moving the empire's capital to cairo alter trade routes this life from antiquity the concretion was replaced by the african. i found roughly 52 percent of slaves especially domestic slaves in egypt or from black africa but between the late term and the 13th century. africa was exposed and vulnerable new billions ethiopians and sudanese would now make up the majority of slave contingents sold in cairo. here at the i'm always street markets most were women black women who were exhibited as trophies. destined to satisfy all of their master's requirements their prices were determined by their age and beauty . slave women have a variety of names they translated into english as things like success prosperity

prodigality these are all names which reflect the way that slavery function as a kind of form of consumption and then we also have have slaves with names like. wild rose musk. names that reflect luxury items very often when you have domestic slaves across in a relationship begins to develop between the slave on us and the slaves and it it can become quite intimate for example when a child is born a guard she would be given a slave servant. who would grow up with her almost like a friend although the state does it's quite different. because we're often told that in islam but then slavery was very paternalistic with a tight relationship between slave and master and that the slave was always sure

they would have benchley be freed and integrated into the master's amalie if you met last quick on them i believe it's misleading to consider slavery this way as something that had a soft side. one of you can't understand slavery if you don't relate it to the violence at its heart so soft slavery or domestic slavery you know that's nonsense slavery is the negation of being human through the use of violence. heat of your nose through the fittest don't. as the empire expanded more and more slaves adopted their masters religion. since islam for bade the enslavement of muslims the newly converted thought they could now escape the violence of these domineering nations these conversions posed a contradiction for the arabs on the one hand they had to enfranchise these new

muslims on the other hand they would not give up their slaves. thinking from the islamic perspective it's only true and belief that you get slaves that's the legal you know principle basically in the frontiers of islam is considering the people they are and believers that's the legitimate area where slaves can be produced. as the number of converts grew the arabs had to find new sources of slaves conversion in turn created demand having become muslims certain groups such as the barbers sided with the arabs and helped them find captives beyond the empires borders. the beggars themselves where in slave to buy dollars although the convert to islam they were to the does inferior and vassals. the whole of the better verse in the towns hung

trade and serve fundamental the 1st knowledge we have it's phone out of exposes that talk about the betters having. established. the sahar network with sub-saharan africans. what we know is that the use of the camel helped basically increase the trade. and that knowledge was transmitted to the arabs. developers support was of crucial value. they were masters of desert survival techniques beginning with the use of camels the only rideable animals capable of doing without water for weeks. thanks to this means of transportation the arabs were able to cross the daunting sahara and barrier.

sahara in some ways was a barrier but so are the oceans and in some ways are you after developer technology on the ability to cross that it was always a barrier. a political issues of movement of people. trade routes formed between the north and south of the sahara to connect both ends of the desert merchants had to follow the caravan route right along babbar territory and pass through the sea. go down this rig on the siege of moussa before arriving in timbuktu the deserts last stop and the gateway to the mali empire. and. heading this immense empire west and john takeda king of kings and its founding fathers. victory in the great battle of 2 rina in 1235 enabled him to unite

all of the regions peoples and form a massive commercial network along the banks of the niger on martin. arabs and davus established a trading post in timbuktu from where they maintain trade relations with this centralized empire. they bartered salt fabric jewelry and mediterranean dates in return for ivory copper slaves and most importantly gold. this sunday i taught reorganize trade tried to build up enter. regional relations in order to protect his empires interests. so organizing regional and to regional trade was one of his greatest accomplishments as a result and may even have provided the foundations for the mali empire fall into is quite good enough for the bottom up to the point.

of. timbuktu's importance stemmed from its geographical location. on the banks of the niger river its port became a center for transferring luggage and goods to and from the north. this natural crossroads occupied a strategic position in the transparent trade. the mali empire which the baggers traded with enjoyed abundant wealth thanks to the bamboo and bray mines it possessed the world's largest gold reserves more than half of the precious metal circulating in the mediterranean originated from these deposits. throughout the history of. trade between

north and south for the. slaves were. there. and gold was always in the soft one feeds the other made it love i do know of no necessity of the good gold mining in african societies was mainly done by captives the gold trade and slavery were closely linked. while i believe that gold may have predated slavery up with the chronology is unclear it's usually said that both grew in significance of the same time don't they don't have it slavery was in fact hidden behind the gold trade. d.c. . i think that. some of. his generals never gave up this lucrative business that effect that but the fact is it did make a number of efforts to intervene for them. he reminded his fellow countrymen of the threat that slavery posed to the survival of the malenka country pull us out of the

bed to be money. going to buy the comparisons are questionable but i do remember that charlemagne himself prohibited slavery but that didn't stop it you know that men will be men the level of the. oral tradition credits and as the founder of mali an identity and the symbol of the country's prosperity for a century the mali and higher reigned over all of western africa leaving behind the deserts greatest library. in timbuktu history inhabits the homes where over 360000 medieval manuscripts are preserved. these treasures are owned by wealthy local families they pass them

down from generation to generation often hiding them from view in secret places. threatened with destruction tens of thousands of manuscripts are now being restored . this 11th century qur'an reveals how islam spread throughout western africa. thanks to merchant contacts between arab areas and african elites muslim culture gradually spread among inhabitants of the sahara region south of the sahara to the point where syngenta cater declared islam to be the official religion of the mali empire.

