dangerous to like making membranes of the structures like that district of the city.

definitely didn't leave studied the planet online and we realized that 3 and a half to 4000000000 years ago mars had the conditions that it could have supported the beginning of life. directions. that's where we've found that the curiosity rover which has been on mars for 7 years now sits there and is still investigating it so that a crater touchdown in which. 160 kilometers across used to be a lake of fresh water filled with fresh water this water was present for hundreds of millions of years old so it's possible that my wife appeared in that crater levee a plant that it would also cut to. exploring the former lakes of months these scientists are hoping to on so one of the major questions of astronomy and biology is life a pretty ordinary phenomenon in the universe popping up wherever conditions are

favorable or is it really a 10 phenomenon that we have practically no hope of finding anywhere else but on the earth's surface this is the crucial question which the next missions to explore the red planet's arid surface will attempt to answer even though for the last 40 years the history of the search for life on mars has been one long series of disappointments almost every 2 years we hear we found evidence of life but we haven't on mars is on us. these disappointments began with mariner 4 in 1965 as the probe called close to mass it sent back the 1st photographs of the surface to the consternation of the scientific community. the photos showed a dry and desert like planet then it was the viking missions the 1st time scientific probes actually touched down on martian soil i mean of since 1976 the

viking with charlton looked on life with my logical experiments question looking for life on the surface of mars the results are negative yet if. you're so exposed to the viking experiments we're actually looking for life on mars that would be the same as on earth as well that's a total illusion and it didn't work and it got nowhere but in either dark it was a huge disappointment as the 1980s dawned not just the general public but scientists to you. where in through to the then dominant idea in both cinema and literature that life the bounded beyond our planet said that upon me that was the 1st big shock shaking the dominant paradigm of that time which said that there was life everywhere including on mars. the failure of the viking missions called for a total rethink of how we should tackle the question of extraterrestrial life bhaskar limit to. the people just yet since mankind had been convinced for several

centuries that there was life all over the universe and the solar system also people seriously thought that mars was the most likely to be favorable to life and you know it affected pre-sales issue took several setbacks in those experiments before people realized that this idea that there was life everywhere and run its course and yes if you did a few no food is only recently that space missions have shown us that we should have a different approach and our missions of the planet mars. i think i've done that now for. the next exploratory missions to mars won't be looking for a life now but rather the trace of life in the past. this is the objective of the ambitious european exo mars mission with its mind boggling hartree. name and we know mars well enough now to let specifically for things that have been preserved

in the right context endzone favorable to life. it's here ensuring that the gigantic 3 puzzle of the european exo mars is being assembled it's a worthy challenge for the scientific community. from the control center ensure in caroling frisson they will monitor the analyses of the martian soil carried out by the automatic laborde tree in the rover it's the 1st time a mission will be capable of analyzing samples from beneath the surface of mars. all 6 or less just surfaces bombarded by radiation which destroys the material we're looking for such as organic matter which would be the possible residue of

a life or. falling to. mars as atmosphere became too feeble to filter the solar radiation that so from full to life. all close off by drilling down to meters we can get to a much better preserved environment it's clear it is more likely that the moment you was we're looking for would be preserved place that vessel the morning. looking for life on mars is in effect looking for our own origin as well on earth that we don't know how it went from chemistry to biology it's the missing link exobiology that passage from chemistry to bio at yoshi's. push on mox it's on mars through these experiments we find organic matter we can

say that we're attracting the 1st stages of how life in mars on earth jeff in a very good ideas of the. earth fortunately under winter very different history from bats with months out planet was able to hold on to its atmosphere and liquid water life continue to evolve inventing new forms. this white rock is testimony to an uphill evil that occurred 2500000000 years ago in the oceans a development which changed the entire history of life on earth a planet scale revolution proof about by microorganisms.

