use of living straw man and i've just charmed you can see the colonies of green messiah and i bacteria that is still a typical color of chlorophyll the pigment essential for photosynthesis. this great innovation by cyanobacteria was their ability to manufacture their own food sugars from the 3 most abundant elements on primitive earth water carbon dioxide and sunlight this process of photosynthesis also produces a cow carious deposit which surrounds and protects the cyanobacteria allowing them to form colonies. no doubt. but a lovely piece is growing real i'm going really really fast as. we have at least at least a 100 micro meters of growth per year maybe even $200.00 to $250.00. pound past wonderful wow. so much on that day we were happy this morning because we found

a column the station systems we placed here 5 years ago yes now colonized by microbial communities which produce these minerals in very quick wraps off the top is about a millimeter prepared all of them which is huge skew it did not move. 2.4000000000 years ago cyanobacteria benefited from an unexpected asset to help them colonize and dominate earth's ecosystem photosynthesis produced a waste product oxygen which was poisonous to the 1st organisms on earth these oxygen released in great quantities into the atmosphere wreaked havoc on other primitive organisms leaving the field clear for the cyanobacteria. home relaxation as oxygen was toxic for many other organisms they impose.

themselves and certain initiatives. on the 1st day of a learn to resist this toxic oxygen and then they colonized this new oxygen field in the virus you know in this film i do it everywhere from the oceans young to lakes to unknown sorts of surfaces on my hands until 9. the cyanobacteria became the most abundant organisms on earth and their massive presence changed the planet. the atmosphere now contained oxygen and oxygen also provided life on earth with a new protective barrier. high up in the atmosphere ultraviolet radiation transformed oxygen into ozone and gave earth a vital shield the only zone land. earth's surface was now protected from harmful ultraviolet radiation a new forms of life were free to evolve in the open air. where

you know i was there that that i called for here a member is that when you see a picture of earth such as from a space station that you see how incredibly thin the protective atmosphere is here remember at the fair we face then film which was made by life itself over time and you realize to what extent all these particular areas were essential not just for earth anybody short for the life to which it is all that all of you go.

thanks to the cyanobacteria a fascinating self-perpetuating circle came into being. at 1st hoped foster the evolution of life but then with oxygen it was life that changed the earth making earth increasingly welcoming to the evolution of life. our planet started to look different becoming a green planet a planet the color of chlorophyll. yokes you share now with oxygen his role in releasing energy and they building the release of our lots of energy through chemical reaction and it's more useful for animals and probably lead to the evolution of a multicellular organisms already fairly rare for us multicellular organisms then larger animals could now of old thanks to this new

element essential to keeping these increasingly complex biological machines running . new features requiring a greater energy input like muscles a liver or a brain could now form. in. evolution shaped our planet and its diversity evolution and life on earth into socio bull. by us remember i'm stunned by biological diversity. of life is constantly evolving and producing not just the pair of the whole but all these forms of animals and plants that i see here is an issue primary for i can amah.

vision my uncle to us but i also realized how hard this world can be so you know it's beautiful but it's a world full of struggles between different types of organisms you don't get a nice meal if you're white and when i can see how darwin came up with his theory of natural selection having come to places like this you should understand where you can see these selection mechanisms working all the time we can use more the cynic sean thank you. our ecosystem is the culmination of a long dialogue between life and the environment a dialogue orchestrated by the rules of evolution. and you could also easily be useful prey when individuals are almost identical will be in various circumstances

and in the population of these individuals some will have a small particularity and this particularities may give them a competitive advantage for getting food or reproduce next year and we do well but you sure it will reproduce faster and gradually supplant those that don't have the particularity. it's the environment that has selected the individuals best adapted to the current circumstances was of course on the ticket is that. the environment itself was now modified by the biological activity of these individuals. evolution in fact is a constant back and forth between the environment and its inhabitants. and then when there's no purposeful direction it's not a straight line again evolution progressed from bacteria to humiliate and it does go from bacteria to us but also from bacteria to bacteria evolution city evolution is a sort of fan going in every possible direction. evolution explores what is biologically

