to observe them to collect as much light as possible that makes it more precise but it will still never be as good as we can record here on the poetry only to round the earth we obviously have no atmosphere around the sun so there's nothing blocking the different wavelengths of light so we can make a more fine discrimination between different types of asteroids because when we're trying to do here is not necessary to find asteroids that are iron in them we want to find our stores that are platinum group and well worth metals the signatures are much more subtle so the challenge with the project we're going to do with the mc is taking the spectrograph that we've built for telescopes on the earth so we operate a telescope out of the palm of big to me telescope that weighs 20 tons and i suspect to govern it weighs 10 kilograms what we've got to do is try miniaturize that down into something it will fit in a cube sat it's only the size of a cereal packet must only we have a few kilograms. i'm ready. to ready wait a minute let me read just go grow as a. cube sat is

a new standard of miniature satellites based on 10 by 10 centimeter modules that can be assembled together their components i mean expensive. another advantage is that the small size means they can be cheaply deploying to run they can even be no watched by hand. we're very fortunate to be a news where we live in a society where you can gain access to satellite technology very very low cost comparatively speaking to the speech missions that went before us so for example or are so prospecting southlake one has a budget of 7200000 euros which is to mattick lord in space and. one. in 2018 and indian don't share put about 100 keep sense into orbit among them was

our kid 6 the 1st prospecting satellite from planetary resources. to milestone in the mapping of space resources but it also had to turn its high to accurate senses towards earth collecting conventional imaging data that could then be sold an important way to make some quick money because like all space mining firms planetary resources had barely any income. arguably many challenges to be say we are talking about attaining 1520 year developments a cool to see the industry to maturity our 1st phase of our prospecting fees is the most economically important for us purely because if you want to develop an asteroid mining in the city you have to be able to sustain yourself through the development of technology and to do it up we need to be pervading economic incentive our business model is based porn the telecast stories which compose

a big 4 percent of all total asteroids and the sources them they are the ones which we are most interested in from an economic perspective so they are the ones that we would to start supply off to our wouldn't claim any customer segment and cost most $1.00. to gain access to loose data points he would have to be a huge premium to get access to information. we are essentially creating a market for species overseas on a if. not all space minus have the same business plan for planetary missile systems and deep space industries one result was considered perhaps even more valuable than platinum and metals the 1st is water ok so water in space as you will as you will come to learn is perhaps the most valuable of the materials that we will use

and find in space obviously it's something that's critical to our life on earth and of course it will be critical to our life in space but what we also need to realize is that water and its constituent elements hydrogen and oxygen are the most efficient forms of rocket propellant as if we're able to successfully deploy and mined for water we're going to create a network. of propellant depots of gas stations but literally open up the roadways to the rest the source of them so it's going to drastically reduce the cost of deep space exploration. 2016 deep space industries developed comex a water based space thruster. the water could be extracted directly from carbon rich asteroids. it's easy to imagine swarms of probes on their way to the rich mining fields in the asteroid belt.

on the way they need to fill up at least space gas stations. are fascinating about new technologies is the promise of a new reality even if it's still only virtual. jack and no has a p.h.d. in the history of science. for 20 years he's held a position that doesn't exist anywhere else he's in charge of ethics at the french national center for space studies and that humans are due to newton's human. nature has given human something a little strange called imagination the it's the capacity to project ourselves into another spatial temporal place was in the mood and this curiosity which we share with other so-called higher on a movie when you combine curiosity and imagination you've explained a big part of our drive to explore exploration for tens of thousands of years

humans have crossed mountains and sea we flown through the air now we're traveling through space you saw space shuttle as long as we want to remain human and we'll have to deal with this fascination in almost a fashion that you will also have to reckon with our ability to invent the things that allow us to go and explore beyond those mountains of self that we could in a good life. you did present this with song response since the beginning of the 960 s. the most ice has been seen as the new frontier something on knowing that we have to go in explore the new space concept of commercialization takes up this idea and gives us a new face new profits for new technological appearance rockets that can return to land on the launch pads have become an almost mythical image. an ephemeral we're