we had plants beautiful to me this rock was the history of our of the history of biology it's evolution it's the amazing ability to transform matter and energy and it's fantastic as were the children of this type of microorganism this is our parent and i hate this. these aren't just any rocks that biologist put it on lopez garcia and her team are here to study. these count kariya structures the result of what was a brand new process using solar radiation as a source of energy us dramatic lines constructed by complex microbial communities in particular cyanobacteria. skin onto i'm surrounded by fossils from adeline's if this is

a piece of living history man i like that i've just charmed that you can see the colonies of green messiah and i bacteria that is still a typical color of chlorophyll growth of pigment essential for photosynthesis family photos on to. this great innovation by cyanobacteria was their ability to manufacture their own food sugars from the 3 most abundant elements on primitive earth water carbon dioxide and sunlight this process of photosynthesis. also produces a cult carious deposit which surrounds and protects the cyanobacteria allowing them to form colonies. i don't doubt. that a lovely piece is going real really really fast as. we have at least they placed a 100 micro meters of growth per year maybe even $200.00 to $250.00. that's wonderful. so much on like that we were happy this morning because we found

a colonization system as we placed here 5 years ago yes now colonized by microbial communities which produce these minerals very quickly if you know off the top it's about a millimeter over years old on which it is huge much spirit if it did not move. 2.4000000000 years ago cyanobacteria benefited from an unexpected asset to help them colonize and dominate the earth's ecosystem photosynthesis produced a waste product oxygen which was poisonous to the 1st organisms on earth the sausage and released in great quantities into the atmosphere wreaked havoc on other primitive organisms leaving the field clear for the cyanobacteria. as oxygen was toxic for many other organisms and they imposed themselves and

certain the nations mission in the 1st year of a learn to resist this toxic oxygen and then they colonized this new oxygen field in the garden in the silmarillion to everywhere from the oceans to lakes rivers to allow all sorts of surfaces on my hands until 9. the cyanobacteria became the most abundant organisms on earth and their massive presence changed the planet. the atmosphere. now contained oxygen and oxygen also provided life on earth with a new protective barrier. high up in the atmosphere ultraviolet radiation transformed oxygen into ozone and gave earth a vital shield the ozone layer. earth's surface was now protected from harmful ultraviolet radiation and new forms of life were free to evolve in the open air.

where united at the high court 1st rule man created when you see a picture of earth such as from a space station that you see how incredibly thin the protective atmosphere is here remember this then film which was made by life itself over time and you realize to what extent all these particular areas were essential not just for earth would you support for the life to which it is already.

thanks to the cyanobacteria a fascinating self-perpetuating circle came into being. at 1st birth hopes foster the evolution of life but then with oxygen it was life that changed earth making earth increasingly welcoming to the evolution of life. our planet started to look different becoming a green planet a planet the color of chlorophyll. yokes you share now with oxygen his role in releasing energy and enabling the release sometime lots of energy through chemical reaction and it's more useful for animals and probably lead to the evolution of a multicellular organisms are already fairly rare few. years

multicellular organisms then larger animals could now a full thanks to this new element essential to keeping these increasingly complex biological machines running. neat features requiring a greater energy input like muscles a liver or a brain could now form. a new. evolution shaped our planet and its diversity evolution and life on earth into socio. by us remembering i'm stunned by biological diversity as life is constantly evolving i'm producing not just the parrot but all these forms of animals and plants that i see here is a list i'm sorry for asking to have

a. vision of on call to us but i also realize how hard this world can be so you know it's beautiful but it's a world full of struggles between different types of organisms you don't get a sure if you're compatible why that when i can see how darwin i came up with his theory of natural selection that's really the lesson having come to places like this if you don't decide where you can see these selection mechanisms work and all . the time you can use mark a cynic shong the age of. our ecosystem is the culmination of a long dialogue between life and the environment a dialogue orchestrated by the rules of evolution. and you could also easily be useful when individuals are almost identical they'll be in varied circumstances and