possible i'm going to shit. on their toes or move won't down we're in constant movement and this is what has created something absolutely unique that should be more than just. this is the rich dynamic that has been driving earth since its origins stimulated by the diversity of its environments and climates life is permanently inventing new solutions from one continent to another species evolved differently coming up with new strategies c.r. last year we read launched evolution since the origin of life if you know would we get the same result on i probably not that they say history repeats itself but it doesn't really know somethings are repeated but history is always different it's the same with life i feel if we threw the dice again it's unlikely we could get the same animals and plants that we have to get one from baltimore in hand. evolution on earth is

a coming together at the adaptations of genetics and the environment an environment which is itself the result of a long succession of chance of bents chance multiplying by chance. say it's all this chance which has made our earth unique in the. basic wishes and the ecosystems in which we find ourselves it's no desert sand or say we want to find them anywhere else. births ecosystem is the result of a random process the probability of evolution producing a similar result on another planet seems very weak and yet for the last 25 years astronomers have discovered countless planets in our galaxy they are now quite certain that around most stars there are planets the actual number of planets in the universe must be beyond our imagination. the control

argument going on this is the argument brought up to challenge this change of paradigm and yet there are billions of galaxies all with billions of planets that's true but billions of billions is an infinity of them yell between us what they are yes and there are billions of people that were all different it's not about there being a billions of galaxies that in a probability terms billions of billions it may not be a big enough number for us to find an identical case. if you don't teach. those to take us with it who would in any case if we do discover another life form it'll be surprising and fundamentally different from life on earth. should i know my time i wouldn't expect to find a tree on another planet or an ecosystem identical to destroy on the sea in life has occurred on other planets based on a similar chemistry i'm not even sure there would be animals implying it isn't mine if you don't.

know for soul buckled these don't imagine we could find our environment on another planet it's a complete illusion is could there be a planet big my answer is very harsh there is no planet b. but and it's criminal to say there is a sick feeling there's only one space ship with earth ecosystems and that's earth was just and there will be no other. if you know about the old. her around 4000000000 years earth has been home to life of increasing diversity constantly inventing new strategies to survive cataclysms or changes in the environment. life always seems to be on the front foot as though determined to survive in one form or another. yet today it seems that this beautiful machine ecosystem could well be stalling as

a result of the depredations done to it by now own species. of sympathy to sydney and we are part of this same biodiversity this ecosystem it if we destroy it back then that's all part of this ecology in a deep way and will probably going to stink a surprise but we won't be the last to go and we'll go a long time before the bacteria i think were just a leaf at the end of a branch which is billions of years old the same as all the bacteria all the trees all the plants and all the microorganisms on the planet for the game itself we're just one more part of just biodiversity nic and nothing more than managed to panic .

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read. in a small d w. good city today in the show it's all about cost himself smell and it's from holy fire health and all well being. smells can be pleasurable . mema. lovable. in hearing. but what if we can't know anything anymore. good shooting. in 60 minutes on t w. literature invites us to see people in particular. like to see himself as the kids find strength grownup her. my objective is to share work and

find beautiful. to do the books on youtube. this is g.w. newswire from upper left i like saying about only loses to legal battles in one day a court upholds the russian opposition leaders sentence or provide elating parole and find him guilty of defamation to have to spend more than 2 years in a prison camp also coming up a boeing triple 7 jet suffered catastrophic engine failure shortly after takeoff

sending debris on to the denver suburb below the pilot manages to land the plane safely a few minutes later. and in the plunder slave a defeat for league leaders byron munich they go down to one against i'm trying to frankfurt as the industry that title race heats up. hello i'm claire richardson welcome to the show more than 2 years in a penal colony that is the fate awaiting kremlin critic alex cena volley after he lost his appeal against a jail sentence in a separate judgement he was found guilty of defamation and fined of all he says the charges are politically motivated it's called the legal proceedings absurd. will be construed elects enough i'll need to get the judge's decision calmly he's

frequently used humor during the trial to draw attention to the charges against him which he says are politically motivated. cost whether he understand. the sentence he sarcastically expressed his gratitude to the judge for taking 6 weeks off his 2 and a half year sentence due to time spent under house arrest the failed appeal came as no surprise to know about these lawyers. today's verdict was expected for us we consider that nothing has changed all the arguments made in this court in the 1st instance they were rejected then they are rejected now. to the kremlin critic violated parole conditions in an earlier criminal case he was recovering in germany after a poison attack in august and voluntarily return to russia in january. when he was discharged from that clinic in berlin in september. didn't inform the