so they are now part of the slimy slimy nation and they can benefit from the slum the compiler which is access to that big market that was controlled by the islamic empire and so that business connection benefited both the millions as well as the people in the islamic community at large. the conversion of people in the silent region prompted merchants and chieftains to seize slaves even further away. the slave trade expanded south of the mali empire to animist populations to the arab geographer. relegated to the fringes of humanity .

most all arab writers and korean you see and the others. it's often sometimes. they don't really see them as humans they consider them to be cannibals outside of the civilised world. are the lowest black man and practically not human. so. these descriptions show that reducing them to slavery was not really a problem from a theological or moral point of view. is to turn an individual into a slave and important element as betray them as an other to construct an other ness . and human societies have a broad range of criteria for doing it to remember this school. and

you can use the difference in skin complection difference in religion. in the transparent trade both for combined. only made me do. the history of timbuktu is intertwined without a slavery. according to legend the city took its name from an old female slave who would wash over the well where the herds drank. timbuktu supposedly comes from the word to him which means well into iraq and this woman's 1st name book to. today northern mali remains a caste based society in timbuktu ancestry determines rank whether somebody is free or captive depends on their name and lineage. at the top of the social ladder

of the light skins to our eggs former warriors who have always owned land and weapons at the very bottom of the balance descendants of slaves who have nothing apart from their capacity for physical work to rely on for survival many still cultivate their former masters fields aware of their family's slave origins. who never let this ruin hearted get my name is. it that i belong to the name added out i enjoy my parents were abused by those with a fact complection of the feel about it but i think the body in my father worked for them but not today was when he was there herdsman but those with a fair complection abused them of them it wasn't for more than welcome for them i'm strong. and.

lent it may seem to fail. the landowners have an interest in communicating to the workers that they are slaves not because of an old. it's a power that can be turned around because it's nature but it's a good but a sudden they are destined to be slaves. in this industry to lose their muscle it's a very powerful ideology. that if your blood is considered to be served you pass this nature on to your descendants will outlast maybe i want that. it becomes impossible to escape slavery. do you think of any risk low register. and i. think there are other such. as the slave trade expanded certain peoples were forever reduced to slave status many internalized their

condition and ended up viewing their situation as inevitable by creating entire lineages of slaves the transparent trade continually produced workers without resorting to physical violence. throughout the 13th century more than a 1000 slaves left the mali empire every year. they were joined by contingents from county born new ethiopia and knew beyond. all of the routes from your mouth period to really are focusing on the islamic world i'm sold the roots come from or from the periphery and i go into the center of and very often or along these routes that that brought slaves and of the islamic world use least slaves going on actually in both directions as well are they they

tend to bowl in greater numbers toward the center of the islamic world but people are bought and sold everywhere along the way sold or slaves. route itself is everywhere. on the p.c. bus can get we don't have precise figures there are no statistics and no systematic studies but it seems that many more people died and disappeared during the crossing of the desert than of the sea. according to some hypotheses and some contingents it was 30 percent so one in 3 of those slaves being transported never made it to the other side. the atar on abbey market in cairo. it was at this fruit and vegetable market on the

banks of the nile that ships used to unload their goods. today no one remembers that thousands of captives arrived in egypt at this location after a 4500 kilometer track through the desert. i mean while this long period of slavery and its memory are a problem today because they've yet to be addressed by historians so there's widespread misunderstanding and ignorance of history and it seems this black presence is considered awkward. for example the magreb region is called the northern africa but not africa. only because we're told it's a white africa totally white. and that black tunisians algerians and moroccans are

strangers men although they've been here for centuries that the. internees they have dreadful sayings like make god not black and our woman whose. piece. in high school i was taught this horrible poem in which black slaves are described as people born from the most appalling of all races and while. they face the suit their class please. let the study lab 11. in the lab be the. men as were the mafia. and new who. cuss he then hit. this left a lifelong mark on me. in the years