in the population of these individuals some will have a small particularity and this particularities may give them a competitive advantage for getting food or reproduce an exit and only deal with all but you sure it will reproduce faster and gradually supplant those that don't have the particularity the id it's the environment that has selected the individuals best adapted to the current circumstances of course all that i get is that. the environment itself was now modified by the biological activity of these individuals. evolution in fact is a constant back and forth between the environment and its inhabitants. in the men and there's no purposeful direction that it's not a straight line it in evolution progress from bacteria to human a ons it does go from bacteria to us but also from bacteria to bacteria whishaw such an evolution is a sort of fan going in every possible direction. evolution explores what is

biologically possible and your notion. on there was a move what we're in constant movement and this is what has created something absolutely unique that should be more than just. the seas the rich dynamic that has been driving earth since its origins stimulated by the diversity of its environments and climates life is permanently inventing new solutions from one continent to another species evolved differently coming up with news. strategy's c.r. last year we relaunched evolution since the origin of life if you would we get the same result on life probably not happy they say history repeats itself but it doesn't really know some things are repeated but history is always different on it's the same with life i feel if we threw the dice again it's unlikely that we'd get the same animals and plants that we have to get money from felt all morning.

evolution on earth is a coming together of the adaptations of genetics and the environment an environment which is itself the result of a lone succession and chance of bents chance multiplied by chance. see its all this chance which is made earth unique. lizzie and the ecosystems in which we find ourselves it's no desert sand or sea we won't find them anywhere else i. birthed ecosystem is the result of a random process the probability of evolution producing a similar result on another planet seems very weak and yet for the last 25 years astronomers have discovered countless planets in our galaxy they are now quite certain that around most stars there are planets the actual number of planets in the universe must be beyond our imagination. to put

a lot of the monkey on this is the argument brought up to challenge this change of paradigm and yet then there are billions of galaxies all with billions of planets that's true but billions of billions is an infinity of any yele between us what they are just and there are billions of people that were all different it's not about there being a billions of galaxies think it's that in a probability terms billions of billions may not be a big enough number for us to find an identical case when you know you don't teach . no ok because for the who in any case if we do discover another life it'll be surprising and fundamentally different from life on earth. should not come i wouldn't expect to find a tree on another planet or an ecosystem identical to destroy on the sand if life has occurred on other planets based on a similar chemistry i'm not even sure there would be animals implying it is an oily prompt.

look for soul but all these don't imagine we could find our environment on another planet it's a complete illusion is could there be a planet big big my answer is very harsh there is no planet b. bye and it's criminal to say there is the sea killing there's only one space ship with earth ecosystems and that's earth was just and there will be no other. they don't know about the old. for around 4000000000 years earth has been home to a life of increasing diversity constantly inventing new strategies to survive cataclysms or changes in the environment. life always seems to be on the front foot as though determined to survive in one form or another. yet today it seems that this beautiful machine ecosystem could well be stalling as

a result of the depredations done to it by now own species. of hypocrisy to sydney and we are part of the same biodiversity this ecosystem it if we destroy it back then that's all part of this ecology in a deep way and will probably go extinct but we won't be the last to go and we'll go a long time before the bacteria we're just a leaf at the end of a branch which billions of years all the same as all the bacteria all the trees all the plants and all the microorganisms on the planet after the game itself we're just one more part of his biodiversity nick and nothing more than an activity you have to. panic.

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jewish life in germany 20. 30. w. . they were forced into a nameless mass of. their bodies near jewels was. the history of the slave trade is africa's history. been a struggle for power and profit plummeted and entire continent into chaos and violence. this is the journey back into the history of slavery. i think will truly be making progress when we all accept the history of slavery as all of our history. our documentary

series slavery routes starts march 10th on t w. this is deja vu news live from berlin guilty twice kremlin critic aleksei novelli will stay behind bars. a court upholds the russian opposition leaders sentence for violating his parole and finds him guilty of defamation in a 2nd trial also coming up. u.s. president joe biden declares a major disaster in texas.