penal informant inspectorate his location didn't register it for 2 months. or 2020. just a few hours after the 1st verdict he was back on trial and received another guilty verdict this time he was convicted of defamation and handed a fine of nearly 10000 euros. novelli is alleged to have insulted a 94 year old war veteran. now lawyers fear that the kremlin critic will be transported to a prison camp in the west of the country as early as this weekend. and with alex ain of only heading to a prison colony just by outcry from the international community will there be repercussions for russia the reporter joel dora has been following this story for us so what can we expect from european institutions in response to these court decisions many european leaders have already called for alexei novell news release

and so too has the european court of human rights which just days ago ordered russia to release the volley now russia has already said that it will not actually follow that order now russia is a member of that court and it is obliged to follow its orders but by saying that it will not do so it sets up a situation where it could potentially be expelled from the council of europe now the council of europe is a regional body in which russia sits alongside european countries and if russia would to leave that institution it really would mock one of the worst diplomatic crises between russia and europe even following the russia's annexation of crimea in 2014 and response to the jailing of alexina vali it seems that diplomatic and legal channels have not worked but what about economic pressure well european foreign ministers a junior meet on monday in brussels to discuss potential sanctions against russian officials these could include travel bans and financial restrictions now ahead of

that meeting some of those foreign ministers are also going to sit down with supporters of alexina valley in brussels and those supporters will be urging the foreign ministers to go after the russian president vladimir putin's alleged wealth stored in europe some european countries want to go even further they want to target the big prestige project between russia and europe which is the north stream to gas pipeline which is currently being constructed under the baltic sea and is just a few pipelines away from being completed and landing on germany's shore that's meant to happen in april but at least one country lithuania is urging that the completion of that pipeline be delayed. late until september which is when russia holds its parliamentary elections however germany is a really strong supporter of nord stream to chancellor angela merkel has said she doesn't want to see the 2 issues conflated novelli and nord stream so we have a situation now where there are divisions between russia and europe and there are also divisions within europe itself on how to respond to the opposition leaders now

confirmed imprisonment will be interesting to see whether they do indeed to decouple economic interests from diplomacy to the reporter told or i thank you so much for that. well a united airlines jet with over 200 passengers on board was forced to make an emergency landing after one of its engines caught fire incident acourt occurred a shortly after takeoff from denver airport aviation safety authorities have now opened an investigation. passengers worst nightmare discovering your flight is on fire the residents of the denver suburb of bloomfield watched in horror. as they heard a lot. something. the jet with 231 passengers and 10 crew was heading to hawaii when it's offered catastrophic engine failure shortly after takeoff. pots of the damage engine rained

onto this residential neighborhood narrowly missing one of the homes luckily nobody was hurt but the united airlines plane landed safely back at them but pull which. you can really see the fire 1st never smoke and then little later than the fire came along but we were right there in that window facing it i did see some debris flying at us where we were sitting and i just thought i don't i don't know if i want to know how bad this is i just hope we get down all passengers were reported safe and rebooked on a new flight to hawaii. let's take a look now at some of the other stories making headlines at this hour australia and new zealand have begun rolling out vaccinations against covert 19 using the buy on tech pfizer vaccine new zealand gave the 1st shots to medical workers and order stuff australia's 1st recipients included the prime minister and elderly citizens both countries have run stringent and a largely successful coronavirus prevention campaigns. thousands of people

demonstrated for a 5th straight night to demand the release of spanish rapper pablo hassle and more freedom of expression the protests devolved to clashes with police hazel was jailed for insulting the monarchy and glorifying violence in his music. a british 21 year old has become the youngest woman to complete a solo row across the atlantic ocean jasmine harrison arrived and to go after rowing over 4800 kilometers she stepped shakily onto the dock following her 70 day journey during which she suffered a several capsizes and slept for 2 hours at a time. and in world news the head of the international atomic energy agency has arrived in teheran to try to resume international inspections of nuclear facilities which iran has been blocking because it comes as the new u.s.