finding ourselves in the retelling of a mythology but it should be seen as a story this yet to be written walking street instead of just waiting for years to come 202020302040 valid we should be aspiring to build this future ourselves they offered us and it won't be the future but simply a slightly different present. reinventing the present requires a good business plan and space miners have to keep their focus firmly in the here and now they must convince investors with the prospect of new business opportunities in space totally so funded e.m.c. through my head or since we had small amounts of money from the scottish government . a small amount of money from the u.k. government so we need to raise some point $2000000.00 euros over the next 6 months and order to then move on to the manufacturing of satellite we will be maintaining that places within scotland's but also adding to that by being an luxembourg source

basically joining 2 dots together to make a state like. this is luxembourg a tiny nation with finance is big business it's forever reinventing itself economically today the countries betting on the resources of the future. longer science fiction we are rapidly nearing the day when we'll use the 1st space resources. here. is the 1st president of the newly created luxemburg space agency to see as for what we mean by space resources are the materials found on celestial involved like the moon asteroids mostel or other objects in the future with different if a company wants to develop a new product or service they can come to watch he says a pretty sort only if their goals are in line with the way we want to develop

a center here in luxembourg that opens the door to possible support the possibility that the focus is a company's activities have to remain sustainable been if you see them all different and serve the development of all humanity. in 2016 luxemburg government invested 25000000 euros into planetary resources similar startups including deep space industries have also set up here today mit chum to scully and has come to pitch his asteroid mining corporation projects to the l.s.a. . business is business and the meeting is confidential the stakes are high for space minus because they're looking for much more than money. the big issue is the right to exploit the resources of space.

acutest pursue their all space activities are governed by international treaties city unfortunately the treaties are not specific enough regarding what can or can't be done with the resources found in slags ground between only suppose since the 19 $167.00 outer space treaty spaces being considered common territory for humanity. nations couldn't surprise create it's resources in 2015 the united states change that passing a law or intended to boost the competitiveness of its private space sector the lure allows american citizens to appropriate resources in space in 2017 luxemburg past a similar law for companies based in its territory. you see we wanted to be flexible but also to leave the door open to fill in hindsight there are obviously questions about conflicting activities and the available surface ways

on us and i still bodies because these are questions that i hope will be discussed and resolved at the international level and on this for not. following the united states in luxemburg many countries are interested in space resources including china which has big plans when it comes to development in space a new international treaty is being devised which will try to harmonize the different players ambitions that might be called upon much sooner than expected because the big space agencies are embarking on face to have planned space mining exploration and prospecting. 9876 part for free to. bang. bang bang bang all we've got

to be out for that. and all the currently living in an extraordinary era for us drugs because there are currently 2 space missions to reach asteroids and as a last resort cyrus rick's mission and the japanese agency jack says. to the community asteroids interest very diverse groups with very different goals but right now. they all need to know the same things what they are made of how are they made up and what's their internal structure. cyrus rex is an acronym for one of us is stands for security here in of the ars for resources because even if it's primarily a scientific mission it's classified information and bring a spoke well of course help miners and those working your security. just like patrick me shelly nice scientists here in madame in the south of paris a contributing to these 2 international missions. to the way yeah we

must use all means to advance technology and science. marianne to she is an astrophysicist in planetology she studies the chemical and physical nature of objects in the solar system. let's press on is a theory that communion exploration of asteroids for what's being called mining is increasingly interesting but before actually mining it's necessary to understand the composition and the mineralogy of these objects never knows who this is you have to go there take samples and bring them back to earth at your premise that. that's the process the space minus probes will go through in their exploration phases. on that it's essential to have another occasional camera that will give us images and help us to calculate to be an initial model of the object. the earth iris recognition is orbiting around the bend to asteroids and the main

goal is to survey the object thanks to the camera or we can get a full characterization of the surface. there are rocks different textures structures craters. you know any real select several sites where landing poses no risk to the program to actually land it just touches the asteroid with it's our call this touch and go that. samples and music and the arm uses nitrogen it pushes along the surface to

store up the regolith which is then a more. regular thing is the thin layer of dust and rocks on the surface of the asteroid in 2019 the high abuse a to probe send images of it to successful touching go efforts on the real you go asteroid in 2020 osiris rex did the same from the bennett asteroid when both probes are back on earth in 2023 scientists hope to have just a few 100 grams of some polls. oh for can have this these samples can be studied for years and years more than 50 percent will be put aside so future generations can study them with more advanced instruments. these missions are technological feat but the space mining exploration phase has to be even more accurate in its surveying of asteroids the miners have to go further the deep.