1324 months on rusa the new molly an emperor and sunjata key test grandnephew undertook a pilgrimage to mecca via egypt. the fall of the caravan routes all the way up to cairo. this journey marked the completion of a long process the establishment of a massive commercial trading zone between timbuktu and cairo. for the 1st time a leader from the south met those in power in the north. the egyptian historian and the crazy reported a man some spectacular arrival in cairo on the night of sunday 50 instrument the 1st the moon rose completely eclipsed. then came and some king after cool to make the pilgrimage. he. they need for 3 days at the feet of the pyramids as a gas. he entered cairo on thursday 26 rattrap ascended the citadel but that

line to kiss the ground and wasn't forced to do so. however he was not allowed to sit in the presence of the sort of. the sultan can manage that he be equipped for the pilgrimage. commands a moose i was accommodated and spend so much gold for what he desired slave girls garments at the rate of the dean out fell by 60 rounds. and nobody has actually before or after done any trip like that on that scale and this and with that kind of visibility and that amount of gold and wealth document that they say that he took with him about 12000 slaves just for his personal service and 80 loads of gold and a very load ways like freakin tops which is was a lot of cold. voyage marked a turning point in history word of the mercantile power of the mali empire traveled

back to the europeans through the mediterranean the catalan atlas from 1375 is the 1st representation of the known world in its entirety it shows the seas the rivers and the deserts of africa. we see a camel written by a barber and another one being driven on by a black man following him on foot. in the east near the nile and the red sea is the sultan of cairo at the bottom of the parchment sits. holding all of the gold in the world in his hands. like this outlaws brings us back to the great african empires of the medieval era we tend to forget the riches that were produced back then in africa so the council on atlas maps this commercial power which had also become known to the europeans at the thought of a new as a way to. ringback

ringback ringback towards the end of the middle ages 6 great slave trade routes crossed the sub-saharan african desert all the way up to the mediterranean each was connected to a major port algiers tunis tripoli cairo all were departure points for shipments to the markets of southern europe venice general marsay and granada. some captives were even deported as far as china and japan in all 3 and a half me. african captives were traded on the slavery routes between the 7th and

the 14th century. the impact of the transair and slave trade has left a deeply rooted legacy molly moore a tiny are niger and libya are today home to $2000000.00 of slave descent. the war raging in lisa held region has enabled the light skin to our regs to reassert their authority over the balance. many had to flee to the capital of mali bamako among them in time out and his wife a shuttle who have tried to free themselves from slavery today they hide in the suburbs. a father told us his children had been abducted by name saddam. now i've been through terrible things i had to leave because i couldn't bear it

anymore my younger brothers and a few relatives are still there. i lived there as a servant that was my job. i couldn't live with my family. i did everything they wanted. and you got money or animals in return. i didn't get anything only suffering. nothing but suffering. their freedom remains fragile without the protection of their former masters they often live an absolute poverty even living in anonymity in a large southern cities a mere surname can betray an individual's ancestry. this difficulty to free

themselves from their caste perpetuates a 1000 year old social order. men sitting in the n.d.p. even if you are a member of government you'd still be a captive even if you're a fast skinned minister and they'll still call you a slave that's what you ought to go. to why your dignity you have no dignity. in a. former. illinois. time has reader on the frontiers of states yet thousands of mali and eritreans sudanese and libyans continue to crisscross the great transparent routes every year flame poverty persecution or armed conflict

nearly $200000.00 sub-saharan head towards the mediterranean. and once in cairo these people become easy prey for traffickers. the war in the sun hell region has reawakened the slave trade legacy and with it practices that ought to have been banished to the past. but it happens that. i've. never said that. somehow. the history of slavery is a tragedy that keeps on repeating itself in the 14th century a new perpetrator entered the stage europe's thirst for conquest would plunge

africa into a new era the slave trade would now assume unprecedented dimensions. heartbeats for animals plants always go on she's provided a home to more than $300.00 creatures. but her dedication actually goes much further and it always has for her entire life. he visited i jollied go beyond that inspirational woman. 3000. and 30 minutes into. africa. the last 2

northern white rhinos in the world are grazing here in kenya but wait who is this lady this is your last chance to reproduce so behaves. scientists are trying to seem displeased and they have a lot of ideas about how to do it. for. 90 minutes w. . where all. the kids are going to be on. take on the world. is aware of all of the stories that matter to you. that.

we are here is actually on fire. this is d.w. news and these are our top stories the british royal family has responded to the bombshell interview given by prince harry and his wife and i can markel in a statement the queen said she takes their allegations of racism seriously and they would be addressed quote privately within the family for the interview with oprah winfrey was the couple's 1st since they stepped back from their royal duties last year and moved to the united states. we are opposed to the united nation.