president joe biden is promising to reverse many of the trumpet ministrations foreign policy decisions one of the most significant came in 2018 when trump with drew the u.s. from an international agreement with iran that was designed to prevent it from building nuclear weapons now biden wants the us back in and the accord of back on track here's a closer look at the deal. the u.s. and iran say they're willing to negotiate terms if you as president biden told the munich security conference that communication should extend beyond the u.k. agreement. we need transparency we must also address destabilizing activities across the middle east we're going to work in close cooperation with our european and other partners as we proceed. to ron has other ideas iranian president hassan rouhani insists sanctions on iran must be lifted before talks can begin rouhani has described the measures as an act of terror against the iranian people.

under sanctions and we have to fight against the coronavirus because of the sanctions we've had many problems accessing vaccines and paying for them. for ordinary people in iran the nuclear agreement is the last thing on their mind. high prices combined with unemployment means the economic situation has been getting worse for years. nuclear energy is no use to us people are hungry and completely confused nuclear energy may help us in the future but the project now is our livelihood. iran's government spokesperson says the government is confident it will soon be able to solve the political problems with the united states. and let's get the latest from russia has a historian focused on modern iran who joins us now from atlanta georgia russia what's at stake here remind us if you can what the iran nuclear deal did and why it

was so shocking to the international community when the trump administration with drew from its. thank you it's great to be with you but you know nuclear deal basically meant that iran. shipped off all that enrich uranium that it made that it did that they this short international community that it did not have the capacity to move toward a nuclear weapon and in response the united states and the ball community has started lifting off the sanctions on iran since child left in 2018. iran has ramped up its nuclear program it claims that it is veal remains a party to the deal but it has ramped up its nuclear program in ny reaches uranium to 20 percent and analysts say that it might actually move toward a nuclear weapon unless they can be returned to the will. or some sort of a rapprochement. and returning it to the deal iran and the united states have signals that they are willing to negotiate but how do you get around who takes the

1st step toward reviving the agreement. so clear iraq and the united states not all have a basically a shared declared bush they both say that they want to return to be alone as you say the main question is who gets you know who does what 1st what they want in 5 messages that he suggested awhile back was that the united then your opinion could and i quote choreograph this sort of who does what 1st and they don't and president rouhani also said basically if you take one step we'll take take one and like that so the e.u. could you know could could play important role here it is also of course is the coordinator of the so-called 3 plus treaty that is you know the 2 european countries across russia china and the united states that are you know that a party to the deal so i think the key thing is on thursday united states basically said yes we will agree to a meeting called by the e.u. will show up if that if such a meeting is called and he who has said that it wants to call that call such

a meeting so long as to what is sure e.u. and the. makeup isms of the deal like the joint commission that includes the 6 countries that i mentioned plus iran. could be could be the body that 'd helps determine who does what 1st and you know iran can do something then the u.s. then iran and like this they can get back to the 2 they rounded up 2015 what happens after that is up to question of course but but they can get back to that point. those historian are russia's easy time for some sports news now and forest had dortmund and shall cut renewed the bundesliga as fierce as rivalry as they clashed in the revered derby and saturday's late game her visitors dortmund 3 points were essential as they bid for a champions league qualification bottom place shall cut were desperate for a win it would give them a chance of a stamping relegation. known in germany as the miners who would have to get their hands dirty if they were to beat dortmund in their way stude this man mountain

yelling holland he went into this one with as many league goals as the hosts entire squad. shelter held out 42 minutes before caving electric englishman jade and son to 2 could vantage of sloppy defending to curl home. 3 minutes later in a piece of holland magic extended door which leads the norwegians flying volley made it to nil going into the break. chalco were chasing shadows in the 2nd half. rafael guerrero site fitted hole marco voices return pass to make it 3 nil. before jude telling him crossed for holland to score the 4th 11 minutes from tell you the score like was cruelly reflected in the numbers in shelters by adding extra shot in florida to go with the bragging rights for darkman funds the wind keeps their team in the hunt for champions league qualification. meanwhile you can creasing lee do

and. that is your news update at this hour stay tuned for reporter on location where you'll meet a train driver who is helping residents of a small russian village keep a link with the outside world remember you can always get the latest news and information on our website at www dot com or you can follow us on social media on instagram and twitter at state of the units and play richardson in berlin from the entire u.s. team thanks for joining us. in the eye of climate change. for. what's in store. for the future. c.w. comfort to make a city hall to get insight click enter. how does

a virus spread. why do we panic and trend we'll all miss. just 3 of the top.