is not going to a low you the confidence that the resources that you're looking for or for nasa right you have to land on your soil and you have to be able to take a core sample by being able to dock and to the surface of an asteroid basically conforms to ours that the material we're phonier so it is the same with you which is on the surface and that essentially validates our entire business model is economically viable it's going to cover material from the asteroid. i asked for the expedition to take a small core sample so it's not going to be a large core sample but it will be a minute should i used very often or exploitation missions we are going to be using space telling technology which exists to take these. this drill was developed for sampling on mars then adapted for drilling in antarctica it needs little energy and exerts little pressure on the drilling surface that could make it the ideal tool for drilling in low gravity. we are going to expand upon the

technology partners the university of glasgow to get into position what is there the for commercial use as soon as we discover precious resources with an asteroid we will immediately move to freeze free space miners want to move quickly but to explore and then mining asteroids a craft will have to land on the surface here it ysaye superior to loose naomi murdock studies the interactions between space instrumentation and the surface of celestial bodies on an asteroid or in low gravity conditions things don't necessarily behave in the same way as city on earth. murdoch is a planetary science research and she's taken part in international missions like the insight to mission to mars she's also been a consultant for planetary resources. one of the challenges of

interacting with asteroids is that the gravity is not necessarily constant across the surface so what that means is there might be some regions of the asteroid where you're lighter and how the regions where you would be heavier on some asteroids there's even the possibility that iran and the equator because they're spinning very fast the centrifugal force actually balances. the gravity. we have evidence that the surface material is moving across the surface of these bodies there are avalanches on these bodies. we're going to need to understand how a spacecraft will interact with the surface so here at the very superior we've taken an existing drop terry that was used for a crash test and we've rigged it up with this system of pulleys and counterweights

and you have a box and you let it fall inside that box we can have small amounts of gravity to take a projectile and we let it go and we're going to have very low velocity collisions in low gravity conditions very similar to what we're going to have on a small body. these tests help to prepare the deployment of mass got one of 3 small landers sent to the surface of. they way just a few kilograms and can rebound until they find a stable landing spot but a mining probe would have to land in a specific location. so one of the ways that people have thought about landing attaching to asteroids is to you to land on the asteroid you really are incurring to the surface. her.

one of the problems with that is that if we are attached only to the surface material itself that surface material is not attached necessarily to the consolidated material underneath so if this material starts to lift up then our spacecraft is also going to lift up so it's very very challenging to come up with the perfect solution for haiti land on the surface attached to the surface and stay there. in that there are 2 choices either we wait until we know more about the asteroids under hypotheses are more accurate or we send a mission to the asteroid we want to mine to study and understand it then we go back later with the tools to mine it the problem is that the asteroid revolves around the sun just because it's accessible at a given point doesn't mean it will still be 6 months later we have launch windows

which complicates there was but in fact would be the ideal way to do it. there is another idea borrowed from nasa scientists capture an asteroid and bring it back to earth. sussex come up empty that's extremely complicated small asteroids are generally just accumulations of material like a heap of rocks that are collected only because of their gravitational attraction and silly theory even if it's weak it's enough to keep them together on the base on their known as rubble piles if you want to count. you have to slow down its rotation and they sometimes complete a revolution in less than a minute when you meet your you have to control something with very little cohesion that could fall apart after put it in an enormous sack before you make it's very complicated. we will be capturing small asteroids and have to tell it there

and be turning them into perhaps a wind in orbit. the moon fortunately has and they'll have a fixed position compared to the air so by putting an asteroid into lunar orbit you're same slickly a mint of the moon which everybody scrapes they could play and allays you to be free days travel tame away from your asteroid main. and used to be when i talk to companies that want to mine i don't want to discourage them but at the same time i'm a scientist i want to explain the complexities we took so the approaches changed right there instead of bringing the asteroid to earth and mining here he concluded that it would make more sense to do it in situ explore and then use them as resources to go further he for example by making fuel if he felt weak and then seeing if there are other useful elements around for the moment only because once it. so long as scientists are interested in further research and exploration it's

hard to get investors excited in september 28th seen planetary resources went bankrupt the 13700000 euro right off the luxembourg a few months later deep space industries was by brantford space an international company specializing in the manufacture of space systems they're interested in developing would have based propulsion for limited use within orbit asteroid mining seems to have been put on hold there's a missing link between earth and deep space between short and long term thinking one man understands this well he's a so-called prophet of new space concepts and a titan of the logistics welds invests a $1000000000.00 a year in space projects. something. washington may 29th.

this is a blue moon we've been working on this lander for 3 years it will software and precise way 3.6 metric tons onto the lunar surface it's time to go back to the moon this time to stay. there are thousands of creative people coming up with new ideas about how to use space but those aren't companies cannot exist today and the reason is the price of admission to do interesting things in space right now is just too high because there's no infrastructure when we have that infrastructure in place for the future space junk for north you will see amazing things happen. one of the things that we have to do is inspire those futures are issues humans think in very short time skews humans think in terms of 10 years has been a long tame 50 years as being a lay frame 100 years is being inconceivable but 100 years is not

a long time if you talk about it has to be if an f. 100 years is a nanosecond we can do kleek things an hour late thing so when people see unity more i would see the short sated. and on the planet which looks put us human according to our study mining resources or water on the moon would be possible in the next decade. or the other uses that we visit will develop over the next 40 years also portions and. asteroids aren't science fiction we go there we've got spacecraft there at the moment look at the nasa spacecraft asteroid beni jackson spacecraft you're right even there they're what science fiction for haps is being able to mind them effectively but using these asteroids as this stepping stone for humanity to get further in the solar system seems like a good way forward for the future that i would like to see is

a future where humanity is cooperating to exploit the resources of the solar system in a way that's sustainable and in a way that allows us to essentially continue to flourish scientifically as a human species to explore the solar system in the free zone so i have no illusions about it if one day and i doubt this there's a real space conquest over resources to keep it would be survival of the fittest to fall so we get to choose do we want stay source and rationing. or do we want dynamism and growth we have to use the resources of space we must have a future for our grandchildren their grandchildren of dynamism we cannot let them fall prey to status and rationing what could this future look like or what a trillion humans live. this would be an incredible civilization high speed transport agricultural areas no rain no storms no earthquakes.

some of them would be more recreational. there be whole new kinds of architecture. could you manage it's hard to believe we'll be able to colonize other places and i wonder if we need to put on the wall when we go to space we realize that space is empty and that everything is very very far away and that most places are hostile to human life there's nothing like our own planets and nothing. will never hear wholesomely if we don't learn nothing this war if we refuse to learn anything more than with doomed to repeat the same mistake this limousine yes will have a little more a make a few more mistakes will waste a bit more should become more numerous. to set there that we don't have unlimited resources on this planet and don't want

to have to learn to manage the data up and. black snow in southern siberia in for environmental activist it's further proof of the consequences of air pollution in chiesa lost. their demanding the relocation of endangered residents. from any industry that's responsible is

also a major source of reliable income focused on europe. in 30 minutes on d w. more than a 1000 years ago europe witnesses a huge construction boom. christianity from established itself. both religious and secular leaders aren't eager to display their power. to trace began. who can create the tallest biggest and most beautiful structures. stonemason builders and architects compete with each other. this is how massive churches are created the big.

contest of the cathedrals for. 12 g.w. . the be. the big the big. this is e w news live from berlin and serious charges against me on mars military from the un special rapporteur tor is growing ever. more military led by. your crimes against. he says crimes against protesters include murder.